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[www-tr-internal] www-tr copyleft/copyleft.tr.po events/rms-nyu-2...
|
From: |
Ali Servet Donmez |
|
Subject: |
[www-tr-internal] www-tr copyleft/copyleft.tr.po events/rms-nyu-2... |
|
Date: |
Wed, 16 Dec 2009 19:04:36 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-tr
Module name: www-tr
Changes by: Ali Servet Donmez <exalted> 09/12/16 19:04:35
Added files:
copyleft : copyleft.tr.po
events : rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po
gnu : manifesto.tr.po thegnuproject.tr.po
philosophy : can-you-trust.tr.po
copyright-and-globalization.tr.po
danger-of-software-patents.tr.po free-doc.tr.po
lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po
misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po
open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po
pragmatic.tr.po push-copyright-aside.tr.po
right-to-read.tr.po selling.tr.po
shouldbefree.tr.po university.tr.po
words-to-avoid.tr.po
Log message:
Yeni eklenen: rms'nin "Ozgur Yazilim Ozgur Toplum" kitabinin
cevirisinde yayinlanan bolum
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/copyleft/copyleft.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/gnu/manifesto.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.3
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/free-doc.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.3
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/pragmatic.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/right-to-read.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/selling.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/university.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-tr/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.po?cvsroot=www-tr&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: copyleft/copyleft.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: copyleft/copyleft.tr.po
diff -N copyleft/copyleft.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ copyleft/copyleft.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# Turkish translations for copyleft.html package
+# copyleft.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the copyleft.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: copyleft.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-18 04:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:45+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "What is Copyleft? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
+msgid "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Copyleft"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "What is Copyleft?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or other work) free, and "
+"requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as "
+"well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The simplest way to make a program free software is to put it in the <a href="
+"\"/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware\">public domain</a>, "
+"uncopyrighted. This allows people to share the program and their "
+"improvements, if they are so minded. But it also allows uncooperative "
+"people to convert the program into <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary software</a>. They can make changes, "
+"many or few, and distribute the result as a proprietary product. People who "
+"receive the program in that modified form do not have the freedom that the "
+"original author gave them; the middleman has stripped it away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the <a href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\">GNU project</a>, our aim is to "
+"give <em>all</em> users the freedom to redistribute and change GNU "
+"software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have many "
+"users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of putting GNU "
+"software in the public domain, we “copyleft” it. Copyleft says "
+"that anyone who redistributes the software, with or without changes, must "
+"pass along the freedom to further copy and change it. Copyleft guarantees "
+"that every user has freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft also provides an <a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">incentive</"
+"a> for other programmers to add to free software. Important free programs "
+"such as the GNU C++ compiler exist only because of this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute <a href=\"/prep/tasks."
+"html\">improvements</a> to <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free "
+"software</a> get permission to do so. These programmers often work for "
+"companies or universities that would do almost anything to get more money. "
+"A programmer may want to contribute her changes to the community, but her "
+"employer may want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the "
+"improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides to "
+"release it as free software rather than throw it away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we add "
+"distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives everyone the "
+"rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's code, <em>or any "
+"program derived from it</em>, but only if the distribution terms are "
+"unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users' "
+"freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse "
+"the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft is a way of using of the copyright on the program. It doesn't mean "
+"abandoning the copyright; in fact, doing so would make copyleft impossible. "
+"The “left” in “copyleft” is not a reference to the "
+"verb “to leave”—only to the direction which is the inverse "
+"of “right”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft is a general concept, and you can't use a general concept directly; "
+"you can only use a specific implementation of the concept. In the GNU "
+"Project, the specific distribution terms that we use for most software are "
+"contained in the <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html\">GNU General Public License "
+"(available in HTML</a>, <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl.txt\">text</a>, and <a href="
+"\"/copyleft/gpl.texi\">Texinfo</a> format). The GNU General Public License "
+"is often called the GNU GPL for short. There is also a <a href=\"/copyleft/"
+"gpl-faq.html\">Frequently Asked Questions</a> page about the GNU GPL. You "
+"can also read about <a href=\"/copyleft/why-assign.html\">why the FSF gets "
+"copyright assignments from contributors</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"An alternate form of copyleft, the <a href=\"/copyleft/lesser.html\">GNU "
+"Lesser General Public License (LGPL) (available in HTML</a>, <a href=\"/"
+"copyleft/lesser.txt\">text</a>, and <a href=\"/copyleft/lesser.texi"
+"\">Texinfo</a> format), applies to a few (but not all) GNU libraries. To "
+"learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read the article <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\"><cite>Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL "
+"for your next library</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href=\"/copyleft/fdl.html\">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) "
+"(available in HTML</a>, <a href=\"/copyleft/fdl.txt\">text</a> and <a href="
+"\"/copyleft/fdl.texi\">Texinfo)</a> is a form of copyleft intended for use "
+"on a manual, textbook or other document to assure everyone the effective "
+"freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifications, either "
+"commercially or noncommercially."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU source "
+"code distribution."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"All these licenses are designed so that you can easily apply them to your "
+"own works, assuming you are the copyright holder. You don't have to modify "
+"the license to do this, just include a copy of the license in the work, and "
+"add notices in the source files that refer properly to the license."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it easy "
+"to copy code between various different programs. When they all have the "
+"same distribution terms, there is no problem. The Lesser GPL, version 2, "
+"includes a provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the "
+"ordinary GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the "
+"GPL. Version 3 of the Lesser GPL is built as an exception added to GPL "
+"version 3, making the compatibility automatic."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you would like to copyleft your program with the GNU GPL or the GNU LGPL, "
+"please see the <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl-howto.html\">license instructions "
+"page</a> for advice. Please note that you must use the entire text of the "
+"license you choose. Each is an integral whole, and partial copies are not "
+"permitted."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you would like to copyleft your manual with the GNU FDL, please see the "
+"instructions at the <a href=\"/copyleft/fdl.html#SEC4\">end</a> of the FDL "
+"text, and the <a href=\"/copyleft/fdl-howto.html\">GFDL instructions page</"
+"a>. Again, partial copies are not permitted."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, "
+"2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po
diff -N events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:34 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2695 @@
+# Turkish translations for rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html package
+# rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-02-04 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:53+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Transcript of<br /> Richard M. Stallman's speech,<br /> <em>“Free "
+"Software: Freedom and Cooperation”</em><br /> New York University in "
+"New York, New York<br /> on 29 May 2001"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"A <a href=\"/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt\">plain text</a> version of "
+"this transcript and a <a href=\"/events/rms-nyu-2001-summary.txt\">summary</"
+"a> of the speech are also available."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>URETSKY</strong>: I'm Mike Uretsky. I'm over at the Stern School of "
+"Business. I'm also one of the Co-Directors of the Center for Advanced "
+"Technology. And, on behalf of all of us in the Computer Science Department, "
+"I want to welcome you here. I want to say a few comments, before I turn it "
+"over to Ed, who is going to introduce the speaker."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The role of a university is a place to foster debate and to have interesting "
+"discussions. And the role of a major university is to have particularly "
+"interesting discussions. And this particular presentation, this seminar "
+"falls right into that mold. I find the discussion of open source "
+"particularly interesting. In a sense … <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I do free software. Open source is a different "
+"movement. <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>URETSKY</strong>: When I first started in the field in the '60's, "
+"basically software was free. And we went in cycles. It became free, and "
+"then software manufacturers, in the need to expand their markets, pushed it "
+"in other directions. A lot of the developments that took place with the "
+"entry of the PC moved in exactly the same kind of a cycle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's a very interesting French philosopher, Pierre Levy, who talks about "
+"movement to this direction and who talks about the move into cyberspace as "
+"not only relating to technology but also relating to social restructuring, "
+"to political restructuring, through a change in the kinds of relationships "
+"that will improve the well-being of mankind. And we're hoping that this "
+"debate is a movement in that direction, that this debate is something that "
+"cuts across a lot of the disciplines that normally act as solace within the "
+"University. We're looking forward to some very interesting discussions. Ed?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: I'm Ed Schonberg from the Computer Science "
+"Department at the Courant Institute. Let me welcome you all to this event. "
+"Introducers are usually, and particularly, a useless aspect of public "
+"presentations, but in this case, actually, they serve a useful purpose, as "
+"Mike easily demonstrated, because an introducer for instance, told him, by "
+"making inaccurate comments, can allow him to straighten out and correct and "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i> sharpen considerably the parameters of the debate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, let me make the briefest possible introduction to somebody who doesn't "
+"need one. Richard is the perfect example of somebody who, by acting "
+"locally, started thinking globally from problems concerning the "
+"unavailability of source code for printer drivers at the AI Lab many years "
+"ago. He has developed a coherent philosophy that has forced all of us to re-"
+"examine our ideas of how software is produced, of what intellectual property "
+"means, and what the software community actually represents. Let me welcome "
+"Richard Stallman. <i>[Applause]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can someone lend me a watch? <i>[Laughter]</i> "
+"Thank you. So, I'd like to thank Microsoft for providing me the opportunity "
+"to <i>[Laughter]</i> be on this platform. For the past few weeks, I have "
+"felt like an author whose book was fortuitously banned somewhere. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i> Except that all the articles about it are giving the wrong "
+"author's name, because Microsoft describes the GNU GPL as an open source "
+"license, and most of the press coverage followed suit. Most people, of "
+"course just innocently don't realize that our work has nothing to do with "
+"open source, that in fact we did most of it before people even coined the "
+"term open source."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are in the free software movement, and I'm going to speak about what the "
+"free software movement is about, what it means, what we have done, and, "
+"because this is partly sponsored by a school of business, I'll say some "
+"things more than I usually do about how free software relates to business, "
+"and some other areas of social life."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, some of you may not ever write computer programs, but perhaps you "
+"cook. And if you cook, unless you're really great, you probably use "
+"recipes. And, if you use recipes, you've probably had the experience of "
+"getting a copy of a recipe from a friend who's sharing it. And you've "
+"probably also had the experience — unless you're a total neophyte "
+"— of changing a recipe. You know, it says certain things, but you "
+"don't have to do exactly that. You can leave out some ingredients. Add "
+"some mushrooms, 'cause you like mushrooms. Put in less salt because your "
+"doctor said you should cut down on salt — whatever. You can even make "
+"bigger changes according to your skill. And if you've made changes in a "
+"recipe, and you cook it for your friends, and they like it, one of your "
+"friends might say, “Hey, could I have the recipe?” And then, "
+"what do you do? You could write down your modified version of the recipe and "
+"make a copy for your friend. These are the natural things to do with "
+"functionally useful recipes of any kind."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now a recipe is a lot like a computer program. A computer program's a lot "
+"like a recipe: a series of steps to be carried out to get some result that "
+"you want. So it's just as natural to do those same things with computer "
+"programs — hand a copy to your friend. Make changes in it because the "
+"job it was written to do isn't exactly what you want. It did a great job "
+"for somebody else, but your job is a different job. And after you've "
+"changed it, that's likely to be useful for other people. Maybe they have a "
+"job to do that's like the job you do. So they ask, “Hey, can I have a "
+"copy?” Of course, if you're a nice person, you're going to give a "
+"copy. That's the way to be a decent person."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So imagine what it would be like if recipes were packaged inside black "
+"boxes. You couldn't see what ingredients they're using, let alone change "
+"them, and imagine if you made a copy for a friend, they would call you a "
+"pirate and try to put you in prison for years. That world would create "
+"tremendous outrage from all the people who are used to sharing recipes. But "
+"that is exactly what the world of proprietary software is like. A world in "
+"which common decency towards other people is prohibited or prevented."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, why did I notice this? I noticed this because I had the good fortune in "
+"the 1970's to be part of a community of programmers who shared software. "
+"Now, this community could trace its ancestry essentially back to the "
+"beginning of computing. In the 1970's, though, it was a bit rare for there "
+"to be a community where people shared software. And, in fact, this was sort "
+"of an extreme case, because in the lab where I worked, the entire operating "
+"system was software developed by the people in our community, and we'd share "
+"any of it with anybody. Anybody was welcome to come and take a look, and "
+"take away a copy, and do whatever he wanted to do. There were no copyright "
+"notices on these programs. Cooperation was our way of life. And we were "
+"secure in that way of life. We didn't fight for it. We didn't have to "
+"fight for it. We just lived that way. And, as far as we knew, we would "
+"just keep on living that way. So there was free software, but there was no "
+"free software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But then our community was destroyed by a series of calamities that happened "
+"to it. Ultimately it was wiped out. Ultimately, the PDP-10 computer which "
+"we used for all our work was discontinued. And you know, our system — "
+"the Incompatible Timesharing System — was written starting in the "
+"'60's, so it was written in assembler language. That's what you used to "
+"write an operating system in the '60's. So, of course, assembler language "
+"is for one particular computer architecture; if that gets discontinued, all "
+"your work turns into dust — it's useless. And that's what happened to "
+"us. The 20 years or so of work of our community turned into dust."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But before this happened, I had an experience that prepared me, helped me "
+"see what to do, helped prepare me to see what to do when this happened, "
+"because at certain point, Xerox gave the Artificial Intelligence Lab, where "
+"I worked, a laser printer, and this was a really handsome gift, because it "
+"was the first time anybody outside Xerox had a laser printer. It was very "
+"fast, printed a page a second, very fine in many respects, but it was "
+"unreliable, because it was really a high-speed office copier that had been "
+"modified into a printer. And, you know, copiers jam, but there's somebody "
+"there to fix them. The printer jammed and nobody saw. So it stayed jammed "
+"for a long time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, we had an idea for how to deal with this problem. Change it so that "
+"whenever the printer gets a jam, the machine that runs the printer can tell "
+"our timesharing machine, and tell the users who are waiting for printouts, "
+"or something like that, you know, tell them, go fix the printer. Because if "
+"they only knew it was jammed, of course, if you're waiting for a printout "
+"and you know that the printer is jammed, you don't want to sit and wait "
+"forever, you're going to go fix it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But at that point, we were completely stymied, because the software that ran "
+"that printer was not free software. It had come with the printer, and it "
+"was just a binary. We couldn't have the source code; Xerox wouldn't let us "
+"have the source code. So, despite our skill as programmers — after "
+"all, we had written our own timesharing system — we were completely "
+"helpless to add this feature to the printer software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And we just had to suffer with waiting. It would take an hour or two to get "
+"your printout because the machine would be jammed most of the time. And "
+"only once in a while — you'd wait an hour figuring “I know it's "
+"going to be jammed. I'll wait an hour and go collect my printout,” and "
+"then you'd see that it had been jammed the whole time, and in fact, nobody "
+"else had fixed it. So you'd fix it and you'd go wait another half hour. "
+"Then, you'd come back, and you'd see it jammed again — before it got "
+"to your output. It would print three minutes and be jammed thirty minutes. "
+"Frustration up the whazzoo. But the thing that made it worse was knowing "
+"that we could have fixed it, but somebody else, for his own selfishness, was "
+"blocking us, obstructing us from improving the software. So, of course, we "
+"felt some resentment."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And then I heard that somebody at Carnegie Mellon University had a copy of "
+"that software. So I was visiting there later, so I went to his office and I "
+"said, “Hi, I'm from MIT. Could I have a copy of the printer source "
+"code?” And he said “No, I promised not to give you a copy."
+"” <i>[Laughter]</i> I was stunned. I was so — I was angry, and "
+"I had no idea how I could do justice to it. All I could think of was to "
+"turn around on my heel and walk out of his room. Maybe I slammed the door. "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i> And I thought about it later on, because I realized that I "
+"was seeing not just an isolated jerk, but a social phenomenon that was "
+"important and affected a lot of people."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This was — for me — I was lucky, I only got a taste of it, but "
+"other people had to live in this all the time. So I thought about it at "
+"length. See, he had promised to refuse to cooperate with us — his "
+"colleagues at MIT. He had betrayed us. But he didn't just do it to us. "
+"Chances are he did it to you too. <i>[Pointing at member of audience.]</i> "
+"And I think, mostly likely, he did it to you too. <i>[Pointing at another "
+"member of audience.] [Laughter]</i> And he probably did it to you as well. "
+"<i>[Pointing to third member of audience.]</i> He probably did it to most of "
+"the people here in this room — except a few, maybe, who weren't born "
+"yet in 1980. Because he had promised to refuse to cooperate with just about "
+"the entire population of the Planet Earth. He had signed a non-disclosure "
+"agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, this was my first, direct encounter with a non-disclosure agreement, "
+"and it taught me an important lesson — a lesson that's important "
+"because most programmers never learn it. You see, this was my first "
+"encounter with a non-disclosure agreement, and I was the victim. I, and my "
+"whole lab, were the victims. And the lesson it taught me was that non-"
+"disclosure agreements have victims. They're not innocent. They're not "
+"harmless. Most programmers first encounter a non-disclosure agreement when "
+"they're invited to sign one. And there's always some temptation — "
+"some goody they're going to get if they sign. So, they make up excuses. "
+"They say, “Well, he's never going to get a copy no matter what, so why "
+"shouldn't I join the conspiracy to deprive him?” They say, “This "
+"is the way it's always done. Who am I to go against it?” They say, "
+"“If I don't sign this, someone else will.” Various excuses to "
+"gag their consciences."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But when somebody invited me to sign a non-disclosure agreement, my "
+"conscience was already sensitized. It remembered how angry I had been, when "
+"somebody promised not to help me and my whole lab solve our problem. And I "
+"couldn't turn around and do the exact same thing to somebody else who had "
+"never done me any harm. You know, if somebody asked me to promise not to "
+"share some useful information with a hated enemy, I would have said yes. "
+"You know? If somebody's done something bad, he deserves it. But, strangers "
+"— they haven't done me any harm. How could they deserve that kind of "
+"mistreatment? You can't let yourself start treating just anybody and "
+"everybody badly. Then you become a predator on society. So I said, “"
+"Thank you very much for offering me this nice software package. But I can't "
+"accept it in good conscience, on the conditions you are demanding, so I will "
+"do without it. Thank you so much.” And so, I have never knowingly "
+"signed a non-disclosure agreement for generally useful technical information "
+"such as software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now there are other kinds of information which raise different ethical "
+"issues. For instance, there's personal information. You know, if you "
+"wanted to talk with me about what was happening between you and your "
+"boyfriend, and you asked me not to tell anybody — you know, I could "
+"keep — I could agree to keep that a secret for you, because that's not "
+"generally useful technical information. At least, it's probably not "
+"generally useful. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a small chance — and it's a possibility though — that "
+"you might reveal to me some marvelous new sex technique, <i>[Laughter]</i> "
+"and I would then feel a moral duty <i>[Laughter]</i> to pass it onto the "
+"rest of humanity, so that everyone could get the benefit of it. So, I'd "
+"have to put a proviso in that promise, you know? If it's just details about "
+"who wants this, and who's angry at whom, and things like that — soap "
+"opera — that I can keep private for you, but something that humanity "
+"could tremendously benefit from knowing, I mustn't withhold. You see, the "
+"purpose of science and technology is to develop useful information for "
+"humanity to help people live their lives better. If we promise to withhold "
+"that information — if we keep it secret — then we are betraying "
+"the mission of our field. And this, I decided I shouldn't do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, meanwhile my community had collapsed, and that was collapsing, and that "
+"left me in a bad situation. You see, the whole Incompatible Timesharing "
+"System was obsolete, because the PDP-10 was obsolete, and so there was no "
+"way that I could continue working as an operating system developer the way "
+"that I had been doing it. That depended on being part of the community "
+"using the community software and improving it. That no longer was a "
+"possibility, and that gave me a moral dilemma. What was I going to do? "
+"Because the most obvious possibility meant to go against that decision I had "
+"made. The most obvious possibility was to adapt myself to the change in the "
+"world. To accept that things were different, and that I'd just have to give "
+"up those principles and start signing non-disclosure agreements for "
+"proprietary operating systems, and most likely writing proprietary software "
+"as well. But I realized that that way I could have fun coding, and I could "
+"make money — especially if I did it other than at MIT — but at "
+"the end, I'd have to look back at my career and say, “I've spent my "
+"life building walls to divide people,” and I would have been ashamed "
+"of my life."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I looked for another alternative, and there was an obvious one. I could "
+"leave the software field and do something else. Now I had no other special "
+"noteworthy skills, but I'm sure I could have become a waiter. <i>[Laughter]"
+"</i> Not at a fancy restaurant; they wouldn't hire me, <i>[Laughter]</i> but "
+"I could be a waiter somewhere. And many programmers, they say to me, “"
+"The people who hire programmers demand this, this and this. If I don't do "
+"those things, I'll starve.” It's literally the word they use. Well, "
+"you know, as a waiter, you're not going to starve. <i>[Laughter]</i> So, "
+"really, they're in no danger. But — and this is important, you see "
+"— because sometimes you can justify doing something that hurts other "
+"people by saying otherwise something worse is going to happen to me. You "
+"know, if you were <em>really</em> going to starve, you'd be justified in "
+"writing proprietary software. <i>[Laughter]</i> If somebody's pointing a "
+"gun at you, then I would say, it's forgivable. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, I had "
+"found a way that I could survive without doing something unethical, so that "
+"excuse was not available. So I realized, though, that being a waiter would "
+"be no fun for me, and it would be wasting my skills as an operating system "
+"developer. It would avoid misusing my skills. Developing proprietary "
+"software would be misusing my skills. Encouraging other people to live in "
+"the world of proprietary software would be misusing my skills. So it's "
+"better to waste them than misuse them, but it's still not really good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So for those reasons, I decided to look for some other alternative. What "
+"can an operating system developer do that would actually improve the "
+"situation, make the world a better place? And I realized that an operating "
+"system developer was exactly what was needed. The problem, the dilemma, "
+"existed for me and for everyone else because all of the available operating "
+"systems for modern computers were proprietary. The free operating systems "
+"were for old, obsolete computers, right? So for the modern computers — "
+"if you wanted to get a modern computer and use it, you were forced into a "
+"proprietary operating system. So if an operating system developer wrote "
+"another operating system, and then said, “Everybody come and share "
+"this; you're welcome to this” — that would give everybody a way "
+"out of the dilemma, another alternative. So I realized that there was "
+"something I could do that would solve the problem. I had just the right "
+"skills to be able to do it. And it was the most useful thing I could "
+"possibly imagine that I'd be able to do with my life. And it was a problem "
+"that no one else was trying to solve. It was just sort of sitting there, "
+"getting worse, and nobody was there but me. So I felt, “I'm elected. "
+"I have to work on this. If not me, who?” So I decided I would develop "
+"a free operating system, or die trying … of old age, of course. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, of course I had to decide what kind of operating system it should be. "
+"There are some technical design decisions to be made. I decided to make the "
+"system compatible with Unix for a number of reasons. First of all, I had "
+"just seen one operating system that I really loved become obsolete because "
+"it was written for one particular kind of computer. I didn't want that to "
+"happen again. We needed to have a portable system. Well, Unix was a "
+"portable system. So if I followed the design of Unix, I had a pretty good "
+"chance that I could make a system that would also be portable and workable. "
+"And furthermore, why <i>[Tape unclear]</i> be compatible with it in the "
+"details. The reason is, users hate incompatible changes. If I had just "
+"designed the system in my favorite way — which I would have loved "
+"doing, I'm sure — I would have produced something that was "
+"incompatible. You know, the details would be different. So, if I wrote the "
+"system, then the users would have said to me, “Well, this is very "
+"nice, but it's incompatible. It will be too much work to switch. We can't "
+"afford that much trouble just to use your system instead of Unix, so we'll "
+"stay with Unix,” they would have said."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, if I wanted to actually create a community where there would be people "
+"in it, people using this free system, and enjoying the benefits of liberty "
+"and cooperation, I had to make a system people would use, a system that they "
+"would find easy to switch to, that would not have an obstacle making it fail "
+"at the very beginning. Now, making the system upward compatible with Unix "
+"actually made all the immediate design decisions, because Unix consists of "
+"many pieces, and they communicate through interfaces that are more or less "
+"documented. So if you want to be compatible with Unix, you have to replace "
+"each piece, one by one, with a compatible piece. So the remaining design "
+"decisions are inside one piece, and they could be made later by whoever "
+"decides to write that piece. They didn't have to be made at the outset."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"So all we had to do to start work was find a name for the system. Now, we "
+"hackers always look for a funny or naughty name for a program, because "
+"thinking of people being amused by the name is half the fun of writing the "
+"program. <i>[Laughter]</i> And we had a tradition of recursive acronyms, to "
+"say that the program that you're writing is similar to some existing "
+"program. You can give it a recursive acronym name which says: this one's not "
+"the other. So, for instance, there were many Tico text editors in the '60's "
+"and '70's, and they were generally called something-or-other Tico. Then one "
+"clever hacker called his Tint, for Tint Is Not Tico — the first "
+"recursive acronym. In 1975, I developed the first Emacs text editor, and "
+"there were many imitations of Emacs, and a lot of them were called something-"
+"or-other Emacs, but one was called Fine, for Fine Is Not Emacs, and there "
+"was Sine, for Sine Is Not Emacs, and Eine for Ina Is Not Emacs, and MINCE "
+"for Mince Is Not Complete Emacs. <i>[Laughter]</i> That was a stripped down "
+"imitation. And then, Eine was almost completely rewritten, and the new "
+"version was called Zwei, for Zwei Was Eine Initially. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"So I looked for a recursive acronym for Something is not Unix. And I tried "
+"all 26 letters, and discovered that none of them was a word. <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i> Hmm, try another way. I made a contraction. That way I could have a "
+"three-letter acronym, for Something's not Unix. And I tried letters, and I "
+"came across the word “GNU” — the word “GNU” is "
+"the funniest word in the English language. <i>[Laughter]</i> That was it. "
+"Of course, the reason it's funny is that according to the dictionary, it's "
+"pronounced “new”. You see? And so that's why people use it for "
+"a lot of wordplay. Let me tell you, this is the name of an animal that "
+"lives in Africa. And the African pronunciation had a click sound in it. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i> Maybe still does. And so, the European colonists, when they "
+"got there, they didn't bother learning to say this click sound. So they "
+"just left it out, and they wrote a “G” which meant “"
+"there's another sound that's supposed to be here which we are not "
+"pronouncing.” <i>[Laughter]</i> So, tonight I'm leaving for South "
+"Africa, and I have begged them, I hope they're going to find somebody who "
+"can teach me to pronounce click sounds, <i>[Laughter]</i> so that I'll know "
+"how to pronounce GNU the correct way, when it's the animal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"But, when it's the name of our system, the correct pronunciation is “"
+"guh-NEW” — pronounce the hard “G”. If you talk "
+"about the “new” operating system, you'll get people very "
+"confused, because we've been working on it for 17 years now, so it is not "
+"new any more. <i>[Laughter]</i> But it still is, and always will be, GNU "
+"— no matter how many people call it Linux by mistake. <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT to start writing pieces of GNU. "
+"They were nice enough to let me keep using their facilities though. And, at "
+"the time, I thought we would write all these pieces, and make an entire GNU "
+"system, and then we'd say, “Come and get it”, and people would "
+"start to use it. That's not what happened. The first pieces I wrote were "
+"just equally good replacements, with fewer bugs for some pieces of Unix, but "
+"they weren't tremendously exciting. Nobody particularly wanted to get them "
+"and install them. But then, in September 1984, I started writing GNU Emacs, "
+"which was my second implementation of Emacs, and by early 1985, it was "
+"working. I could use it for all my editing, which was a big relief, because "
+"I had no intention of learning to use VI, the Unix editor. <i>[Laughter]</i> "
+"So, until that time, I did my editing on some other machine, and saved the "
+"files through the network, so that I could test them. But when GNU Emacs "
+"was running well enough for me to use it, it was also — other people "
+"wanted to use it too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I had to work out the details of distribution. Of course, I put a copy "
+"in the anonymous FTP directory, and that was fine for people who were on the "
+"net They could then just pull over a tar file, but a lot of programmers then "
+"even were not on the net in 1985. They were sending me emails saying “"
+"How can I get a copy?” I had to decide what I would answer them. "
+"Well, I could have said, I want to spend my time writing more GNU software, "
+"not writing tapes, so please find a friend who's on the internet and who is "
+"willing to download it and put it on a tape for you. And I'm sure people "
+"would have found some friends, sooner or later, you know. They would have "
+"got copies. But I had no job. In fact, I've never had a job since quitting "
+"MIT in January 1984. So, I was looking for some way I could make money "
+"through my work on free software, and therefore I started a free software "
+"business. I announced, “Send me $150 dollars, and I'll mail you a "
+"tape of Emacs.” And the orders began dribbling in. By the middle of "
+"the year they were trickling in."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I was getting 8 to 10 orders a month. And, if necessary, I could have lived "
+"on just that, because I've always lived cheaply. I live like a student, "
+"basically. And I like that, because it means that money is not telling me "
+"what to do. I can do what I think is important for me to do. It freed me "
+"to do what seemed worth doing. So make a real effort to avoid getting "
+"sucked into all the expensive lifestyle habits of typical Americans. "
+"Because if you do that, then people with the money will dictate what you do "
+"with your life. You won't be able to do what's really important to you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, that was fine, but people used to ask me, “What do you mean it's "
+"free software if it costs $150 dollars?” <i>[Laughter]</i> Well, the "
+"reason they asked this was that they were confused by the multiple meanings "
+"of the English word “free”. One meaning refers to price, and "
+"another meaning refers to freedom. When I speak of free software, I'm "
+"referring to freedom, not price. So think of free speech, not free beer. "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i> Now, I wouldn't have dedicated so many years of my life to "
+"making sure programmers got less money. That's not my goal. I'm a "
+"programmer and I don't mind getting money myself. I won't dedicate my whole "
+"life to getting it, but I don't mind getting it. And I'm not — and "
+"therefore, ethics is the same for everyone. I'm not against some other "
+"programmer getting money either. I don't want prices to be low. That's not "
+"the issue at all. The issue is freedom. Freedom for everyone who's using "
+"software, whether that person be a programmer or not."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"So at this point I should give you the definition of free software. I "
+"better get to some real details, you see, because just saying “I "
+"believe in freedom” is vacuous. There's so many different freedoms "
+"you could believe in, and they conflict with each other, so the real "
+"political question is: Which are the important freedoms, the freedoms that "
+"we must make sure everybody has?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"And now, I will give my answer to that question for the particular area of "
+"using software. A program is free software for you, a particular user, if "
+"you have the following freedoms:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
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+"First, Freedom Zero is the freedom to run the program for any purpose, any "
+"way you like."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself by changing the program to suit "
+"your needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom Two is the freedom to help your neighbor by distributing copies of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"And Freedom Three is the freedom to help build your community by publishing "
+"an improved version so others can get the benefit of your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you have all of these freedoms, the program is free software, for you "
+"— and that's crucial. That's why I phrase it that way. I'll explain "
+"why later, when I talk about the GNU General Public License, but right now "
+"I'm explaining what free software means, which is a more basic question."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"So, Freedom Zero's pretty obvious. If you're not even allowed to run the "
+"program anyway you like, it is a pretty damn restrictive program. But as it "
+"happens, most programs will at least give you Freedom Zero. And Freedom "
+"Zero follows, legally, as a consequence of Freedoms One, Two, and Three "
+"— that's the way that copyright law works. So the freedoms that "
+"distinguish free software from typical software are Freedoms One, Two, and "
+"Three, so I'll say more about them and why they are important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself by changing the software to suit "
+"your needs. This could mean fixing bugs. It could mean adding new "
+"features. It could mean porting it to a different computer system. It "
+"could mean translating all the error messages into Navajo. Any change you "
+"want to make, you should be free to make."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"Now, it's obvious that professional programmers can make use of this freedom "
+"very effectively, but not just them. Anybody of reasonable intelligence can "
+"learn a little programming. You know, there are hard jobs, and there are "
+"easy jobs, and most people are not going to learn enough to do hard jobs. "
+"But lots of people can learn enough to do easy jobs, just the way, you know, "
+"50 years ago, lots and lots of American men learned to repair cars, which is "
+"what enabled the U.S. to have a motorized army in World War II and win. So, "
+"very important, having lots of people tinkering."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"And if you are a people person, and you really don't want to learn "
+"technology at all, that probably means that you have a lot of friends, and "
+"you're good at getting them to owe you favors. <i>[Laughter]</i> Some of "
+"them are probably programmers. So you can ask one of your programmer "
+"friends. “Would you please change this for me? Add this feature?"
+"” So, lots of people can benefit from it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, if you don't have this freedom, it causes practical, material harm to "
+"society. It makes you a prisoner of your software. I explained what that "
+"was like with regard to the laser printer. You know, it worked badly for "
+"us, and we couldn't fix it, because we were prisoners of our software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"But it also affects people's morale. You know if the computer is constantly "
+"frustrating to use, and people are using it, their lives are going to be "
+"frustrating, and if they're using it in their jobs, their jobs are going to "
+"be frustrating; they're going to hate their jobs. And you know, people "
+"protect themselves from frustration by deciding not to care. So you end up "
+"with people whose attitude is, “Well, I showed up for work today. "
+"That's all I have to do. If I can't make progress, that's not my problem; "
+"that's the boss's problem.” And when this happens, it's bad for those "
+"people, and it's bad for society as a whole. That's Freedom One, the "
+"freedom to help yourself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom Two is the freedom to help your neighbor by distributing copies of "
+"the program. Now, for beings that can think and learn, sharing useful "
+"knowledge is a fundamental act of friendship. When these beings use "
+"computers, this act of friendship takes the form of sharing software. "
+"Friends share with each other. Friends help each other. This is the nature "
+"of friendship. And, in fact, this spirit of goodwill — the spirit of "
+"helping your neighbor, voluntarily — is society's most important "
+"resource. It makes the difference between a livable society and a dog-eat-"
+"dog jungle. Its importance has been recognized by the world's major "
+"religions for thousands of years, and they explicitly try to encourage this "
+"attitude."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"When I was going to kindergarten, the teachers were trying to teach us this "
+"attitude — the spirit of sharing — by having us do it. They "
+"figured if we did it, we'd learn. So they said, “If you bring candy "
+"to school, you can't keep it all for yourself; you have to share some with "
+"the other kids.” Teaching us, the society was set up to teach, this "
+"spirit of cooperation. And why do you have to do that? Because people are "
+"not totally cooperative. That's one part of human nature, and there are "
+"other parts of human nature. There are lots of parts of human nature. So, "
+"if you want a better society, you've got to work to encourage the spirit of "
+"sharing. You know, it'll never get to be 100%. That's understandable. "
+"People have to take care of themselves too. But if we make it somewhat "
+"bigger, we're all better off."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nowadays, according to the U.S. Government, teachers are supposed to do the "
+"exact opposite. “Oh, Johnny, you brought software to school. Well, "
+"don't share it. Oh no. Sharing is wrong. Sharing means you're a pirate."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What do they mean when they say “pirate”? They're saying that "
+"helping your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What would Buddha or Jesus say about that? Now, take your favorite religious "
+"leader. I don't know, maybe Manson would have said something different. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i> Who knows what L. Ron Hubbard would say? But …"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Of course, he's dead. But they don't admit "
+"that. What?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: So are the others, also dead. <i>[Laughter] "
+"[Inaudible]</i> Charles Manson's also dead. <i>[Laughter]</i> They're dead, "
+"Jesus's dead, Buddha's dead…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, that's true. <i>[Laughter]</i> So I guess, "
+"in that regard, L. Ron Hubbard is no worse than the others. <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i> Anyway — <i>[Inaudible]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: L. Ron always used free software — it freed "
+"him from Zanu. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Anyway, so, I think this is actually the most "
+"important reason why software should be free: We can't afford to pollute "
+"society's most important resource. It's true that it's not a physical "
+"resource like clean air and clean water. It's a psycho-social resource, but "
+"it's just as real for all that, and it makes a tremendous difference to our "
+"lives. You see, the actions we take influence the thoughts of other "
+"people. When we go around telling people, “Don't share with each "
+"other”, if they listen to us, we've had an effect on society, and it's "
+"not a good one. That's Freedom Two, the freedom to help your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, and by the way, if you don't have that freedom, it doesn't just cause "
+"this harm to society's psycho-social resource, it also causes waste — "
+"practical, material harm. If the program has an owner, and the owner "
+"arranges a state of affairs where each user has to pay in order to be able "
+"to use it, some people are going to say, “Never mind, I'll do without "
+"it.” And that's waste, deliberately inflicted waste. And the "
+"interesting thing about software, of course, is that fewer users doesn't "
+"mean you have to make less stuff. You know, if fewer people buy cars, you "
+"can make fewer cars. There's a saving there. There are resources to be "
+"allocated, or not allocated, into making cars. So that you can say that "
+"having a price on a car is a good thing. It prevents people from diverting "
+"lots of wasted resources into making cars that aren't really needed. But if "
+"each additional car used no resources, it wouldn't be doing any good saving "
+"the making of these cars. Well, for physical objects, of course, like cars, "
+"it is always going to take resources to make an additional one of them, each "
+"additional exemplar."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But for software that's not true. Anybody can make another copy. And it's "
+"almost trivial to do it. It takes no resources, except a tiny bit of "
+"electricity. So there's nothing we can save, no resource we're going to "
+"allocate better by putting this financial disincentive on the use of the "
+"software. You often find people taking economic, the consequences of "
+"economic reasoning, based on premises that don't apply to software, and "
+"trying to transplant them from other areas of life where the premises may "
+"apply, and the conclusions may be valid. They just take the conclusions and "
+"assume that they're valid for software too, when the argument is based on "
+"nothing, in the case of software. The premises don't work in that case. It "
+"is very important to examine how you reach the conclusion, and what premises "
+"it depends on, to see where it might be valid. So, that's Freedom Two, the "
+"freedom to help your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom Three is the freedom to help build your community by publishing an "
+"improved version of the software. People used to say to me, “If the "
+"software's free, then nobody will get paid to work on it, so why should "
+"anybody work on it?” Well, of course, they were confusing the two "
+"meanings of free, so their reasoning was based on a misunderstanding. But, "
+"in any case, that was their theory. Today, we can compare that theory with "
+"empirical fact, and we find that hundreds of people are being paid to write "
+"free software, and over 100,000 are doing it as volunteers. We get lots of "
+"people working on free software, for various different motives."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When I first released GNU Emacs — the first piece of the GNU system "
+"that people actually wanted to use — and when it started having users, "
+"after a while, I got a message saying, “I think I saw a bug in the "
+"source code, and here's a fix.” And I got another message, “"
+"Here's code to add a new feature.” And another bug fix. And another "
+"new feature. And another, and another, and another, until they were pouring "
+"in on me so fast that just making use of all this help I was getting was a "
+"big job. Microsoft doesn't have this problem. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Eventually, people noted this phenomenon. You see, in the 1980's a lot of "
+"us thought that maybe free software wouldn't be as good as the non-free "
+"software, because we wouldn't have as much money to pay people. And, of "
+"course, people like me, who value freedom and community said, “Well, "
+"we'll use the free software anyway.” It's worth making a little "
+"sacrifice in some mere technical convenience to have freedom. But what "
+"people began to note, around 1990 was that our software was actually "
+"better. It was more powerful, and more reliable, than the proprietary "
+"alternatives."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the early '90's, somebody found a way to do a scientific measurement of "
+"reliability of software. Here's what he did. He took several sets of "
+"comparable programs that did the same jobs — the exact same jobs "
+"— in different systems. Because there were certain basic Unix-like "
+"utilities. And the jobs that they did, we know, was all, more or less, "
+"imitating the same thing, or they were following the POSIX spec, so they "
+"were all the same in terms of what jobs they did, but they were maintained "
+"by different people, written separately. The code was different. So they "
+"said, OK, we'll take these programs and run them with random data, and "
+"measure how often they crash, or hang. So they measured it, and the most "
+"reliable set of programs was the GNU programs. All the commercial "
+"alternatives which were proprietary software were less reliable. So he "
+"published this and he told all the developers, and a few years later, he did "
+"the same experiment with the newest versions, and he got the same result. "
+"The GNU versions were the most reliable. People — you know there are "
+"cancer clinics and 911 operations that use the GNU system, because it's so "
+"reliable, and reliability is very important to them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, there's even a group of people who focus on this particular benefit "
+"as the reason they give, the main reason they give, why users should be "
+"permitted to do these various things, and to have these freedoms. If you've "
+"been listening to me, you've noticed, you've seen that I, speaking for the "
+"free software movement, I talk about issues of ethics, and what kind of a "
+"society we want to live in, what makes for a good society, as well as "
+"practical, material benefits. They're both important. That's the free "
+"software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That other group of people — which is called the open source movement "
+"— they only cite the practical benefits. They deny that this is an "
+"issue of principle. They deny that people are entitled to the freedom to "
+"share with their neighbor and to see what the program's doing and change it "
+"if they don't like it. They say, however, that it's a useful thing to let "
+"people do that. So they go to companies and say to them, “You know, "
+"you might make more money if you let people do this.” So, what you can "
+"see is that to some extent, they lead people in a similar direction, but for "
+"totally different, for fundamentally different, philosophical reasons."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because on the deepest issue of all, you know, on the ethical question, the "
+"two movements disagree. You know, in the free software movement we say, "
+"“You're entitled to these freedoms. People shouldn't stop you from "
+"doing these things.” In the open source movement, they say, “"
+"Yes, they can stop you if you want, but we'll try to convince them to deign "
+"to let you to do these things.” Well, they have contributed — "
+"they have convinced a certain number of businesses to release substantial "
+"pieces of software as free software in our community. So they, the open "
+"source movement, has contributed substantially to our community. And so we "
+"work together on practical projects. But, philosophically, there's a "
+"tremendous disagreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, the open source movement is the one that gets the support of "
+"business the most, and so most articles about our work describe it as open "
+"source, and a lot of people just innocently think that we're all part of the "
+"open source movement. So that's why I'm mentioning this distinction. I "
+"want you to be aware that the free software movement, which brought our "
+"community into existence and developed the free operating system, is still "
+"here — and that we still stand for this ethical philosophy. I want "
+"you to know about this, so that you won't mislead someone else unknowingly."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "But also, so that you can think about where you stand."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You know, which movement you support is up to you. You might agree with the "
+"free software movements and my views. You might agree with the open source "
+"movement. You might disagree with them both. You decide where you stand on "
+"these political issues."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But if you agree with the free software movement — if you see that "
+"there's an issue here that the people whose lives are controlled and "
+"directed by this decision deserve a say in it — then I hope you'll say "
+"that you agree with the free software movement, and one way you can do that "
+"is by using the term free software and just helping people know we exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, Freedom Three is very important both practically and psycho-socially. "
+"If you don't have this freedom, it causes practical material harm, because "
+"this community development doesn't happen, and we don't make powerful, "
+"reliable software. But it also causes psycho-social harm, which affects the "
+"spirit of scientific cooperation — the idea that we're working "
+"together to advance human knowledge. You see, progress in science crucially "
+"depends on people being able to work together. And nowadays though, you "
+"often find each little group of scientists acting like it's a war with each "
+"other gang of scientists and engineers. And if they don't share with each "
+"other, they're all held back."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, those are the three freedoms that distinguish free software from typical "
+"software. Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself, making changes to "
+"suit your own needs. Freedom Two is the freedom to help your neighbor by "
+"distributing copies. And Freedom Three is the freedom to help build your "
+"community by making changes and publishing them for other people to use. If "
+"you have all of these freedoms, the program is free software for you. Now, "
+"why do I define it that way in terms of a particular user? Is it free "
+"software for you? <i>[Pointing at member of audience.]</i> Is it free "
+"software for you? <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.]</i> Is it "
+"free software for you? <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.]</i> Yes?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you explain a bit about the difference "
+"between Freedom Two and Three? <i>[inaudible]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, they certainly relate, because if you don't "
+"have freedom to redistribute at all, you certainly don't have freedom to "
+"distribute a modified version, but they're different activities."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Oh."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Freedom Two is, you know, read it, you make an "
+"exact copy, and hand it to your friends, so now your friend can use it. Or "
+"maybe you make exact copies and you sell them to a bunch of people, and then "
+"they can use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Freedom Three is where you make improvements — or at least you think "
+"they're improvements, and some other people may agree with you. So that's "
+"the difference. Oh, and by the way, one crucial point. Freedoms One and "
+"Three depend on your having access to the source code. Because changing a "
+"binary-only program is extremely hard. <i>[Laughter]</i> Even trivial "
+"changes like using four digits for the date, <i>[Laughter]</i> if you don't "
+"have source. So, for compelling, practical reasons, access to the source "
+"code is a precondition, a requirement, for free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, why do I define it in terms of whether it's free software for <em>you</"
+"em>? The reason is that sometimes the same program can be free software for "
+"some people, and non-free for others. Now, that might seem like a "
+"paradoxical situation, so let me give you an example to show you how it "
+"happens. A very big example — maybe the biggest ever — of this "
+"problem was the X Window System which was developed at MIT and released "
+"under a license that made it free software. If you got the MIT version with "
+"the MIT license, you had Freedoms One, Two, and Three. It was free software "
+"for you. But among those who got copies were various computer manufacturers "
+"that distributed Unix systems, and they made the necessary changes in X to "
+"run on their systems. You know, probably just a few thousand lines out of "
+"the hundreds of thousands of lines of X. And, then they compiled it, and "
+"they put the binaries into their Unix system and distributed it under the "
+"same non-disclosure agreement as the rest of the Unix system. And then, "
+"millions of people got these copies. They had the X Window System, but they "
+"had none of these freedoms. It was not free software for <em>them</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, the paradox was that whether X was free software depended on where you "
+"made the measurement. If you made the measurement coming out of the "
+"developers' group, you'd say, “I observe all these freedoms. It's "
+"free software.” If you made the measurements among the users you'd "
+"say, “Hmm, most users don't have these freedoms. It's not free "
+"software.” Well, the people who developed X didn't consider this a "
+"problem, because their goal was just popularity, ego, essentially. They "
+"wanted a big professional success. They wanted to feel, “Ah, lots of "
+"people are using our software.” And that was true. Lots of people "
+"were using their software but didn't have freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, in the GNU project, if that same thing had happened to GNU software, "
+"it would have been a failure, because our goal wasn't just to be popular; "
+"our goal was to give people liberty, and to encourage cooperation, to permit "
+"people to cooperate. Remember, never force anyone to cooperate with any "
+"other person, but make sure that everybody's allowed to cooperate, everyone "
+"has the freedom to do so, if he or she wishes. If millions of people were "
+"running non-free versions of GNU, that wouldn't be success at all. The whole "
+"thing would have been perverted into nothing like the goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, I looked for a way to stop that from happening. The method I came up "
+"with is called “copyleft”. It's called copyleft because it's "
+"sort of like taking copyright and flipping it over. <i>[Laughter]</i> "
+"Legally, copyleft works based on copyright. We use the existing copyright "
+"law, but we use it to achieve a very different goal. Here's what we do. We "
+"say, “This program is copyrighted.” And, of course, by default, "
+"that means it's prohibited to copy it, or distribute it, or modify it. But "
+"then we say, “You're authorized to distribute copies of this. You're "
+"authorized to modify it. You're authorized to distribute modified versions "
+"and extended versions. Change it any way you like.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a condition. And the condition, of course, is the reason why "
+"we go to all this trouble, so that we could put the condition in. The "
+"condition says: Whenever you distribute anything that contains any piece of "
+"this program, that whole program must be distributed under these same terms, "
+"no more and no less. So you can change the program and distribute a "
+"modified version, but when you do, the people who get that from you must get "
+"the same freedom that you got from us. And not just for the parts of it "
+"— the excerpts that you copied from our program — but also for "
+"the other parts of that program that they got from you. The whole of that "
+"program has to be free software for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The freedoms to change and redistribute this program become inalienable "
+"rights — a concept from the Declaration of Independence. Rights that "
+"we make sure can't be taken away from you. And, of course, the specific "
+"license that embodies the idea of copyleft is the GNU General Public "
+"License, a controversial license because it actually has the strength to say "
+"no to people who would be parasites on our community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are lots of people who don't appreciate the ideals of freedom. And "
+"they'd be very glad to take the work that we have done, and use it to get a "
+"head start in distributing a non-free program and tempting people to give up "
+"their freedom. And the result would be — you know, if we let people "
+"do that — that we would be developing these free programs, and we'd "
+"constantly have to compete with improved versions of our own programs. "
+"That's no fun."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, a lot of people also feel — you know, I'm willing to volunteer my "
+"time to contribute to the community, but why should I volunteer my time to "
+"contribute to that company's, to improving that company's, proprietary "
+"program? You know, some people might not even think that that's evil, but "
+"they want to get paid if they're going to do that. I, personally, would "
+"rather not do it at all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But both of these groups of people — both the ones like me who say, "
+"“I don't want to help that non-free program to get a foothold in our "
+"community” and the ones that say, “Sure, I'd work for them, but "
+"then they better pay me” — both of us have a good reason to use "
+"the GNU General Public License. Because that says to that company, “"
+"You can't just take my work, and distribute it without the freedom.” "
+"Whereas, the non-copyleft licenses, like the X Windows license, do permit "
+"that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So that is the big division between the two categories of free software "
+"— license-wise. There are the programs that are copylefted so that "
+"the license defends the freedom of the software for every user. And there "
+"are the non-copylefted programs for which non-free versions are allowed. "
+"Somebody <em>can</em> take those programs and strip off the freedom. You "
+"may get that program in a non-free version."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And that problem exists today. There are still non-free versions of X "
+"Windows being used on our free operating systems. There is even hardware "
+"— which is not really supported — except by a non-free version "
+"of X Windows. And that's a major problem in our community. Nonetheless, I "
+"wouldn't say that X Windows is a bad thing, you know. I'd say that the "
+"developers did not do the best possible thing that they could have done. "
+"But they <em>did</em> release a lot of software that we could all use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You know, there's a big difference between less than perfect, and evil. "
+"There are many gradations of good and bad. We have to resist the temptation "
+"to say, if you didn't do the absolute best possible thing, then you're no "
+"good. You know, the people that developed X Windows made a big contribution "
+"to our community. But there's something better that they could have done. "
+"They could have copylefted parts of the program and prevented those freedom-"
+"denying versions from being distributed by others."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, the fact that the GNU General Public License defends your freedom, uses "
+"copyright law to defend your freedom, is, of course, why Microsoft is "
+"attacking it today. See, Microsoft would really like to be able to take all "
+"the code that we wrote and put it into proprietary programs, have somebody "
+"make some improvements, or even just incompatible changes is all they need. "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You know, with Microsoft's marketing clout, they don't need to make it "
+"better to have their version supplant ours. They just have to make it "
+"different and incompatible. And then, put it on everybody's desktop. So "
+"they really don't like the GNU GPL. Because the GNU GPL won't let them do "
+"that. It doesn't allow “embrace and extend”. It says, if you "
+"want to share our code in your programs, you can. But, you've got to share "
+"and share alike. The changes that you make we have to be allowed to share. "
+"So, it's a two-way cooperation, which is real cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many companies — even big companies like IBM and HP are willing to use "
+"our software on this basis. IBM and HP contribute substantial improvements "
+"to GNU software. And they develop other free software. But, Microsoft "
+"doesn't want to do that, so they give it out that businesses just can't deal "
+"with the GPL. Well, if businesses don't include IBM, and HP and SUN, then "
+"maybe they're right. <i>[Laughter]</i> More about that later."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I should finish the historical story. You see, we set out in 1984 not just "
+"to write some free software but to do something much more coherent: to "
+"develop an operating system that was entirely free software. So that meant "
+"we had to write piece after piece after piece. Of course, we were always "
+"looking for shortcuts. The job was so big that people said we'd never be "
+"able to finish. And, I thought that there was at least a chance that we'd "
+"finish it but, obviously, it's worth looking for shortcuts. So we kept "
+"looking around. Is there any program that somebody else has written that we "
+"could manage to adapt, to plug into here, and that way we won't have to "
+"write it from scratch? For instance, the X Window system. It's true it "
+"wasn't copylefted, but it was free software, so we could use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, I had wanted to put a window system into GNU from day one. I wrote a "
+"couple of window systems at MIT before I started GNU. And so, even though "
+"Unix had no window system in 1984, I decided that GNU would have one. But, "
+"we never ended up writing a GNU window system, because X came along. And I "
+"said, Goody! One big job we don't have to do. We'll use X. So I basically "
+"said, let's take X, and put it into the GNU system. And we'll make the "
+"other parts of GNU, you know, work with X, when appropriate. And we found "
+"other pieces of software that had been written by other people, like the "
+"text formatter TeX, some library code from Berkeley. At that time there was "
+"Berkeley Unix, but it was not free software. This library code, initially, "
+"was from a different group at Berkeley, that did research on floating "
+"point. And, so, we kept, we fit in these pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In October 1985, we founded the Free Software Foundation. So please note, "
+"the GNU project came first. The Free Software Foundation came after, about "
+"almost two years after the announcement of the Project. And the Free "
+"Software Foundation is a tax-exempt charity that raises funds to promote the "
+"freedom to share and change software. And in the 1980's, one of the main "
+"things we did with our funds was to hire people to write parts of GNU. And "
+"essential programs, such as the shell and the C library were written this "
+"way, as well as parts of other programs. The <code>tar</code> program, "
+"which is absolutely essential, although not exciting at all <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i> was written this way. I believe GNU grep was written this way. And so, "
+"we're approaching our goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By 1991, there was just one major piece missing, and that was the kernel. "
+"Now, why did I put off the kernel? Probably because it doesn't really matter "
+"what order you do the things in, at least technically it doesn't. You've "
+"got to do them all anyway. And partly because I'd hoped we'd be able to "
+"find a start at a kernel somewhere else. And we did. We found Mach, which "
+"had been developed at Carnegie Mellon. And it wasn't the whole kernel; it "
+"was the bottom half of the kernel. So we had to write the top half, but I "
+"figured, you know, things like the file system, the network code, and so "
+"on. But running on top of Mach they're running essentially as user "
+"programs, which ought to make them easier to debug. You can debug with a "
+"real source-level debugger running at the same time. And so, I thought that "
+"way we'd be able to get these, the higher level parts of the kernel, done in "
+"a short time. It didn't work out that way. These asynchronous, multi-"
+"threaded processes, sending messages to each other turned out to be very "
+"hard to debug. And the Mach-based system that we were using to bootstrap "
+"with had a terrible debugging environment, and it was unreliable, and "
+"various problems. It took us years and years to get the GNU kernel to work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, fortunately, our community did not have to wait for the GNU kernel. "
+"Because in 1991, Linus Torvalds developed another free kernel called Linux. "
+"And he used the old-fashioned monolithic design and it turns out that he got "
+"his working much faster than we got ours working. So maybe that's one of "
+"the mistakes that I made: that design decision. Anyway, at first, we didn't "
+"know about Linux, because he never contacted us to talk about it. Although "
+"he did know about the GNU Project. But he announced it to other people and "
+"other places on the net. And so other people then did the work of combining "
+"Linux with the rest of the GNU system to make a complete free operating "
+"system. Essentially, to make the GNU plus Linux combination."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, they didn't realize that's what they were doing. You see, they said, "
+"We have a kernel — let's look around and see what other pieces we can "
+"find to put together with the kernel. So, they looked around — and lo "
+"and behold, everything they needed was already available. What good "
+"fortune, they said. <i>[Laughter]</i> It's all here. We can find "
+"everything we need. Let's just take all these different things and put it "
+"together, and have a system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They didn't know that most of what they found was pieces of the GNU system. "
+"So they didn't realize that they were fitting Linux into the gap in the GNU "
+"system. They thought they were taking Linux and making a system out of "
+"Linux. So they called it a Linux system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can't hear you — what?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, it's just not — you know, it's "
+"provincial."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: But it's more good fortune then finding X and "
+"Mach?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. The difference is that the people who "
+"developed X and Mach didn't have the goal of making a complete free "
+"operating system. We're the only ones who had that. And, it was our "
+"tremendous work that made the system exist. We actually did a larger part "
+"of the system than any other project. No coincidence, because those people "
+"— they wrote useful parts of the system. But they didn't do it "
+"because they wanted the system to be finished. They had other reasons."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the people who developed X — they thought that designing across "
+"the network window system would be a good project, and it was. And it "
+"turned out to help us make a good free operating system. But that's not "
+"what they hoped for. They didn't even think about that. It was an "
+"accident. An accidental benefit. Now, I'm not saying that what they did "
+"was bad. They did a large free software project. That's a good thing to "
+"do. But they didn't have that ultimate vision. The GNU Project is where "
+"that vision was."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, so, we were the ones whose — every little piece that didn't get "
+"done by somebody else, we did it. Because we knew that we wouldn't have a "
+"complete system without it. And even if it was totally boring and "
+"unromantic, like <code>tar</code> or <code>mv</code>. <i>[Laughter]</i> We "
+"did it. Or ld, you know there's nothing very exciting in <code>ld</code> "
+"— but I wrote one. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I did make efforts to have "
+"it do a minimal amount of disk I/O so that it would be faster and handle "
+"bigger programs. But, you know, I like to do a good job. I like to improve "
+"various things about the program while I'm doing it. But the reason that I "
+"did it wasn't that I had brilliant ideas for a better <code>ld</code>. The "
+"reason I did it is that we needed one that was free. And we couldn't expect "
+"anyone else to do it. So, we had to do it, or find someone to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, although at this point thousands of people in projects have contributed "
+"to this system, there is one project which is the reason that this system "
+"exists, and that's the GNU Project. It <em>is</em> basically the GNU "
+"System, with other things added since then."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, however, the practice of calling the system Linux has been a great blow "
+"to the GNU Project, because we don't normally get credit for what we've "
+"done. I think Linux, the kernel, is a very useful piece of free software, "
+"and I have only good things to say about it. But, well, actually, I can "
+"find a few bad things to say about it. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, basically, I "
+"have good things to say about it. However, the practice of calling the GNU "
+"system, Linux, is just a mistake. I'd like to ask you please to make the "
+"small effort necessary to call the system GNU/Linux, and that way to help us "
+"get a share of the credit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: You need a mascot! Get yourself a stuffed animal! "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: You do?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have an animal — a gnu. <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i> Anyway. So, yes, when you draw a penguin, draw a gnu next to it. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i> But, let's save the questions for the end. I have more to go "
+"through."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, why am I so concerned about this? You know, why do I think it is worth "
+"bothering you and perhaps giving you a, perhaps lowering your opinion of me, "
+"<i>[Laughter]</i> to raise this issue of credit? Because, you know, some "
+"people when I do this, some people think that it's because I want my ego to "
+"be fed, right? Of course, I'm not saying — I'm not asking you to call "
+"it “Stallmanix,” right? <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I'm asking you to call it GNU, because I want the GNU Project to get "
+"credit. And there's a very specific reason for that, which is a lot more "
+"important than anybody getting credit, in and of itself. You see, these "
+"days, if you look around in our community most of the people talking about "
+"it and writing about it don't ever mention GNU, and they don't ever mention "
+"these goals of freedom — these political and social ideals, either. "
+"Because the place they come from is GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The ideas associated with Linux — the philosophy is very different. "
+"It is basically the apolitical philosophy of Linus Torvalds. So, when "
+"people think that the whole system is Linux, they tend to think: “Oh, "
+"it must have been all started by Linux Torvalds. His philosophy must be the "
+"one that we should look at carefully”. And when they hear about the "
+"GNU philosophy, they say: “Boy, this is so idealistic, this must be "
+"awfully impractical. I'm a Linux-user, not a GNU-user.” <i>[Laughter]"
+"</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What irony! If they only knew! If they knew that the system they liked "
+"— or, in some cases, love and go wild over — is our idealistic, "
+"political philosophy made real."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They still wouldn't have to agree with us. But at least they'd see a reason "
+"to take it seriously, to think about it carefully, to give it a chance. "
+"They would see how it relates to their lives. You know, if they realized, "
+"“I'm using the GNU system. Here's the GNU philosophy. This philosophy "
+"is <em>why</em> this system that I like very much exists,” they'd at "
+"least consider it with a much more open mind. It doesn't mean that "
+"everybody will agree. People think different things. That's OK. You know, "
+"people should make up their own minds. But I want this philosophy to get "
+"the benefit of the credit for the results it has achieved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you look around in our community, you'll find that almost everywhere, the "
+"institutions are calling the system Linux. You know, reporters mostly call "
+"it Linux. It's not right, but they do. The companies mostly say it that "
+"package the system. Oh, and most of these reporters, when they write "
+"articles, they usually don't look at it as a political issue, or social "
+"issue. They're usually looking at it purely as a business question or what "
+"companies are going to succeed more or less, which is really a fairly minor "
+"question for society. And, if you look at the companies that package the "
+"GNU/Linux system for people to use, well, most of them call it Linux. And "
+"they <em>all</em> add non-free software to it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"See, the GNU GPL says that if you take code, and some code out of a GPL-"
+"covered program, and add some more code to make a bigger program, that whole "
+"program has to be released under the GPL. But you could put other separate "
+"programs on the same disk (of either kind, hard disk, or CD), and they can "
+"have other licenses. That's considered mere aggregation, and, essentially, "
+"just distributing two programs to somebody at the same time is not something "
+"we have any say over. So, in fact, it is not true — sometimes, I wish "
+"it were true — that if a company uses a GPL-covered program in a "
+"product that the whole product has to be free software. It's not — it "
+"doesn't go to that range — that scope. It's the whole program. If "
+"there are two separate programs that communicate with each other at arm's "
+"length — like by sending messages to each other — then, they're "
+"legally separate, in general. So, these companies, by adding non-free "
+"software to the system, are giving the users, philosophically and "
+"politically, a very bad idea. They're telling the users, “It is OK to "
+"use non-free software. We're even putting it on this as a bonus.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you look at the magazines about the use of the GNU/Linux system, most of "
+"them have a title like “Linux-something or other”. So they're "
+"calling the system Linux most of the time. And they're filled with ads for "
+"non-free software that you could run on top of the GNU/Linux system. Now "
+"those ads have a common message. They say: Non-free Software Is Good For "
+"You. It's So Good That You Might Even <em>Pay</em> To Get It. <i>[Laughter]"
+"</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And they call these things “value-added packages”, which makes a "
+"statement about their values. They're saying: Value practical convenience, "
+"not freedom. And, I don't agree with those values, so I call them “"
+"freedom-subtracted packages”. <i>[Laughter]</i> Because if you have "
+"installed a free operating system, then you now are living in the free "
+"world. You enjoy the benefits of liberty that we worked for so many years "
+"to give you. Those packages give you an opportunity to buckle on a chain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And then if you look at the trade shows — about the use of the, "
+"dedicated to the use of, the GNU/Linux system, they all call themselves "
+"“Linux” shows. And they're filled with booths exhibiting non-"
+"free software, essentially putting the seal of approval on the non-free "
+"software. So, almost everywhere you look in our community, the institutions "
+"are endorsing the non-free software, totalling negating the idea of freedom "
+"that GNU was developed for. And the only place that people are likely to "
+"come across the idea of freedom is in connection with GNU, and in connection "
+"with free software, the term, free software. So this is why I ask you: "
+"please call the system GNU/Linux. Please make people aware where the system "
+"came from and why."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, just by using that name, you won't be making an explanation of "
+"the history. You can type four extra characters and write GNU/Linux; you "
+"can say two extra syllables. But, GNU/Linux is fewer syllables than Windows "
+"2000. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, you're not telling them a lot, but you're "
+"preparing them, so that when they hear about GNU, and what it's all about, "
+"they'll see how that connects to them and their lives. And that, "
+"indirectly, makes a tremendous difference. So please help us."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You'll note that Microsoft called the GPL an “open source "
+"license”. They don't want people to be thinking in terms of freedom "
+"as the issue. You'll find that they invite people to think in a narrow way, "
+"as consumers, and, of course, not even think very rationally as consumers, "
+"if they're going to choose Microsoft products. But they don't want people "
+"to think as citizens or statesmen. That's inimical to them. At least it's "
+"inimical to their current business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, how does free software…well, I can tell you about how free "
+"software relates to our society. A secondary topic that might be of "
+"interest to some of you is how free software relates to business. Now, in "
+"fact, free software is <em>tremendously</em> useful for business. After "
+"all, most businesses in the advanced countries use software. Only a tiny "
+"fraction of them develop software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And free software is tremendously advantageous for any company that uses "
+"software, because it means that you're in control. Basically, free software "
+"means the users are in control of what the program does. Either "
+"individually, if they care enough to be, or, collectively, when they care "
+"enough to be. Whoever cares enough can exert some influence. If you don't "
+"care, you don't buy. Then you use what other people prefer. But, if you do "
+"care, then you have some say. With proprietary software, you have "
+"essentially no say."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With free software, you can change what you want to change. And it doesn't "
+"matter that there are no programmers in your company; that's fine. You "
+"know, if you wanted to move the walls in your building, you don't have to be "
+"a carpentry company. You just have to be able to go find a carpenter and "
+"say, “What will you charge to do this job?” And if you want to "
+"change around the software you use, you don't have to be a programming "
+"company. You just have to go to a programming company and say, “What "
+"will you charge to implement these features? And when will you have it done?"
+"” And if they don't do the job, you can go find somebody else."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's a free market for support. So, any business that cares about "
+"support will find a tremendous advantage in free software. With proprietary "
+"software, support is a monopoly, because one company has the source code, or "
+"maybe a small number of companies that paid a gigantic amount of money have "
+"the source code, if it's Microsoft's shared source program, but, it's very "
+"few. And so, there aren't very many possible sources of support for you. "
+"And that means, that unless you're a real giant, they don't care about you. "
+"Your company is not important enough for them to care if they lose your "
+"business, or what happens. Once you're using the program, they figure "
+"you're locked in to getting the support from them, because to switch to a "
+"different program is a gigantic job. So, you end up with things like paying "
+"for the privilege of reporting a bug. <i>[Laughter]</i> And once you've "
+"paid, they tell you, “Well, OK, we've noted your bug report. And in a "
+"few months, you can buy an upgrade, and you can see if we've fixed it."
+"” <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Support providers for free software can't get away with that. They have to "
+"please the customers. Of course, you can get a lot of good support gratis. "
+"You post your problem on the Internet. You may get an answer the next day. "
+"But that's not guaranteed, of course. If you want to be confident, you "
+"better make an arrangement with a company and pay them. And this is, of "
+"course, one of the ways that free software business works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another advantage of free software for businesses that use software is "
+"security and privacy. And this applies to individuals as well, but I "
+"brought it up in the context of businesses. You see, when a program is "
+"proprietary, you can't even tell what it really does."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It could have features, deliberately put in that you wouldn't like if you "
+"knew about them, like it might have a backdoor to let the developer get into "
+"your machine. It might snoop on what you do and send information back. "
+"This is not unusual. Some Microsoft software did this. But it's not only "
+"Microsoft. There are other proprietary programs that snoop on the user. "
+"And you can't even tell if it does this. And, of course, even assuming that "
+"the developer's totally honest, every programmer makes mistakes. There "
+"could be bugs that affect your security which are nobody's fault. But the "
+"point is: If it's not free software, you can't find them. And you can't fix "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nobody has the time to check the source of every program he runs. You're "
+"not going to do that. But with free software there's a large community, and "
+"there are people in that community who are checking things. And you get the "
+"benefit of their checking, because if there's an accidental bug, there "
+"surely are, from time to time, in any program, they might find it and fix "
+"it. And people are much less likely to put in a deliberate Trojan horse, or "
+"a snooping feature, if they think they might get caught. The proprietary "
+"software developers figure they won't get caught. They'll get away with it "
+"undetected. But a free software developer has to figure that people will "
+"look at that and see it's there. So, in our community, we don't feel we can "
+"get away with ramming a feature down the users' throats that the users "
+"wouldn't like. So we know that if the users don't like it, they'll make a "
+"modified version which doesn't have it. And then, they'll all start using "
+"that version."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In fact, we can all reason enough, we can all figure this out enough steps "
+"ahead, that we probably won't put in that feature. After all, you're "
+"writing a free program; you want people to like your version; you don't want "
+"to put in a thing that you know a lot of people are going to hate, and have "
+"another modified version catch on instead of yours. So you just realize "
+"that the user is king in the world of free software. In the world of "
+"proprietary software, the customer is <em>not</em> king. Because you are "
+"only a customer. You have no say in the software you use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In this respect, free software is a new mechanism for democracy to operate. "
+"Professor Lessig, now at Stanford, noted that code functions as a kind of "
+"law. Whoever gets to write the code that just about everybody uses for all "
+"intents and purposes is writing the laws that run people's lives. With free "
+"software, these laws get written in a democratic way. Not the classical "
+"form of democracy — we don't have a big election and say, “"
+"Everybody vote which way should this feature be done.” <i>[Laughter]</"
+"i> Instead we say, basically, those of you who want to work on implementing "
+"the feature this way, do it. And if you want to work on implementing the "
+"feature that way, do it. And, it gets done one way or the other, you know? "
+"And so, if a lot of people want it this way, it'll get done this way. So, "
+"in this way, everybody contributes to the social decision by simply taking "
+"steps in the direction that he wants to go."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And you're free to take as many steps, personally, as you want to take. A "
+"business is free to commission as many steps as they find useful to take. "
+"And, after you add all these things up, that says which direction the "
+"software goes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And it's often very useful to be able to take pieces out of some existing "
+"program, presumably usually large pieces, of course, and then write a "
+"certain amount of code of your own, and make a program that does exactly "
+"what you need, which would have cost you an arm and a leg to develop, if you "
+"had to write it all from scratch, if you couldn't cannibalize large pieces "
+"from some existing free software package."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another thing that results from the fact that the user is king is that we "
+"tend to be very good about compatibility and standardization. Why? Because "
+"users like that. Users are likely to reject a program that has gratuitous "
+"incompatibilities in it. Now, sometimes there's a certain group of users "
+"which actually have a need for a certain kind of incompatibility, and then "
+"they'll have it. That's OK. But when users want is to follow a standard, we "
+"developers have to follow it, and we know that. And we do it. By contrast, "
+"if you look at proprietary software developers, they often find it "
+"advantageous to deliberately <em>not</em> follow a standard, and not because "
+"they think that they're giving the user an advantage that way, but rather "
+"because they're imposing on the user, locking the user in. And you'll even "
+"find them making changes in their file formats from time to time, just to "
+"force people to get the newest version."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Archivists are finding a problem now, that files written on computers ten "
+"years ago often can't be accessed; they were written with proprietary "
+"software that's essentially lost now. If it were written with free "
+"software, then it could be brought up-to-date and run. And those things "
+"would not, those records would not be lost, would not be inaccessible. They "
+"were even complaining about this on NPR recently in citing free software as "
+"a solution. And so, in effect, by using a non-free program to store your "
+"own data, you are putting your head in a noose."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, I've talked about how free software affects most business. But how does "
+"it affect that particular narrow area which is software business? Well, the "
+"answer is mostly not at all. And the reason is that 90% of the software "
+"industry, from what I'm told, is development of custom software, software "
+"that's not meant to be released at all. For custom software, this issue, or "
+"the ethical issue of free or proprietary, doesn't arise. You see, the issue "
+"is, are you users free to change, and redistribute, the software? If there's "
+"only one user, and that user owns the rights, there's no problem. That user "
+"<em>is</em> free to do all these things. So, in effect, any <em>custom</em> "
+"program that was developed by one company for use in-house is free software, "
+"as long as they have the sense to insist on getting the source code and all "
+"the rights."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And the issue doesn't really arise for software that goes in a watch or a "
+"microwave oven or an automobile ignition system. Because those are places "
+"where you don't download software to install. It's not a real computer, as "
+"far as the user is concerned. And so, it doesn't raise these issues enough "
+"for them to be ethically important. So, for the most part, the software "
+"industry will go along, just as it's been going. And the interesting thing "
+"is that since such a large fraction of the jobs are in that part of the "
+"industry, even if there were no possibilities for free software business, "
+"the developers of free software could all get day jobs writing custom "
+"software. <i>[Laughter]</i> There's so many; the ratio is so big."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, as it happens, there is free software business. There are free "
+"software companies, and at the press conference that I'm going to have, "
+"people from a couple of them will join us. And, of course, there are also "
+"companies which are <em>not</em> free software businesses but do develop "
+"useful pieces of free software to release, and the free software that they "
+"produce is substantial."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, how do free software businesses work? Well, some of them sell copies. "
+"You know, you're free to copy it but they can still sell thousands of copies "
+"a month. And others sell support and various kinds of services. I, "
+"personally, for the second half of the '80's, I sold free software support "
+"services. Basically I said, for $200 an hour, I'll change whatever you want "
+"me to change in GNU software that I'd written. And, yes, it was a stiff "
+"rate, but if it was a program that I was the author of, people would figure "
+"that I might get the job done in a lot fewer hours. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I "
+"made a living that way. In fact, I'd made more than I'd ever made before. "
+"I also taught classes. And I kept doing that until 1990, when I got a big "
+"prize and I didn't have to do it any more."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, 1990 was when the first corporation free software business was formed, "
+"which was Cygnus Support. And their business was to do, essentially, the "
+"same kind of thing that I'd been doing. I certainly could have worked for "
+"them, if I had needed to do that. Since I didn't need to, I felt it was "
+"good for the movement if I remained independent of any one company. That "
+"way, I could say good and bad things about the various free software and non-"
+"free software companies, without a conflict of interest. I felt that I "
+"could serve the movement more. But, if I had needed that to make a living, "
+"sure, I would have worked for them. It's an ethical business to be in. No "
+"reason I would have felt ashamed to take a job with them. And that company "
+"was profitable in its first year. It was formed with very little capital, "
+"just the money its three founders had. And it kept growing every year and "
+"being profitable every year until they got greedy, and looked for outside "
+"investors, and then they messed things up. But it was several years of "
+"success, before they got greedy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, this illustrates one of the exciting things about free software. Free "
+"software demonstrates that you don't need to raise capital to develop free "
+"software. I mean, it's useful; it <em>can</em> help. You know, if you do "
+"raise some capital, you can hire people and have them write a bunch of "
+"software. But you can get a lot done with a small number of people. And, "
+"in fact, the tremendous efficiency of the process of developing free "
+"software is one of the reasons it's important for the world to switch to "
+"free software. And it also belies what Microsoft says when they say the GNU "
+"GPL is bad, because it makes it harder for them to raise capital to develop "
+"non-free software and take our free software and put our code into their "
+"programs that they won't share with us. Basically, we don't need to have "
+"them raising capital that way. We'll get the job done anyway. We are "
+"getting the job done."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People used to say we could never do a complete free operating system. Now "
+"we've done that and a tremendous amount more. And I would say that we're "
+"about an order of magnitude away from developing all the general purpose "
+"published software needs of the world. And this is in a world where more "
+"than 90% of the users don't use our free software yet. This is in a world "
+"where, although in certain areas of business, you know, more than half of "
+"all the web servers in the world are running on GNU/Linux with Apache as the "
+"web server."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i> … What did you say "
+"before, Linux?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I said GNU/Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: You did?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, if I'm talking about the kernel, I call it "
+"Linux. You know, that's it's name. The kernel was written by Linus "
+"Torvalds, and we should only call it by the name that he chose, out of "
+"respect for the author."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, but in general, in business most users are not using it. Most home "
+"users are not using our system yet. So, when they are, we should "
+"automatically get 10 times as many volunteers and 10 times as many customers "
+"for the free software businesses that there will be. And so that will take "
+"us that order of magnitude. So at this point, I am pretty confident that we "
+"<em>can</em> do the job."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, this is important, because Microsoft asks us to feel desperate. They "
+"say, The only way you can have software to run, the only way you can have "
+"innovation, is if you give us power. Let us dominate you. Let us control "
+"what you can do with the software you're running, so that we can squeeze a "
+"lot of money out of you, and use a certain fraction of that to develop "
+"software, and take the rest as profit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, you shouldn't ever feel that desperate. You shouldn't ever feel so "
+"desperate that you give up your freedom. That's very dangerous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another thing that Microsoft, well, not just Microsoft, people who don't "
+"support free software generally adopt a value system in which the only thing "
+"that matters is short-term practical benefits: How much money am I going to "
+"make this year? What job can I get done today? Short-term thinking and "
+"narrow thinking. Their assumption is that it is ridiculous to imagine that "
+"anybody ever might make a sacrifice for the sake of freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yesterday, a lot of people were making speeches about Americans who made "
+"sacrifices for the freedom of their compatriots. Some of them made great "
+"sacrifices. They even sacrificed their lives for the kinds of freedom that "
+"everyone in our country has heard about, at least. (At least, in some of "
+"the cases; I guess we have to ignore the war in Vietnam.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<i>[Editor's note: The day before was “Memorial Day” in the "
+"USA. Memorial Day is a day where war heros are commemorated.]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, fortunately, to maintain our freedom in using software, doesn't call "
+"for big sacrifices. Just tiny, little sacrifices are enough, like learning a "
+"command-line interface, if we don't have a GUI interface program yet. Like "
+"doing the job in this way, because we don't have a free software package to "
+"do it that way, yet. Like, paying some money to a company that's going to "
+"develop a certain free software package, so that you can have it in a few "
+"years. Various little sacrifices that we can all make. And, in the long "
+"run, even we will have benefited from it. You know, it is really an "
+"investment more than a sacrifice. We just have to have enough long-term "
+"view to realize it's good for us to invest in improving our society, without "
+"counting the nickels and dimes of who gets how much of the benefit from that "
+"investment."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "So, at this point, I'm essentially done."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I'd like to mention that there's a new approach to free software business "
+"being proposed by Tony Stanco, which he calls “Free Developers”, "
+"which involves a certain business structure which hopes eventually to pay "
+"out a certain share of the profits to every, to all the authors of the free "
+"software who've joined the organization. And they're looking at the "
+"prospects of getting me some rather large government software development "
+"contracts in India now, because they're going to be using free software as "
+"the basis, having tremendous cost savings that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "And so now I guess that I should ask for questions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Could you speak up a bit louder please? I can't "
+"really hear you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: How could a company like Microsoft include a free "
+"software contract?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, actually, Microsoft is planning to shift a "
+"lot of its activity into services. And what they're planning to do is "
+"something dirty and dangerous, which is tie the services to the programs, "
+"one to the next, in a sort of zigzag, you know? So that to use this service, "
+"you've got to be using this Microsoft program, which is going to mean you "
+"need to use this service, to this Microsoft program, so it's all tied "
+"together. That's their plan."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, the interesting thing is that selling those services doesn't raise the "
+"ethical issue of free software or non-free software. It might be perfectly "
+"fine for them to have the business for those businesses selling those "
+"services over the net to exist. However, what Microsoft is planning to do "
+"is to use them to achieve an even greater lock, an even greater monopoly, on "
+"the software and the services, and this was described in an article, I "
+"believe in Business Week, recently. And, other people said that it is "
+"turning the net into the Microsoft Company Town."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And this is relevant because, you know, the trial court in the Microsoft "
+"antitrust trial recommended breaking up the company, Microsoft. But in a "
+"way, that makes no sense — it wouldn't do any good at all — into "
+"the operating part and the applications part."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But having seen that article, I now see a useful, effective way to split up "
+"Microsoft into the services part and the software part, to require them to "
+"deal with each other only at arm's length, that the services must publish "
+"their interfaces, so that anybody can write a client to talk to those "
+"services, and, I guess, that they have to pay to get the service. Well, "
+"that's OK. That's a totally different issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If Microsoft is split up in this way […] services and software, they "
+"will not be able to use their software to crush competition with Microsoft "
+"services. And they won't be able to use the services to crush competition "
+"with Microsoft software. And we will be able to make the free software, and "
+"maybe you people will use it to talk to Microsoft services, and we won't "
+"mind."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because, after all, although Microsoft is the proprietary software company "
+"that has subjugated the most people — the others have subjugated fewer "
+"people, it's not for want of trying. <i>[Laughter]</i> They just haven't "
+"succeeded in subjugating as many people. So, the problem is not Microsoft "
+"and only Microsoft. Microsoft is just the biggest example of the problem "
+"we're trying to solve, which is proprietary software taking away users' "
+"freedom to cooperate and form an ethical society. So we shouldn't focus too "
+"much on Microsoft, you know, even though they did give me the opportunity "
+"for this platform. That doesn't make them all-important. They're not the be-"
+"all and end-all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Earlier, you were discussing the philosophical "
+"differences between open source software and free software. How do you feel "
+"about the current trend of GNU/Linux distributions as they head towards "
+"supporting only Intel platforms? And the fact that it seems that less and "
+"less programmers are programming correctly, and making software that will "
+"compile anywhere? And making software that simply works on Intel systems?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I don't see an ethical issue there. Although, in "
+"fact, companies that make computers sometimes port the GNU/Linux system to "
+"it. HP apparently did this recently. And, they didn't bother paying for a "
+"port of Windows, because that would have cost too much. But getting GNU/"
+"Linux supported was, I think, five engineers for a few months. It was "
+"easily doable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, of course, I encourage people to use <code>autoconf</code>, which is a "
+"GNU package that makes it easier to make your programs portable. I "
+"encourage them to do that. Or when somebody else fixes the bug that it "
+"didn't compile on that version of the system, and sends it to you, you "
+"should put it in. But I don't see that as an ethical issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Two comments. One is: Recently, you spoke at "
+"MIT. I read the transcript. And someone asked about patents, and you said "
+"that “patents are a totally different issue. I have no comments on "
+"that.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. I actually have a lot to say about "
+"patents, but it takes an hour. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: I wanted to say this: It seems to me that there "
+"is an issue. I mean, there is a reason that companies call both patents and "
+"copyrights things like hard property in trying to get this concept which is, "
+"if they want to use the power of the State to create a course of monopoly "
+"for themselves. And so, what's common about these things is not that they "
+"revolve around the same issues, but that motivation is not really the public "
+"service issues but the motivation of companies to get a monopoly for their "
+"private interests."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I understand. But, well, I want to respond "
+"because there's not too much time. So I'd like to respond to that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You're right that that's what they want. But there's another reason why "
+"they want to use the term intellectual property. It's that they don't want "
+"to encourage people to think carefully about copyright issues or patent "
+"issues. Because copyright law and patent law are totally different, and the "
+"effects of software copyrighted and software patents are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents are a restriction on programmers, prohibiting them from "
+"writing certain kinds of programs, whereas copyright doesn't do that. With "
+"copyright, at least if you wrote it yourself, you're allowed to distribute "
+"it. So, it's tremendously important to separate these issues."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They have a little bit in common, at a very low level, and everything else "
+"is different. So, please, to encourage clear thinking, discuss copyright or "
+"discuss patents. But don't discuss intellectual property. I don't have an "
+"opinion on intellectual property. I have opinions on copyrights and patents "
+"and software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: You mentioned at the beginning that a functional "
+"language, like recipes, are computer programs. There's a cross a little bit "
+"different than other kinds of language created on. This is also causing a "
+"problem in the DVD case."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: The issues are partly similar but partly "
+"different, for things that are not functional in nature. Part of the issue "
+"transfers but not all of it. Unfortunately, that's another hour speech. I "
+"don't have time to go into it. But I would say that all functional works "
+"ought to be free in the same sense as software. You know, textbooks, "
+"manuals, dictionaries, and recipes, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: I was just wondering on online music. There are "
+"similarities and differences created all through."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. I'd say that the minimum freedom that we "
+"should have for any kind of published information is the freedom to non-"
+"commercially redistribute it, verbatim. For functional works, we need the "
+"freedom to commercially publish a modified version, because that's "
+"tremendously useful to society. For non-functional works, you know, things "
+"that are to entertain, or to be aesthetic, or to state a certain person's "
+"views, you know, perhaps they shouldn't be modified. And, perhaps that "
+"means that it's OK, to have copyright covering all commercial distribution "
+"of them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please remember that according to the U.S. Constitution, the purpose of "
+"copyright is to benefit the public. It is to modify the behavior of certain "
+"private parties, so that they will publish more books. And the benefit of "
+"this is that society gets to discuss issues and learn. And, you know, we "
+"have literature. We have scientific works. The purpose is encourage that. "
+"Copyrights do not exist for the sake of authors, let alone for the sake of "
+"publishers. They exist for the sake of readers and all those who benefit "
+"from the communication of information that happens when people write and "
+"others read. And that goal I agree with."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But in the age of the computer networks, the method is no longer tenable, "
+"because it now requires draconian laws that invade everybody's privacy and "
+"terrorize everyone. You know, years in prison for sharing with your "
+"neighbor. It wasn't like that in the age of the printing press. Then "
+"copyright was an industrial regulation. It restricted publishers. Now, "
+"it's a restriction imposed by the publishers on the public. So, the power "
+"relationship is turned around 180 degrees, even if it's the same law."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: So you can have the same thing — but like "
+"in making music from other music?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. That is an interesting …"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: And unique, new works, you know, it's still a lot "
+"of cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: It is. And I think that probably requires some "
+"kind of fair use concept. Certainly making a few seconds of sample and "
+"using that in making some musical work, obviously that should be fair use. "
+"Even the standard idea of fair use includes that, if you think about it. "
+"Whether courts agree, I'm not sure, but they should. That wouldn't be a "
+"real change in the system as it has existed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: What do you think about publishing public "
+"information in proprietary formats?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh, it shouldn't be. I mean, the government "
+"should never require citizens to use a non-free program to access, to "
+"communicate with the government in any way, in either direction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: I have been, what I will now say, a GNU/Linux "
+"user…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Thank you. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: …for the past four years. The one thing "
+"that has been problematical for me and is something that is essential, I "
+"think, to all of us, is browsing the web."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: One thing that has been decidedly a weakness in "
+"using a GNU/Linux system has been browsing the web, because the prevailing "
+"tool for that, Netscape…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: …is not free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Let me respond to this. I want to get to the point, for the sake of getting "
+"in more. So, yes. There has been a terrible tendency for people to use "
+"Netscape Navigator on their GNU/Linux systems. And, in fact all the "
+"commercially packaged systems come with it. So this is an ironic situation: "
+"we worked so hard to make a free operating system, and now, if you go to the "
+"store, and you can find versions of GNU/Linux there, most of them are called "
+"Linux, and they're not free. Oh, well, part of them is. But then, there's "
+"Netscape Navigator, and maybe other non-free programs as well. So, it's "
+"very hard to actually find a free system, unless you know what you're "
+"doing. Or, of course, you can not install Netscape Navigator."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, in fact, there have been free web browsers for many years. There is a "
+"free web browser that I used to use called Lynx. It's a free web browser "
+"that is non-graphical; it's text-only. This has a tremendous advantage, in "
+"you don't see the ads. <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But anyway, there is a free graphical project called Mozilla, which is now "
+"getting to the point where you can use it. And I occasionally use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Konqueror 2.01 has been very good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh, OK. So that's another free graphical "
+"browser. So, we're finally solving that problem, I guess."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you talk to me about that philosophical/"
+"ethical division between free software and open source? Do you feel that "
+"those are irreconcilable? …"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<i>[Recording switches tapes; end of question and start of answer is missing]"
+"</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: … to a freedom, and ethics. Or whether "
+"you just say, Well, I hope that you companies will decide it's more "
+"profitable to let us be allowed to do these things."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, as I said, in a lot of practical work, it doesn't really matter what a "
+"person's politics are. When a person offers to help the GNU project, we "
+"don't say: “You have to agree with our politics.” We say that in "
+"a GNU package, you've got to call the system GNU/Linux, and you've got to "
+"call it free software. What you say when you're not speaking to the GNU "
+"Project, that's up to you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: The company, IBM, started a campaign for "
+"government agencies, to sell their big new machines, that they used Linux as "
+"selling point, and say Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, of course, it's really the GNU/Linux "
+"systems. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: That's right! Well, tell the top sales person. "
+"He doesn't know anything for GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I have to tell who?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: The top sales person."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh yes. The problem is that they've already "
+"carefully decided what they want to say for reasons of their advantage. And "
+"the issue of what is a more accurate, or fair, or correct way to describe it "
+"is not the primary issue that matters to a company like that. Now, some "
+"small companies, yes, there'll be a boss. And if the boss is inclined to "
+"think about things like that, he might make a decision that way. Not a "
+"giant corporation though. It's a shame, you know."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's another more important and more substantive issue about what IBM is "
+"doing. They're saying that they're putting a billion dollars into “"
+"Linux”. But perhaps, I should also put quotes around “"
+"into”, as well, because some of that money is paying people to develop "
+"free software. That really is a contribution to our community. But other "
+"parts is paying to pay people to write proprietary software, or port "
+"proprietary software to run on top of GNU/Linux, and that is <em>not</em> a "
+"contribution to our community. But IBM is lumping that altogether into "
+"this. Some of it might be advertising, which is partly a contribution, even "
+"if it's partly wrong. So, it's a complicated situation. Some of what "
+"they're doing is contribution and some is not. And some is sort is "
+"somewhat, but not exactly. And you can't just lump it altogether and think, "
+"Wow! Whee! A billion dollars from IBM. <i>[Laughter]</i> That's "
+"oversimplification."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you talk a little bit more about the thinking "
+"that went into the general public license?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, here's the — I'm sorry, I'm answering "
+"his question now. <i>[Laughter]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: Do you want to reserve some time for the press "
+"conference? Or do you want to continue here?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Who is here for the press conference? Not a lot "
+"of press. Oh, three — OK. Can you afford if we — if I go on "
+"answering everybody's questions for another ten minutes or so? OK. So, "
+"we'll go on answering everybody's questions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"So, the thinking that went into the GNU GPL? Part of it was that I wanted to "
+"protect the freedom of the community against the phenomena that I just "
+"described with X Windows, which has happened with other free programs as "
+"well. In fact, when I was thinking about this issue, X Windows was not yet "
+"released. But I had seen this problem happen in other free programs. For "
+"instance, TeX. I wanted to make sure that the users would all have "
+"freedom. Otherwise, I realized that I might write a program, and maybe a "
+"lot of people would use the program, but they wouldn't have freedom. And "
+"what's the point of that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"But the other issue I was thinking about was, I wanted to give the community "
+"a feeling that it was not a doormat, a feeling that it was not prey to any "
+"parasite who would wander along. If you don't use copyleft, you are "
+"essentially saying: <i>[speaking meekly]</i> “Take my code. Do what "
+"you want. I don't say no.” So, anybody can come along and say: <i>"
+"[speaking very firmly]</i> “Ah, I want to make a non-free version of "
+"this. I'll just take it.” And, then, of course, they probably make "
+"some improvements, those non-free versions might appeal to users, and "
+"replace the free versions. And then, what have you accomplished? You've "
+"only made a donation to some proprietary software project."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
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+"And when people see that that's happening, when people see, other people "
+"take what I do, and they don't ever give back, it can be demoralizing. And, "
+"this is not just speculation. I had seen that happen. That was part of "
+"what happened to wipe out the old community that I belonged to the '70's. "
+"Some people started becoming uncooperative. And we assumed that they were "
+"profiting thereby. They certainly acted as if they thought they were "
+"profiting. And we realized that they can just take off cooperation and not "
+"give back. And there was nothing we could do about it. It was very "
+"discouraging. We, those of us who didn't like the trend, even had a "
+"discussion and we couldn't come up with any idea for how we could stop it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, the GPL is designed to stop that. And it says, Yes, you are welcome to "
+"join the community and use this code. You can use it to do all sorts of "
+"jobs. But, if you release a modified version, you've got to release that to "
+"our community, as part of our community, as part of the free world."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, in fact, there are still many ways that people can get the benefit of "
+"our work and not contribute, like you don't have to write any software. "
+"Lots of people use GNU/Linux and don't write any software. There's no "
+"requirement that you've got to do anything for us. But if you do a certain "
+"kind of thing, you've got to contribute to it. So what that means is that "
+"our community is not a doormat. And I think that that helped give people "
+"the strength to feel, Yes, we won't just be trampled underfoot by "
+"everybody. We'll stand up to this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Yes, my question was, considering free but not "
+"copylefted software, since anybody can pick it up and make it proprietary, "
+"is it not possible also for someone to pick it up and make some changes and "
+"release the whole thing under the GPL?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, it is possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Then, that would make all future copies then be "
+"GPL'ed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: From that branch. But here's why we don't do "
+"that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Hmm?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Here's why we don't generally do that. Let me "
+"explain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: OK, yes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We could, if we wanted to, take X Windows, and "
+"make a GPL-covered copy and make changes in that. But there's a much larger "
+"group of people working on improving X Windows and <em>not</em> GPL-ing it. "
+"So, if we did that, we would be forking from them. And that's not very nice "
+"treatment of them. And, they <em>are</em> a part of our community, "
+"contributing to our community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second, it would backfire against us, because they're doing a lot more work "
+"on X than we would be. So, our version would be inferior to theirs, and "
+"people wouldn't use it, which means, why go to the trouble at all?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Mmm hmm."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: So when a person has written some improvement to "
+"X Windows, what I say that person should do is cooperate with the X "
+"development team. Send it to them and let them use it their way. Because "
+"they are developing a very important piece of free software. It's good for "
+"us to cooperate with them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Except, considering X, in particular, about two "
+"years ago, the X Consortium that was far into the non-free open "
+"source…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, actually it <em>wasn't</em> open sourced. "
+"It wasn't open sourced, either. They may have said it was. I can't "
+"remember if they said that or not. But it wasn't open source. It was "
+"restricted. You couldn't commercially distribute, I think. Or you couldn't "
+"commercially distribute a modified version, or something like that. There "
+"was a restriction that's considered unacceptable by both the Free Software "
+"movement and the Open Source movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And yes, that's what using a non-copyleft license leaves you open to. In "
+"fact, the X Consortium, they had a very rigid policy. They say: If your "
+"program if copylefted even a little bit, we won't distribute it at all. We "
+"won't put it in our distribution."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, a lot of people were pressured in this way into not copylefting. And "
+"the result was that all of their software was wide open, later on. When the "
+"same people who had pressured a developer to be too all-permissive, then the "
+"X people later said, All right, now we can put on restrictions, which wasn't "
+"very ethical of them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, given the situation, would we really want to scrape up the resources to "
+"maintain an alternate GPL-covered version of X? And it wouldn't make any "
+"sense to do that. There are so many other things we need to do. Let's do "
+"them instead. We can cooperate with the X developers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: Do you have a comment, is the GNU a trademark? "
+"And is it practical to include it as part of the GNU General Public License "
+"allowing trademarks?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We are, actually, applying for trademark "
+"registration on GNU. But it wouldn't really have anything to do with that. "
+"It's a long story to explain why."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: You could require the trademark be displayed with "
+"GPL-covered programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: No, I don't think so. The licenses cover "
+"individual programs. And when a given program is part of the GNU Project, "
+"nobody lies about that. The name of the system as a whole is a different "
+"issue. And this is an aside. It's not worth discussing more."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>QUESTION</strong>: If there was a button that you could push and "
+"force all companies to free their software, would you press it?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, I would only use this for published "
+"software. You know, I think that people have the right to write a program "
+"privately and use it. And that includes companies. This is privacy issue. "
+"And it's true, there can be times when it is wrong to do that, like if it is "
+"tremendously helpful to humanity, and you are withholding it from humanity. "
+"That is a wrong but that's a different kind of wrong. It's a different "
+"issue, although it's in the same area."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But yes, I think all published software should be free software. And "
+"remember, when it's not free software, that's because of government "
+"intervention. The government is intervening to make it non-free. The "
+"government is creating special legal powers to hand out to the owners of the "
+"programs, so that they can have the police stop us from using the programs "
+"in certain ways. So I would certainly like to end that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: Richard's presentation has invariably generated "
+"an enormous amount of intellectual energy. I would suggest that some of it "
+"should be directed to using, and possibly writing, free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We should close the proceedings shortly. I want to say that Richard has "
+"injected into a profession which is known in the general public for its "
+"terminal apolitical nerditude a level of political and moral discussion "
+"which is, I think, unprecedented in our profession. And we owe him very big "
+"for this. I'd like to note to people that there is a break."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<i>[Applause]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: You are free to leave at any time, you know. <i>"
+"[Laughter]</i> I'm not holding you prisoner here."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<i>[Audience adjourns…]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<i>[overlapping conversations…]</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>STALLMAN</strong>: One final thing. Our website: www.gnu.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2006 Richard M. Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: gnu/manifesto.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/manifesto.tr.po
diff -N gnu/manifesto.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/manifesto.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+# Turkish translations for manifesto.html package
+# manifesto.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the manifesto.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: manifesto.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-14 16:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:34+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The GNU Manifesto - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The GNU Manifesto"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a href=\"http://www.";
+"stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a> at the beginning of the GNU Project, to "
+"ask for participation and support. For the first few years, it was updated "
+"in minor ways to account for developments, but now it seems best to leave it "
+"unchanged as most people have seen it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that "
+"different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify "
+"these points."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please see the "
+"information available on our <a href=\"/home.html\">web server</a>, in "
+"particular our <a href=\"/software/software.html\">list of software</a>. "
+"For how to contribute, see <a href=\"/help/\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-"
+"compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away "
+"free to everyone who can use it. <a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a> Several other "
+"volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and "
+"equipment are greatly needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a "
+"source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and "
+"around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A "
+"new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released "
+"this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to "
+"emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be "
+"possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We "
+"will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We "
+"will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add "
+"a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other "
+"things, plus on-line documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, "
+"everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. "
+"We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience "
+"with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer file "
+"names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name completion "
+"perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a Lisp-"
+"based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix "
+"programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system "
+"programming languages. We will try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and "
+"Internet protocols for communication."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual "
+"memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on. The extra "
+"effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants "
+"to use it on them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the ‘G’ in the "
+"word ‘GNU’ when it is the name of this project."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Why I Must Write GNU"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must "
+"share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the "
+"users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I "
+"refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good "
+"conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. "
+"For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such "
+"tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: "
+"I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me "
+"against my will."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to "
+"put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to "
+"get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the "
+"AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away <a "
+"href=\"#f2a\">(2a)</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential features "
+"of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks "
+"without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix would be "
+"convenient for many other people to adopt."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "How GNU Will Be Available"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and "
+"redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further "
+"redistribution. That is to say, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a> modifications will not be "
+"allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to "
+"help."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system "
+"software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to "
+"feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as "
+"comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the "
+"sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially "
+"forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The purchaser of software "
+"must choose between friendship and obeying the law. Naturally, many decide "
+"that friendship is more important. But those who believe in law often do "
+"not feel at ease with either choice. They become cynical and think that "
+"programming is just a way of making money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be "
+"hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as an "
+"example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing. This "
+"can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that "
+"is not free. For about half the programmers I talk to, this is an important "
+"happiness that money cannot replace."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "How You Can Contribute"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see <a href=\"http://savannah.gnu.";
+"org/projects/tasklist\">the GNU task list</a>. For other ways to "
+"contribute, see <a href=\"/help/\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm "
+"asking individuals for donations of programs and work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run "
+"on them at an early date. The machines should be complete, ready to use "
+"systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of "
+"sophisticated cooling or power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for "
+"GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard "
+"to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together. But "
+"for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A "
+"complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is "
+"documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix "
+"compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a "
+"single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a "
+"Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even "
+"allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these "
+"components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer "
+"communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part "
+"time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm looking "
+"for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making "
+"money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their "
+"full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in "
+"another way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Why All Computer Users Will Benefit"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software "
+"free, just like air.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license. "
+"It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be "
+"avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result, a user "
+"who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself, or "
+"hire any available programmer or company to make them for him. Users will "
+"no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the "
+"sources and is in sole position to make changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by "
+"encouraging all students to study and improve the system code. Harvard's "
+"computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on "
+"the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by "
+"actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very much inspired by "
+"this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what "
+"one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of "
+"copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome "
+"mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a "
+"person must pay for. And only a police state can force everyone to obey "
+"them. Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great "
+"cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the "
+"metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can "
+"afford to pay the air bill. And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you "
+"ever take the mask off are outrageous. It's better to support the air plant "
+"with a head tax and chuck the masks."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as "
+"breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they "
+"can't rely on any support.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the "
+"support.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without "
+"service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU "
+"free ought to be profitable.<a href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and "
+"mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on from a "
+"software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor "
+"will tell you to get lost."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to "
+"have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any available "
+"person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual. "
+"With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most "
+"businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is still possible for there to "
+"be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on "
+"distribution arrangements. GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems, "
+"only some of them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding: "
+"doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know "
+"how."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding and "
+"repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a "
+"product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having "
+"got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and "
+"price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us "
+"who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying "
+"for the service."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you "
+"must charge for the program to support that.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get free.”"
+"</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to "
+"inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But it may be "
+"true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising. If this "
+"is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing "
+"GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and "
+"more. This way, only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such "
+"companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really "
+"necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don't want to "
+"let the free market decide this?<a href=\"#f4\">(4)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a "
+"competitive edge.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. "
+"You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your "
+"competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and they will compete in "
+"other areas, while benefiting mutually in this one. If your business is "
+"selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on "
+"you. If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being pushed "
+"into the expensive business of selling operating systems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many "
+"manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href=\"#f5\">(5)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?"
+"”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be "
+"a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the "
+"results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative "
+"programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the "
+"use of these programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his "
+"creativity?”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize "
+"one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive. But "
+"the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is "
+"destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the "
+"program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity "
+"derives from the program. When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, "
+"the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become "
+"wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the "
+"mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule. Since "
+"I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information, I "
+"am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire "
+"to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in "
+"general of all or part of that creativity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot "
+"manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces. But we "
+"are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the street "
+"making faces, and starving. We do something else."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit "
+"assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly "
+"be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be "
+"possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as now."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is "
+"the most common basis <a href=\"#f8\">(8)</a> because it brings in the most "
+"money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software "
+"business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less "
+"often. There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is "
+"now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not considered "
+"an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If "
+"programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In "
+"practice they would still make considerably more than that.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is "
+"used?”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes control "
+"over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more "
+"difficult."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights<a href="
+"\"#f6\">(6)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic "
+"right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property "
+"rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of "
+"legislation for specific purposes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to "
+"disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was to help society "
+"rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life span of 17 years for a "
+"patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art. "
+"Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and "
+"effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production, "
+"the patents often do not do much harm. They do not obstruct most "
+"individuals who use patented products."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors "
+"frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This "
+"practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived "
+"even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of "
+"encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was invented—"
+"books, which could be copied economically only on a printing press—it "
+"did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the "
+"books."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society "
+"because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would "
+"benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we have to ask: "
+"are we really better off granting such license? What kind of act are we "
+"licensing a person to do?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred "
+"years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one "
+"neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and object "
+"code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather than "
+"read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who "
+"enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and "
+"spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the "
+"law enables him to."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Competition makes things get done better.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage "
+"everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this way, it does a "
+"good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way. "
+"If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on "
+"winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies—such as, "
+"attacking other runners. If the runners get into a fist fight, they will "
+"all finish late."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist "
+"fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to "
+"fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten yards you run, you can "
+"fire one shot”). He really ought to break them up, and penalize "
+"runners for even trying to fight."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?"
+"”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. "
+"Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the "
+"people who are best at it. There is no shortage of professional musicians "
+"who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the "
+"situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less. So "
+"the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary "
+"incentive? My experience shows that they will."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the "
+"Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had "
+"anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and "
+"appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work "
+"for a lot of money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than "
+"riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come "
+"to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition "
+"with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying "
+"ones are banned."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we "
+"stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. "
+"Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that "
+"programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program. "
+"This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the "
+"most money, not because it is the only way to make a living. It is easy to "
+"find other ways if you want to find them. Here are a number of examples."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of "
+"operating systems onto the new hardware."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could also "
+"employ programmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a href=\"#f7\">"
+"(7)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling hand-holding "
+"services. I have met people who are already working this way successfully."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A group "
+"would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group's "
+"members would like to use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the price as a "
+"software tax. The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend "
+"on software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself, "
+"he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to the project of his "
+"own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to use the results when it "
+"is done. He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total "
+"tax he had to pay."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax, "
+"weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The consequences:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "The computer-using community supports software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "This community decides what level of support is needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for "
+"themselves."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity "
+"world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. "
+"People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as "
+"programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks "
+"such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid "
+"prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from "
+"programming."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society "
+"must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has "
+"translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive "
+"activity is required to accompany productive activity. The main causes of "
+"this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free "
+"software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software "
+"production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity "
+"to translate into less work for us."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f1\"></a>The wording here was careless. The intention was that "
+"nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But "
+"the words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying "
+"that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge. "
+"That was never the intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility "
+"of companies providing the service of distribution for a profit. "
+"Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between “"
+"free” in the sense of freedom and “free” in the sense of "
+"price. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute "
+"and change. Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to "
+"obtain copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so "
+"much the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has "
+"the freedom to cooperate with others in using it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f2\"></a>This is another place I failed to distinguish carefully "
+"between the two different meanings of “free”. The statement as "
+"it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU software at no "
+"charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong "
+"idea."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f2a\"></a>The expression ``give away'' is another indication that "
+"I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We "
+"now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about free software. "
+"See <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware\"> "
+"<q>Confusing Words and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "<a name=\"f3\"></a>Several such companies now exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f4\"></a> Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free "
+"Software Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its "
+"distribution service. You can <a href=\"/order/order.html\">order things "
+"from the FSF</a> to support its work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f5\"></a>A group of computer companies pooled funds around 1991 to "
+"support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f6\"></a>In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was "
+"to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual property”. "
+"That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps "
+"together various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays "
+"I urge people to reject the term “intellectual property” "
+"entirely, lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent "
+"issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and "
+"trademarks separately. See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">further "
+"explanation</a> of how this term spreads confusion and bias."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f7\"></a>Subsequently we learned to distinguish between “"
+"free software” and “freeware”. The term “"
+"freeware” means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you "
+"are not free to study and change the source code, so most of it is not free "
+"software. See <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware\"> "
+"<q>Confusing Words and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"f8\"></a>I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary "
+"software was the most common basis for making money in software. It seems "
+"that actually the most common business model was and is development of "
+"custom software. That does not offer the possibility of collecting rents, "
+"so the business has to keep doing real work in order to keep getting "
+"income. The custom software business would continue to exist, more or less "
+"unchanged, in a free software world. Therefore, I no longer expect that "
+"most paid programmers would earn less in a free software world."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software "
+"Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of "
+"this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and "
+"permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the "
+"recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this "
+"notice. <br /> Modified versions may not be made."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/thegnuproject.tr.po
diff -N gnu/thegnuproject.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:34 -0000 1.3
@@ -0,0 +1,1441 @@
+# Turkish translations for thegnuproject.html package
+# thegnuproject.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the thegnuproject.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: thegnuproject.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-08-25 16:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:33+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
+msgid "GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The GNU Project"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "originally published in the book “Open Sources”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first software-sharing community"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When I started working at the <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of "
+"Technology\">MIT</abbr> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part "
+"of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing of "
+"software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as "
+"computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we did it "
+"more than most."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <abbr title="
+"\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</abbr> (the Incompatible Timesharing "
+"System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and written in "
+"assembler language for the Digital <abbr title=\"Programmed Data Processor"
+"\">PDP</abbr>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As a member of "
+"this community, an AI lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this "
+"system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We did not call our software “free software”, because that term "
+"did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another "
+"university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly let "
+"them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program, you "
+"could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change "
+"it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker” "
+"is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to "
+"recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean, “Someone "
+"who loves to program and enjoys being clever about it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The collapse of the community"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital "
+"discontinued the <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and "
+"powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces "
+"that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the "
+"programs composing <abbr>ITS</abbr> were obsolete."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In "
+"1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the "
+"hackers from the AI lab, and the depopulated community was unable to "
+"maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these events, "
+"as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the "
+"AI lab bought a new <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10 in 1982, its administrators decided "
+"to use Digital's non-free timesharing system instead of <abbr>ITS</abbr>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had their own "
+"operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a "
+"nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to "
+"help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The rule made "
+"by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you share with your "
+"neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to make them."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea that the proprietary-software social system—the system that "
+"says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial, "
+"that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to "
+"some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing "
+"the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising "
+"may have taken proprietary-software social system as given, or judged it on "
+"the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses. Software publishers "
+"have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only one way to "
+"look at the issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their “"
+"rights” or “stopping <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#Piracy\">piracy</a>”, what they actually <em>say</em> is "
+"secondary. The real message of these statements is in the unstated "
+"assumptions they take for granted; the public is supposed to accept them "
+"uncritically. So let's examine them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural "
+"right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If this were "
+"a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the public, we "
+"could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution and legal tradition "
+"reject this view; copyright is not a natural right, but an artificial "
+"government-imposed monopoly that limits the users' natural right to copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about software "
+"is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users should not "
+"care what kind of society we are allowed to have."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would never "
+"have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not offer a "
+"company power over the users of the program. This assumption may have "
+"seemed plausible, before the free software movement demonstrated that we can "
+"make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on "
+"ordinary common-sense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at "
+"very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify "
+"programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping "
+"other people is the basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning behind "
+"this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page, <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-free.html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "A stark moral choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible. Instead, I "
+"faced a stark moral choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing "
+"nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker. Most "
+"likely I would also be developing software that was released under "
+"nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other people to "
+"betray their fellows too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. "
+"But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of "
+"building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the "
+"world a worse place."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure "
+"agreement, when someone refused to give me and the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI lab "
+"the source code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of "
+"certain features in this program made use of the printer extremely "
+"frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were "
+"innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share with us; I could not "
+"turn around and do the same thing to everyone else."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the computer "
+"field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they would still be "
+"wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and restricting computer "
+"users, but it would happen nonetheless."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the good. I "
+"asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could write, so as to "
+"make a community possible once again?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system. That "
+"is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an operating "
+"system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run the computer at "
+"all. With a free operating system, we could again have a community of "
+"cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join. And anyone would be "
+"able to use a computer without starting out by conspiring to deprive his or "
+"her friends."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So "
+"even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was "
+"elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so "
+"that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to "
+"it. The name GNU was chosen following a hacker tradition, as a recursive "
+"acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other "
+"programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included "
+"command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text "
+"editors, mailers, and much more. <abbr>ITS</abbr> had them, Multics had "
+"them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would "
+"include them too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br /> If I am only for myself, "
+"what am I?<br /> If not now, when?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The decision to start the GNU project was based on a similar spirit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes "
+"find I admire something one of them has said."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free as in freedom"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has "
+"nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the "
+"definition of free software: a program is free software, for you, a "
+"particular user, if:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "You have the freedom to run the program, for any purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs. (To make "
+"this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to the source code, "
+"since making changes in a program without having the source code is "
+"exceedingly difficult.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for a fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program, so that "
+"the community can benefit from your improvements."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no "
+"contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the "
+"freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold on CD-"
+"ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an important way "
+"to raise funds for free software development. Therefore, a program which "
+"people are not free to include on these collections is not free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for "
+"alternatives, but no one has found a suitable alternative. The English "
+"Language has more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, "
+"unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in freedom—“"
+"unfettered” being the word that comes closest in meaning. Such "
+"alternatives as “liberated”, “freedom”, and “"
+"open” have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "GNU software and the GNU system"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into reach, "
+"I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software wherever that "
+"was possible. For example, I decided at the very beginning to use TeX as "
+"the principal text formatter; a few years later, I decided to use the X "
+"Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because of this decision, the GNU system is not the same as the collection "
+"of all GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU "
+"software, programs that were developed by other people and projects for "
+"their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Commencing the project"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In January 1984 I quit my job at <abbr>MIT</abbr> and began writing GNU "
+"software. Leaving <abbr>MIT</abbr> was necessary so that <abbr>MIT</abbr> "
+"would not be able to interfere with distributing GNU as free software. If I "
+"had remained on the staff, <abbr>MIT</abbr> could have claimed to own the "
+"work, and could have imposed their own distribution terms, or even turned "
+"the work into a proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a "
+"large amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose: "
+"creating a new software-sharing community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, Professor Winston, then the head of the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI Lab, "
+"kindly invited me to keep using the lab's facilities."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first steps"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Shortly before beginning the GNU project, I heard about the Free University "
+"Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is "
+"written with a V.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple "
+"languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines. "
+"I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the "
+"compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU "
+"project would be a multi-language, multi-platform compiler."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the "
+"source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multi-platform compiler "
+"developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an "
+"extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I "
+"added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. "
+"But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many "
+"megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only "
+"allow 64k."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the entire "
+"input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree into a chain "
+"of “instructions”, and then generating the whole output file, "
+"without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I concluded I would have "
+"to write a new compiler from scratch. That new compiler is now known as "
+"<acronym title=\"GNU Compiler Collection\">GCC</acronym>; none of the Pastel "
+"compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and use the C front end that "
+"I had written. But that was some years later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "GNU Emacs"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was "
+"beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to do "
+"editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had done my "
+"editing on other kinds of machines until then."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the "
+"question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the anonymous ftp "
+"server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer, prep.ai.mit.edu, "
+"thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site; when it was "
+"decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name to our new ftp "
+"server.) But at that time, many of the interested people were not on the "
+"Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So the question was, what would I "
+"say to them?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make "
+"a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original "
+"<abbr>PDP</abbr>-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a <abbr "
+"title=\"Self-addressed Stamped Envelope\">SASE</abbr>, and I will mail it "
+"back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was looking for ways "
+"to make money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape "
+"to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free "
+"software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today "
+"distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Is a program free for every user?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author, this "
+"does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone who has a "
+"copy of it. For example, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#PublicDomainSoftware\"> public domain software</a> (software that is "
+"not copyrighted) is free software; but anyone can make a proprietary "
+"modified version of it. Likewise, many free programs are copyrighted but "
+"distributed under simple permissive licenses which allow proprietary "
+"modified versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed "
+"at <abbr>MIT</abbr>, and released as free software with a permissive "
+"license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They added X to "
+"their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same "
+"nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than "
+"Unix was."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a problem—"
+"they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not freedom, just "
+"“success”, defined as “having many users.” They did "
+"not care whether these users had freedom, only that they should be numerous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the "
+"amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this "
+"program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the "
+"distribution terms of the <abbr>MIT</abbr> release, you would say that X was "
+"free software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, "
+"you would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were "
+"running the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free "
+"version."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyleft and the GNU GPL"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we "
+"needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being "
+"turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called “"
+"copyleft”.(1)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its "
+"usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, it becomes a "
+"means of keeping software free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the "
+"program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute modified "
+"versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their own. Thus, "
+"the crucial freedoms that define “free software” are guaranteed "
+"to everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This "
+"ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if it is "
+"published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers volunteer to "
+"improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their employers from "
+"saying, “You can't share those changes, because we are going to use "
+"them to make our proprietary version of the program.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to ensure "
+"freedom for every user of the program. The companies that privatized the X "
+"Window System usually made some changes to port it to their systems and "
+"hardware. These changes were small compared with the great extent of X, but "
+"they were not trivial. If making changes were an excuse to deny the users "
+"freedom, it would be easy for anyone to take advantage of the excuse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A related issue concerns combining a free program with non-free code. Such "
+"a combination would inevitably be non-free; whichever freedoms are lacking "
+"for the non-free part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit "
+"such combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a "
+"crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or "
+"combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined "
+"version is also free and copylefted."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is "
+"the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other kinds "
+"of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals are "
+"copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the "
+"complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for manuals.(2)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me a "
+"letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings, including "
+"this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I used the word "
+"“copyleft” to name the distribution concept I was developing at "
+"the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(2) We now use the <a href=\"/licenses/fdl.html\">GNU Free Documentation "
+"License</a> for documentation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the "
+"GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So "
+"in 1985 we created the Free Software Foundation, a tax-exempt charity for "
+"free software development. The <abbr title=\"Free Software Foundation"
+"\">FSF</abbr> also took over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it "
+"extended this by adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the "
+"tape, and by selling free manuals as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <abbr>FSF</abbr> accepts donations, but most of its income has always "
+"come from sales—of copies of free software, and of other related "
+"services. Today it sells CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with binaries, "
+"nicely printed manuals (all with freedom to redistribute and modify), and "
+"Deluxe Distributions (where we build the whole collection of software for "
+"your choice of platform)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of "
+"GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. "
+"The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses "
+"to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free "
+"Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux "
+"systems is <acronym title=\"Bourne Again Shell\">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne "
+"Again Shell(1), which was developed by <abbr>FSF</abbr> employee Brian Fox."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We funded development of these programs because the GNU project was not just "
+"about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating "
+"system, and these programs were needed for that goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name “Bourne "
+"Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free software support"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business "
+"practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the "
+"users' freedom, we wish them success."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business. "
+"When the <abbr>FSF</abbr> took over that business, I needed another way to "
+"make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software "
+"I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to "
+"program GNU Emacs and how to customize <acronym>GCC</acronym>, and software "
+"development, mostly porting <acronym>GCC</acronym> to new platforms."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a number "
+"of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on CD-ROM; "
+"others sell support at levels ranging from answering user questions, to "
+"fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even beginning to see "
+"free software companies based on launching new free software products."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with "
+"the term “open source” actually base their business on non-free "
+"software that works with free software. These are not free software "
+"companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt "
+"users away from freedom. They call these “value added”, which "
+"reflects the values they would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. "
+"If we value freedom more, we should call them “freedom "
+"subtracted” products."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Technical goals"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The principal goal of GNU was to be free software. Even if GNU had no "
+"technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing "
+"users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to the "
+"work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid "
+"arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes "
+"wherever that made sense."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by deciding "
+"not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit machines would be "
+"the norm by the time the GNU system was finished), and to make no effort to "
+"reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a megabyte. In programs for which "
+"handling very large files was not crucial, we encouraged programmers to read "
+"an entire input file into core, then scan its contents without having to "
+"worry about I/O."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix counterparts "
+"in reliability and speed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Donated computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As the GNU project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate "
+"machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the "
+"easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and "
+"replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an "
+"ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU project's philosophy "
+"said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same "
+"reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is "
+"justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package "
+"when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help "
+"others stop using the proprietary package."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today we no "
+"longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them with free "
+"operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's operating system "
+"with a free one, we replaced the machine instead."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Task List"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As the GNU project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components "
+"were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the "
+"remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing "
+"pieces. This list became known as the GNU task list. In addition to "
+"missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and "
+"documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to "
+"have."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Today, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU task list—those "
+"jobs have been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list is "
+"full of projects that some might call “applications”. Any "
+"program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful "
+"thing to add to an operating system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the "
+"beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But "
+"compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the list of "
+"games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of different kinds of "
+"games that users might like."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Library GPL"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU Library "
+"General Public License(1), which gives permission to link proprietary "
+"software with the library. Why make this exception?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says proprietary "
+"software products are entitled to include our code. (Why contribute to a "
+"project predicated on refusing to share with us?) Using the LGPL for the C "
+"library, or for any library, is a matter of strategy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler comes "
+"with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available only to free "
+"software would not have given free software any advantage—it would "
+"only have discouraged use of our library."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes GNU/"
+"Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution terms "
+"of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a "
+"proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow "
+"proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that "
+"disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to "
+"encourage development of free applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That is why using the Library GPL is a good strategy for the C library. For "
+"other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a case-by-"
+"case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write certain "
+"kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to free "
+"programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers, giving "
+"them an advantage against proprietary software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line "
+"editing for <acronym>BASH</acronym>. Readline is released under the "
+"ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount "
+"Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one "
+"useful application has been made free software specifically so it could use "
+"Readline, and that is a real gain for the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides; free "
+"software developers need to make advantages for each other. I hope some day "
+"we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries that have no "
+"parallel available to proprietary software, providing useful modules to "
+"serve as building blocks in new free software, and adding up to a major "
+"advantage for further free software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, to "
+"avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\"></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Scratching an itch?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by "
+"scratching a developer's personal itch.” Maybe that happens sometimes, "
+"but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to have a "
+"complete free operating system. They come from a vision and a plan, not "
+"from impulse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs "
+"a C library, the Bourne-Again Shell (<acronym>bash</acronym>) because a "
+"Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs "
+"a tar program. The same is true for my own programs—the GNU C "
+"compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our "
+"freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had "
+"been lost to the community because of the <abbr title=\"Lempel-Ziv-Welch"
+"\">LZW</abbr> patents. We found people to develop LessTif, and more "
+"recently started <acronym title=\"GNU Network Object Model Environment"
+"\">GNOME</acronym> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain "
+"proprietary libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard "
+"to replace popular non-free encryption software, because users should not "
+"have to choose between privacy and freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the work, "
+"and many features were added to them by various people for the sake of their "
+"own needs and interests. But that is not why the programs exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Unexpected developments"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At the beginning of the GNU project, I imagined that we would develop the "
+"whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system, "
+"each component could run on Unix systems, long before a complete GNU system "
+"existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending "
+"them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix, "
+"and sometimes to other systems as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds "
+"and contributors to the GNU project. But it probably also delayed "
+"completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers' "
+"time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the "
+"existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component "
+"after another."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Hurd"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing "
+"component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a "
+"collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a "
+"microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the "
+"University of Utah; the GNU HURD is a collection of servers (or “herd "
+"of gnus”) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix "
+"kernel. The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be "
+"released as free software, as had been promised."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the "
+"hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level "
+"debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in "
+"Mach, and we expected to debug the HURD servers as user programs, with GDB. "
+"But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multi-threaded "
+"servers that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to "
+"debug. Making the HURD work solidly has stretched on for many years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Alix"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the HURD. Its "
+"original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at "
+"the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name "
+"would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she "
+"told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I "
+"said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It did not stay that way. Michael Bushnell (now Thomas), the main developer "
+"of the kernel, preferred the name HURD, and redefined Alix to refer to a "
+"certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and "
+"handle them by sending messages to HURD servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, "
+"the HURD design was changed so that the C library would send messages "
+"directly to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the "
+"design."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix "
+"in the HURD source code, and mentioned the name to her. So the name did its "
+"job."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Linux and GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Hurd is not ready for production use. Fortunately, another kernel "
+"is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-compatible kernel "
+"and called it Linux. Around 1992, combining Linux with the not-quite-"
+"complete GNU system resulted in a complete free operating system. "
+"(Combining them was a substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to "
+"Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a "
+"combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Challenges in our future"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free software. "
+"This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable. Several challenges "
+"make the future of free software uncertain; meeting them will require "
+"steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting for years. It will "
+"require the kind of determination that people display when they value their "
+"freedom and will not let anyone take it away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The following four sections discuss these challenges."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Secret hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications "
+"secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers so that Linux and "
+"XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete free systems today, but "
+"we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot support tomorrow's computers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do reverse "
+"engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The rest of us can "
+"choose the hardware that is supported by free software; as our numbers "
+"increase, secrecy of specifications will become a self-defeating policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient "
+"determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong "
+"feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and non-free drivers "
+"are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a "
+"little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to "
+"have freedom is widespread."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free BIOS, "
+"coreboot; the problem is getting specs for machines so that coreboot can "
+"support them.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Non-free libraries"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A non-free library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for "
+"free software developers. The library's attractive features are the bait; "
+"if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot "
+"usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could "
+"include your program, but it won't <strong>run</strong> with the library "
+"missing.) Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library "
+"becomes popular, it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s. "
+"Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what "
+"problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in "
+"two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X "
+"toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free "
+"replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the "
+"Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif "
+"applications only in 1997."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Between 1996 and 1998, another non-free <abbr title=\"Graphical User "
+"Interface\">GUI</abbr> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a substantial "
+"collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title=\"K Desktop "
+"Environment\">KDE</acronym>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use <acronym>KDE</acronym>, because we "
+"could not use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/"
+"Linux systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added "
+"<acronym>KDE</acronym> to their systems—producing a system with more "
+"capabilities, but less freedom. The <acronym>KDE</acronym> group was "
+"actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “"
+"Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea that there was a "
+"problem in this. The situation appeared grim."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: "
+"<acronym>GNOME</acronym> and Harmony."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<acronym>GNOME</acronym>, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's "
+"desktop project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the "
+"support of Red Hat Software, <acronym>GNOME</acronym> set out to provide "
+"similar desktop facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has "
+"technical advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not "
+"just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of any "
+"non-free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to "
+"run <acronym>KDE</acronym> software without using Qt."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which, "
+"when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure, "
+"but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the "
+"problem that Qt posed when it was non-free. (The new license is "
+"inconvenient and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL, "
+"which essentially solved this problem.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"How will we respond to the next tempting non-free library? Will the whole "
+"community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us "
+"give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future "
+"depends on our philosophy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Software patents"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put "
+"algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. "
+"The <abbr>LZW</abbr> compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, "
+"and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed <abbr "
+"title=\"Graphics Interchange Format\">GIF</abbr>s. In 1998, a free program "
+"to produce <abbr title=\"MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3\">MP3</abbr> compressed audio "
+"was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a "
+"patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But "
+"each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a patent may "
+"force all free software to lack some feature that users want. What will we "
+"do when this happens?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free "
+"software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented "
+"features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be "
+"technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it "
+"back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of "
+"the “cathedral” model of development (1), and the reliability "
+"and power of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about "
+"freedom and principle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) It would have been clearer to write ‘of the “bazaar” "
+"model’, since that was the alternative that was new and initially "
+"controversial."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free documentation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the "
+"software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in "
+"our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; "
+"when an important free software package does not come with a good free "
+"manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. "
+"The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free "
+"software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms. "
+"Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, on-line and on "
+"paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I don't "
+"believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all "
+"sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think you or I are "
+"obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe "
+"our actions and our views."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for "
+"documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify "
+"the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they "
+"will change the manual too—so they can provide accurate and usable "
+"documentation with the modified program. A manual which does not allow "
+"programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, does not fill our "
+"community's needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem. For "
+"example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, "
+"the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is also no "
+"problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were "
+"modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, "
+"as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics. These kinds of "
+"restrictions are not a problem because they don't stop the conscientious "
+"programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program. In other "
+"words, they don't block the free software community from making full use of "
+"the manual."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of "
+"the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, through "
+"all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do obstruct the "
+"community, the manual is not free, and we need another manual."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to "
+"produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future depends on "
+"philosophy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "We must talk about freedom"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux systems "
+"such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”. Free software has "
+"developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for purely "
+"practical reasons."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing free "
+"software, more customers for free software businesses, and more ability to "
+"encourage companies to develop commercial free software instead of "
+"proprietary software products."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the "
+"philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to meet "
+"the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to stand firm "
+"for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we need to spread "
+"the idea to the new users as they come into the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our "
+"community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of our "
+"community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two efforts in "
+"balance."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "“Open Source”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a part "
+"of the community decided to stop using the term “free software” "
+"and say “open source software” instead."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of “"
+"free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others, however, "
+"aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the free "
+"software movement and the GNU project, and to appeal instead to executives "
+"and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places profit above "
+"freedom, above community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric of “"
+"open source” focuses on the potential to make high quality, powerful "
+"software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and principle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they are "
+"filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU/"
+"Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines warn "
+"programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways; all "
+"else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by speaking even "
+"less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it makes the previous "
+"imbalance between outreach and civics education even worse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Free software” and “open source” describe the same "
+"category of software, more or less, but say different things about the "
+"software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to use the term "
+"“free software”, to express the idea that freedom, not just "
+"technology, is important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Try!"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yoda's philosophy (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds neat, "
+"but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about "
+"whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve "
+"the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me "
+"between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes "
+"succeeded."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found another "
+"threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time, I've learned "
+"to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on "
+"other hackers to come and join me."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I see a "
+"regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize, this city "
+"may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each year, and now "
+"Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We can't take the future "
+"of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your "
+"freedom, you must be prepared to defend it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections (or suggestions) to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> "
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# Turkish translations for can-you-trust.html package
+# can-you-trust.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the can-you-trust.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: can-you-trust.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-16 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:49+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Can You Trust Your Computer? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Can You Trust Your Computer?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their "
+"computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call "
+"“trusted computing”, large media corporations (including the "
+"movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such "
+"as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead "
+"of you. (Microsoft's version of this scheme is called “"
+"Palladium”.) Proprietary programs have included malicious features "
+"before, but this plan would make it universal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what it "
+"does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not surprising "
+"that clever businessmen find ways to use their control to put you at a "
+"disadvantage. Microsoft has done this several times: one version of Windows "
+"was designed to report to Microsoft all the software on your hard disk; a "
+"recent “security” upgrade in Windows Media Player required users "
+"to agree to new restrictions. But Microsoft is not alone: the KaZaa music-"
+"sharing software is designed so that KaZaa's business partner can rent out "
+"the use of your computer to its clients. These malicious features are often "
+"secret, but even once you know about them it is hard to remove them, since "
+"you don't have the source code."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the past, these were isolated incidents. “Trusted computing” "
+"would make the practice pervasive. “Treacherous computing” is a "
+"more appropriate name, because the plan is designed to make sure your "
+"computer will systematically disobey you. In fact, it is designed to stop "
+"your computer from functioning as a general-purpose computer. Every "
+"operation may require explicit permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The technical idea underlying treacherous computing is that the computer "
+"includes a digital encryption and signature device, and the keys are kept "
+"secret from you. Proprietary programs will use this device to control which "
+"other programs you can run, which documents or data you can access, and what "
+"programs you can pass them to. These programs will continually download new "
+"authorization rules through the Internet, and impose those rules "
+"automatically on your work. If you don't allow your computer to obtain the "
+"new rules periodically from the Internet, some capabilities will "
+"automatically cease to function."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, Hollywood and the record companies plan to use treacherous "
+"computing for Digital Restrictions Management (DRM), so that downloaded "
+"videos and music can be played only on one specified computer. Sharing will "
+"be entirely impossible, at least using the authorized files that you would "
+"get from those companies. You, the public, ought to have both the freedom "
+"and the ability to share these things. (I expect that someone will find a "
+"way to produce unencrypted versions, and to upload and share them, so DRM "
+"will not entirely succeed, but that is no excuse for the system.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Making sharing impossible is bad enough, but it gets worse. There are plans "
+"to use the same facility for email and documents—resulting in email "
+"that disappears in two weeks, or documents that can only be read on the "
+"computers in one company."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Imagine if you get an email from your boss telling you to do something that "
+"you think is risky; a month later, when it backfires, you can't use the "
+"email to show that the decision was not yours. “Getting it in "
+"writing” doesn't protect you when the order is written in disappearing "
+"ink."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Imagine if you get an email from your boss stating a policy that is illegal "
+"or morally outrageous, such as to shred your company's audit documents, or "
+"to allow a dangerous threat to your country to move forward unchecked. "
+"Today you can send this to a reporter and expose the activity. With "
+"treacherous computing, the reporter won't be able to read the document; her "
+"computer will refuse to obey her. Treacherous computing becomes a paradise "
+"for corruption."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Word processors such as Microsoft Word could use treacherous computing when "
+"they save your documents, to make sure no competing word processors can read "
+"them. Today we must figure out the secrets of Word format by laborious "
+"experiments in order to make free word processors read Word documents. If "
+"Word encrypts documents using treacherous computing when saving them, the "
+"free software community won't have a chance of developing software to read "
+"them—and if we could, such programs might even be forbidden by the "
+"Digital Millennium Copyright Act."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programs that use treacherous computing will continually download new "
+"authorization rules through the Internet, and impose those rules "
+"automatically on your work. If Microsoft, or the US government, does not "
+"like what you said in a document you wrote, they could post new instructions "
+"telling all computers to refuse to let anyone read that document. Each "
+"computer would obey when it downloads the new instructions. Your writing "
+"would be subject to 1984-style retroactive erasure. You might be unable to "
+"read it yourself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous-computing "
+"application does, study how painful they are, and decide whether to accept "
+"them. Even if you can find this out, it would be foolish to accept the "
+"deal, but you can't even expect the deal to stand still. Once you come to "
+"depend on using the program, you are hooked and they know it; then they can "
+"change the deal. Some applications will automatically download upgrades "
+"that will do something different—and they won't give you a choice "
+"about whether to upgrade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Today you can avoid being restricted by proprietary software by not using "
+"it. If you run GNU/Linux or another free operating system, and if you avoid "
+"installing proprietary applications on it, then you are in charge of what "
+"your computer does. If a free program has a malicious feature, other "
+"developers in the community will take it out, and you can use the corrected "
+"version. You can also run free application programs and tools on nonfree "
+"operating systems; this falls short of fully giving you freedom, but many "
+"users do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Treacherous computing puts the existence of free operating systems and free "
+"applications at risk, because you may not be able to run them at all. Some "
+"versions of treacherous computing would require the operating system to be "
+"specifically authorized by a particular company. Free operating systems "
+"could not be installed. Some versions of treacherous computing would "
+"require every program to be specifically authorized by the operating system "
+"developer. You could not run free applications on such a system. If you "
+"did figure out how, and told someone, that could be a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are proposals already for US laws that would require all computers to "
+"support treacherous computing, and to prohibit connecting old computers to "
+"the Internet. The CBDTPA (we call it the Consume But Don't Try Programming "
+"Act) is one of them. But even if they don't legally force you to switch to "
+"treacherous computing, the pressure to accept it may be enormous. Today "
+"people often use Word format for communication, although this causes several "
+"sorts of problems (see <a href=\"/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html"
+"\">“We Can Put an End to Word Attachments”</a>). If only a "
+"treacherous-computing machine can read the latest Word documents, many "
+"people will switch to it, if they view the situation only in terms of "
+"individual action (take it or leave it). To oppose treacherous computing, "
+"we must join together and confront the situation as a collective choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For further information about treacherous computing, see <a href=\"http://";
+"www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html\">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/";
+"rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens to "
+"organize. We need your help! Please support <a href=\"http://";
+"DefectiveByDesign.org\">Defective by Design</a>, the FSF's campaign against "
+"Digital Restrictions Management."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Postscripts"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The computer security field uses the term “trusted computing” in "
+"a different way—beware of confusion between the two meanings."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Project distributes the GNU Privacy Guard, a program that implements "
+"public-key encryption and digital signatures, which you can use to send "
+"secure and private email. It is useful to explore how GPG differs from "
+"treacherous computing, and see what makes one helpful and the other so "
+"dangerous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to "
+"decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward, "
+"copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. A "
+"treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the "
+"screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could "
+"use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features "
+"available to the users; <em>they</em> use <em>it</em>. Treacherous "
+"computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users; <em>it</em> uses "
+"<em>them</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The supporters of treacherous computing focus their discourse on its <a name="
+"\"beneficial\">beneficial uses</a>. What they say is often correct, just "
+"not important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"Like most hardware, treacherous-computing hardware can be used for purposes "
+"which are not harmful. But these features can be implemented in other ways, "
+"without treacherous-computing hardware. The principal difference that "
+"treacherous computing makes for users is the nasty consequence: rigging your "
+"computer to work against you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"What they say is true, and what I say is true. Put them together and what "
+"do you get? Treacherous computing is a plan to take away our freedom, while "
+"offering minor benefits to distract us from what we would lose."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Microsoft presents Palladium as a security measure, and claims that it will "
+"protect against viruses, but this claim is evidently false. A presentation "
+"by Microsoft Research in October 2002 stated that one of the specifications "
+"of Palladium is that existing operating systems and applications will "
+"continue to run; therefore, viruses will continue to be able to do all the "
+"things that they can do today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"When Microsoft employees speak of “security” in connection with "
+"Palladium, they do not mean what we normally mean by that word: protecting "
+"your machine from things you do not want. They mean protecting your copies "
+"of data on your machine from access by you in ways others do not want. A "
+"slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be "
+"used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user "
+"secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation "
+"marks, recognizing that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of "
+"Palladium."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently "
+"associate with the context of security, such as “attack”, “"
+"malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as “"
+"trusted”. None of them means what it normally means. “"
+"Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means you trying "
+"to copy music. “Malicious code” means code installed by you to "
+"do what someone else doesn't want your machine to do. “"
+"Spoofing” doesn't mean someone's fooling you, it means your fooling "
+"Palladium. And so on."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"A previous statement by the Palladium developers stated the basic premise "
+"that whoever developed or collected information should have total control of "
+"how you use it. This would represent a revolutionary overturn of past ideas "
+"of ethics and of the legal system, and create an unprecedented system of "
+"control. The specific problems of these systems are no accident; they "
+"result from the basic goal. It is the goal we must reject."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1622 @@
+# Turkish translations for copyright-and-globalization.html package
+# copyright-and-globalization.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
copyright-and-globalization.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: copyright-and-globalization.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-01-07 04:28-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:51+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<i>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given at <abbr title="
+"\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> in the Communications "
+"Form on Thursday, April 19, 2001 from 5:00pm - 7:00pm</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman, is a "
+"legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in trying to find "
+"a respondent to share the podium with him was instructive. One "
+"distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me that Stallman needs to be "
+"understood as a charismatic figure in a biblical parable — a kind of "
+"Old Testament anecdote-lesson. “Imagine,” he said, “a "
+"Moses or a Jeremiah — better a Jeremiah.” And I said, “"
+"Well, that's very admirable.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That sounds wonderful. It confirms my sense of the kind of contribution he "
+"has made to the world. Then why are you reluctant to share the podium with "
+"him?” His answer: “Like Jeremiah or Moses, he would simply "
+"overwhelm me. I won't appear on the same panel him, but if you asked me to "
+"name five people alive in the world who have truly helped us all, Richard "
+"Stallman would be one of them.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>RICHARD STALLMAN</b>: I should [begin by explaining why I have refused to "
+"allow this Forum to be web cast], in case it wasn't clear fully what the "
+"issue is: The software they use for web broadcasting requires the user to "
+"download certain software in order to receive the broadcast. That software "
+"is not free software. It's available at zero price but only as an "
+"executable, which is a mysterious bunch of numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What it does is secret. You can't study it; you can't change it; and you "
+"certainly can't publish it in your own modified version. And those are "
+"among the freedoms that are essential in the definition of “free "
+"software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if I am to be an honest advocate for free software, I can hardly go "
+"around giving speeches, then put pressure on people to use non-free "
+"software. I'd be undermining my own cause. And if I don't show that I take "
+"my principles seriously, I can't expect anybody else to take them seriously."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, this speech is not about free software. After I'd been working on "
+"the free software movement for several years and people started using some "
+"of the pieces of the GNU operating system, I began getting invited to give "
+"speeches [at which] … people started asking me: “Well, how do "
+"the ideas about freedom for software users generalize to other kinds of "
+"things?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, of course, people asked silly questions like, “Well, should "
+"hardware be free?” “Should this microphone be free?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, what does that mean? Should you be free to copy it and change it? "
+"Well, as for changing it, if you buy the microphone, nobody is going to stop "
+"you from changing it. And as for copying it, nobody has a microphone "
+"copier. Outside of “Star Trek,” those things don't exist. "
+"Maybe some day there'll be nanotechnological analyzers and assemblers, and "
+"it really will be possible to copy a physical object, and then these issues "
+"of whether you're free to do that will start being really important. We'll "
+"see agribusiness companies trying to stop people from copying food, and that "
+"will become a major political issue, if that technological capability will "
+"ever exist. I don't know if it will; it's just speculation at this point."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But for other kinds of information, you can raise the issue because any kind "
+"of information that can be stored on a computer, conceivably, can be copied "
+"and modified. So the ethical issues of free software, the issues of a "
+"user's right to copy and modify software, are the same as such questions for "
+"other kinds of published information. Now I'm not talking about private "
+"information, say, personal information, which is never meant to be available "
+"to the public at all. I'm talking about the rights you should have if you "
+"get copies of published things where there's no attempt to keep them secret."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to explain my ideas on the subject, I'd like to review the history "
+"of the distribution of information and of copyright. In the ancient world, "
+"books were written by hand with a pen, and anybody who knew how to read and "
+"write could copy a book about as efficiently as anybody else. Now somebody "
+"who did it all day would probably learn to be somewhat better at it, but "
+"there was not a tremendous difference. And because the copies were made one "
+"at a time, there was no great economy of scale. Making ten copies took ten "
+"times as long as making one copy. There was also nothing forcing "
+"centralization; a book could be copied anywhere."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now because of this technology, because it didn't force copies to be "
+"identical, there wasn't in the ancient world the same total divide between "
+"copying a book and writing a book. There are things in between that made "
+"sense. They did understand the idea of an author. They knew, say, that "
+"this play was written by Sophocles but in between writing a book and copying "
+"a book, there were other useful things you could do. For instance, you "
+"could copy a part of a book, then write some new words, copy some more and "
+"write some new words and on and on. This was called “writing a "
+"commentary” — that was a common thing to do — and these "
+"commentaries were appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other words, "
+"and copy a passage from another book and write some more and so on, and this "
+"was making a compendium. Compendia were also very useful. There are works "
+"that are lost but parts of them survived when they were quoted into other "
+"books that got to be more popular than the original. Maybe they copied the "
+"most interesting parts, and so people made a lot of copies of these, but "
+"they didn't bother copying the original because it wasn't interesting enough."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now as far as I can tell, there was no such thing as copyright in the "
+"ancient world. Anyone who wanted to copy a book could copy the book. Later "
+"on, the printing press was developed and books started to be copied on the "
+"printing press. Now the printing press was not just a quantitative "
+"improvement in the ease of copying. It affected different kinds of copying "
+"unevenly because it introduced an inherent economy of scale. It was a lot "
+"of work to set the type and much less work to make many identical copies of "
+"the page. So the result was that copying books tended to become a "
+"centralized, mass-production activity. Copies of any given book would "
+"probably be made in only a few places."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It also meant that ordinary readers couldn't copy books efficiently. Only "
+"if you had a printing press could you do that. So it was an industrial "
+"activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now for the first few centuries of printing, printed books did not totally "
+"replace hand-copying. Hand-copied books were still made, sometimes by rich "
+"people and sometimes by poor people. The rich people did this to get an "
+"especially beautiful copy that would show how rich they were, and poor "
+"people did it because maybe they didn't have enough money to buy a printed "
+"copy but they had the time to copy a book by hand. As the song says, “"
+"Time ain't money when all you got is time.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So hand-copying was still done to some extent. I think it was in the 1800s "
+"that printing actually got to be cheap enough that even poor people could "
+"afford printed books if they were literate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright was developed along with the use of the printing press and "
+"given the technology of the printing press, it had the effect of an "
+"industrial regulation. It didn't restrict what readers could do; it "
+"restricted what publishers and authors could do. Copyright in England was "
+"initially a form of censorship. You had to get government permission to "
+"publish the book. But the idea has changed. By the time of the U.S. "
+"Constitution, people came to a different idea of the purpose of copyright, "
+"and I think that that idea was accepted in England as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For the U.S. Constitution it was proposed that authors should be entitled to "
+"a copyright, a monopoly on copying their books. This proposal was "
+"rejected. Instead, a crucially different proposal was adopted which is "
+"that, for the sake of promoting progress, Congress could optionally "
+"establish a copyright system that would create these monopolies. So the "
+"monopolies, according to the U.S. Constitution, do not exist for the sake of "
+"those who own them; they exist for the sake of promoting the progress of "
+"science. The monopolies are handed out to authors as a way of modifying "
+"their behavior to get them to do something that serves the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So the goal is more written and published books which other people can then "
+"read. And this is believed to contribute to increased literary activity, "
+"increased writing about science and other fields, and society then learns "
+"through this. That's the purpose to be served. The creation of private "
+"monopolies was a means to an end only, and the end is a public end."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright in the age of the printing press was fairly painless because "
+"it was an industrial regulation. It restricted only the activities of "
+"publishers and authors. Well, in some strict sense, the poor people who "
+"copied books by hand may have been infringing copyright, too. But nobody "
+"ever tried to enforce copyright against them because it was understood as an "
+"industrial regulation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright in the age of the printing press was also easy to enforce because "
+"it had to be enforced only where there was a publisher, and publishers, by "
+"their nature, make themselves known. If you're trying to sell books, you've "
+"got to tell people where to come to buy them. You don't have to go into "
+"everybody's house to enforce copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, copyright may have been a beneficial system in that context. "
+"Copyright in the U.S. is considered by legal scholars as a trade, a bargain "
+"between the public and authors. The public trades away some of its natural "
+"rights to make copies, and in exchange gets the benefit of more books' being "
+"written and published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make "
+"copies because they can only be efficiently made on printing presses — "
+"and most people don't own printing presses — the result is that the "
+"general public is trading away a freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom "
+"that is of no practical value. So if you have something that is a byproduct "
+"of your life and it's useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it "
+"for something else of any value, you're gaining. So that's why copyright "
+"may have been an advantageous trade for the public in that time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the context is changing, and that has to change our ethical evaluation "
+"of copyright. Now the basic principles of ethics are not changed by "
+"advances in technology; they're too fundamental to be touched by such "
+"contingencies. But our decision about any specific question is a matter of "
+"the consequences of the alternatives available, and the consequences of a "
+"given choice may change when the context changes. That is what is happening "
+"in the area of copyright law because the age of the printing press is coming "
+"to an end, giving way gradually to the age of the computer networks."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Computer networks and digital information technology are bringing us back to "
+"a world more like the ancient world where anyone who can read and use the "
+"information can also copy it and can make copies about as easily as anyone "
+"else could make them. They are perfect copies and they're just as good as "
+"the copies anyone else could make. So the centralization and economy of "
+"scale introduced by the printing press and similar technologies is going "
+"away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And this changing context changes the way copyright law works. You see, "
+"copyright law no longer acts as an industrial regulation; it is now a "
+"Draconian restriction on a general public. It used to be a restriction on "
+"publishers for the sake of authors. Now, for practical purposes, it's a "
+"restriction on a public for the sake of publishers. Copyright used to be "
+"fairly painless and uncontroversial. It didn't restrict the general "
+"public. Now that's not true. If you have a computer, the publishers "
+"consider restricting you to be their highest priority. Copyright was easy "
+"to enforce because it was a restriction only on publishers who were easy to "
+"find and what they published was easy to see. Now the copyright is a "
+"restriction on each and everyone of you. To enforce it requires "
+"surveillance — an intrusion — and harsh punishments, and we are "
+"seeing these being enacted into law in the U.S. and other countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And copyright used to be, arguably, an advantageous trade for the public to "
+"make because the public was trading away freedoms it couldn't exercise. "
+"Well, now it can exercise these freedoms. What do you do if you have been "
+"producing a byproduct which was of no use to you and you were in the habit "
+"of trading it away and then, all of a sudden, you discover a use for it? You "
+"can actually consume it, use it. What do you do? You don't trade at all; "
+"you keep some. And that's what the public would naturally want to do. "
+"That's what the public does whenever it's given a chance to voice its "
+"preference; it keeps some of this freedom and exercises it. Napster is a "
+"big example of that, the public deciding to exercise the freedom to copy "
+"instead of giving it up. So the natural thing for us to do to make "
+"copyright law fit today's circumstances is to reduce the amount of copyright "
+"power that copyright owners get, to reduce the amount of restriction that "
+"they place on the public and to increase the freedom that the public retains."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But this is not what the publishers want to do. What they want to do is "
+"exactly the opposite. They wish to increase copyright powers to the point "
+"where they can remain firmly in control of all use of information. This has "
+"led to laws that have given an unprecedented increase in the powers of "
+"copyright. Freedoms that the public used to have in the age of the printing "
+"press are being taken away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, let's look at e-books. There's a tremendous amount of hype "
+"about e-books; you can hardly avoid it. I took a flight in Brazil and in "
+"the in-flight magazine, there was an article saying that maybe it would take "
+"10 or 20 years before we all switched to e-books. Clearly, this kind of "
+"campaign comes from somebody paying for it. Now why are they doing that? I "
+"think I know. The reason is that e-books are the opportunity to take away "
+"some of the residual freedoms that readers of printed books have always had "
+"and still have — the freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your "
+"friend or borrow it from the public library or sell a copy to a used "
+"bookstore or buy a copy anonymously, without putting a record in the "
+"database of who bought that particular book. And maybe even the right to "
+"read it twice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These are freedoms that the publishers would like to take away, but they "
+"can't do this for printed books because that would be too obvious a power-"
+"grab and would raise an outcry. So they have found an indirect strategy: "
+"First, they obtain the legislation to take away these freedoms for e-books "
+"when there are no e-books; so there's no controversy. There are no pre-"
+"existing users of e-books who are accustomed to their freedoms and will "
+"defend them. That they obtained with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act "
+"in 1998. Then they introduce e-books and gradually get everybody to switch "
+"from printed books to e-books and eventually the result is, readers have "
+"lost these freedoms without ever having an instant when those freedoms were "
+"being taken away and when they might have fought back to retain them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We see at the same time efforts to take away people's freedom in using other "
+"kinds of published works. For instance, movies that are on DVDs are "
+"published in an encrypted format that used to be secret — it was meant "
+"to be secret — and the only way the movie companies would tell you the "
+"format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if you signed a contract to "
+"build certain restrictions into the player, with the result that the public "
+"would be stopped even from fully exercising their legal rights. Then a few "
+"clever programmers in Europe figured out the format of DVDs and they wrote a "
+"free software package that would read a DVD. This made it possible to use "
+"free software on top of the GNU+Linux operating system to watch the DVD that "
+"you had bought, which is a perfectly legitimate thing to do. You ought to "
+"be able to do that with free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the movie companies objected and they went to court. You see, the movie "
+"companies used to make a lot of films where there was a mad scientist and "
+"somebody was saying, “But, Doctor, there are some things Man was not "
+"meant to know.” They must have watched their own films too much "
+"because they came to believe that the format of DVDs is something that Man "
+"was not meant to know. And they obtained a ruling for total censorship of "
+"the software for playing DVDs. Even making a link to a site where this "
+"information is legally available outside the U.S. has been prohibited. An "
+"appeal has been made against this ruling. I signed a friend-of-the-court "
+"brief in that appeal, I'm proud to say, although I'm playing a fairly small "
+"role in that particular battle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. government intervened directly on the other side. This is not "
+"surprising when you consider why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act was "
+"passed in the first place. The reason is the campaign finance system that "
+"we have in the U.S., which is essentially legalized bribery where the "
+"candidates are bought by business before they even get elected. And, of "
+"course, they know who their master is — they know whom they're working "
+"for — and they pass the laws to give business more power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What will happen with that particular battle, we don't know. But meanwhile "
+"Australia has passed a similar law and Europe is almost finished adopting "
+"one; so the plan is to leave no place on earth where this information can be "
+"made available to people. But the U.S. remains the world leader in trying "
+"to stop the public from distributing information that's been published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. though is not the first country to make a priority of this. The "
+"Soviet Union treated it as very important. There this unauthorized copying "
+"and re-distribution was known as Samizdat and to stamp it out, they "
+"developed a series of methods: First, guards watching every piece of copying "
+"equipment to check what people were copying to prevent forbidden copying. "
+"Second, harsh punishments for anyone caught doing forbidden copying. You "
+"could be sent to Siberia. Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to "
+"rat on their neighbors and co-workers to the information police. Fourth, "
+"collective responsibility — You! You're going to watch that group! If "
+"I catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison. So "
+"watch them hard. And, fifth, propaganda, starting in childhood to convince "
+"everyone that only a horrible enemy of the people would ever do this "
+"forbidden copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. is using all of these measures now. First, guards watching copying "
+"equipment. Well, in copy stores, they have human guards to check what you "
+"copy. But human guards to watch what you copy in your computer would be too "
+"expensive; human labor is too expensive. So they have robot guards. That's "
+"the purpose of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This software goes in "
+"your computer; it's the only way you can access certain data and it stops "
+"you from copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's a plan now to introduce this software into every hard disk, so that "
+"there could be files on your hard disk that you can't even access except by "
+"getting permission from some network server to access the file. And to "
+"bypass this software or even tell other people how to bypass it is a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second, harsh punishments. A few years ago, if you made copies of something "
+"and handed them out to your friends just to be helpful, this was not a "
+"crime; it had never been a crime in the U.S. Then they made it a felony, so "
+"you could be put in prisons for years for sharing with your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Third, informers. Well, you may have seen the ads on TV, the ads in the "
+"Boston subways asking people to rat on their co-workers to the information "
+"police, which officially is called the Software Publishers Association."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And fourth, collective responsibility. In the U.S., this has been done by "
+"conscripting Internet service providers, making them legally responsible for "
+"everything their customers post. The only way they can avoid always being "
+"held responsible is if they have an invariable procedure to disconnect or "
+"remove the information within two weeks after a complaint. Just a few days "
+"ago, I heard that a clever protest site criticizing City Bank for some of "
+"its nasty policies was disconnected in this way. Nowadays, you don't even "
+"get your day in court; your site just gets unplugged."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, propaganda, starting in childhood. That's what the word "
+"“pirate” is used for. If you'll think back a few years, the "
+"term “pirate” was formerly applied to publishers that didn't pay "
+"the author. But now it's been turned completely around. It's now applied "
+"to members of the public who escape from the control of the publisher. It's "
+"being used to convince people that only a nasty enemy of the people would "
+"ever do this forbidden copying. It says that “sharing with your "
+"neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship.” I hope that you "
+"don't agree with that and if you don't, I hope you will refuse to use the "
+"word in that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power. In "
+"addition, they're also extending the length of time the copyright lasts. "
+"The U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but "
+"the publishers want copyright to last forever. However, getting a "
+"constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier "
+"way that achieves the same result. Every 20 years they retroactively extend "
+"copyright by 20 years. So the result is, at any given time, copyright "
+"nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally "
+"expire some day. But that expiration will never be reached because every "
+"copyright will be extended by 20 years every 20 years; thus no work will "
+"ever go into the public domain again. This has been called “perpetual "
+"copyright on the installment plan.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The law in 1998 that extended copyright by 20 years is known as the “"
+"Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act” because one of the main sponsors "
+"of this law was Disney. Disney realized that the copyright on Mickey Mouse "
+"was going to expire, and they don't want that to ever happen because they "
+"make a lot of money from that copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the original title of this talk was supposed to be “Copyright and "
+"Globalization.” If you look at globalization, what you see is that "
+"it's carried out by a number of policies which are done in the name of "
+"economic efficiency or so-called free-trade treaties, which really are "
+"designed to give business power over laws and policies. They're not really "
+"about free trade. They're about a transfer of power: removing the power to "
+"decide laws from the citizens of any country who might conceivably consider "
+"their own interests and giving that power to businesses who will not "
+"consider the interests of those citizens."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Democracy is the problem in their view, and these treaties are designed to "
+"put an end to the problem. For instance, <abbr title=\"North American Free "
+"Trade Agreement\">NAFTA</abbr> actually contains provisions, I believe, "
+"allowing companies to sue another government to get rid of a law that they "
+"believe is interfering with their profits in the other country. So foreign "
+"companies have more power than citizens of the country."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are attempts being made to extend this beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>. For "
+"instance, this is one of the goals of the so-called free trade area of the "
+"Americas, to extend this principle to all the countries in South America and "
+"the Caribbean as well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was "
+"intended to spread it to the whole world."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One thing we've seen in the '90s is that these treaties begin to impose "
+"copyright throughout the world, and in more powerful and restrictive ways. "
+"These treaties are not free-trade treaties. They're actually corporate-"
+"controlled trade treaties being used to give corporations control over world "
+"trade, in order to eliminate free trade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the U.S. was a developing country in the 1800s, the U.S. did not "
+"recognize foreign copyrights. This was a decision made carefully, and it "
+"was an intelligent decision. It was acknowledged that for the U.S. to "
+"recognize foreign copyrights would just be disadvantageous, that it would "
+"suck money out and wouldn't do much good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The same logic would apply today to developing countries but the U.S. has "
+"sufficient power to force them to go against their interests. Actually, "
+"it's a mistake to speak of the interests of countries in this context. In "
+"fact, I'm sure that most of you have heard about the fallacy of trying to "
+"judge the public interest by adding up everybody's wealth. If working "
+"Americans lost $1 billion and Bill Gates gained $2 billion, would Americans "
+"generally be better off? Would this be good for America? Or if you look only "
+"at the total, it looks like it's good. However, this example really shows "
+"that the total is the wrong way to judge because Bill Gates really doesn't "
+"need another $2 billion, but the loss of the $1 billion by other people who "
+"don't have as much to start with might be painful. Well, in a discussion "
+"about any of these trade treaties, when you hear people talk about the "
+"interests of this country or that country, what they're doing, within each "
+"country, is adding up everybody's income. The rich people and the poor "
+"people are being added up. So it's actually an excuse to apply that same "
+"fallacy to get you to ignore the effect on the distribution of wealth within "
+"the country and whether the treaty is going to make that more uneven, as it "
+"has done in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So it's really not the U.S. interest that is being served by enforcing "
+"copyright around the world. It's the interests of certain business owners, "
+"many of whom are in the U.S. and some of whom are in other countries. It "
+"doesn't, in any sense, serve the public interest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But what would make sense to do? If we believe in the goal of copyright "
+"stated, for instance in the U.S. Constitution, the goal of promoting "
+"progress, what would be intelligent policies to use in the age of the "
+"computer network? Clearly, instead of increasing copyright powers, we have "
+"to pull them back so as to give the general public a certain domain of "
+"freedom where they can make use of the benefits of digital technology, make "
+"use of their computer networks. But how far should that go? That's an "
+"interesting question because I don't think we should necessarily abolish "
+"copyright totally. The idea of trading some freedoms for more progress "
+"might still be an advantageous trade at a certain level, even if traditional "
+"copyright gives up too much freedom. But in order to think about this "
+"intelligently, the first thing we have to recognize is, there's no reason to "
+"make it totally uniform. There's no reason to insist on making the same "
+"deal for all kinds of work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In fact, that already isn't the case because there are a lot of exceptions "
+"for music. Music is treated very differently under copyright law. But the "
+"arbitrary insistence on uniformity is used by the publishers in a certain "
+"clever way. They pick some peculiar special case and they make an argument "
+"that, in that special case, it would be advantageous to have this much "
+"copyright. And then they say that for uniformity's sake, there has to be "
+"this much copyright for everything. So, of course, they pick the special "
+"case where they can make the strongest argument, even if it's a rather rare "
+"special case and not really very important overall."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But maybe we should have that much copyright for that particular special "
+"case. We don't have to pay the same price for everything we buy. A "
+"thousand dollars for a new car might be a very good deal. A thousand "
+"dollars for a container of milk is a horrible deal. You wouldn't pay the "
+"special price for everything you buy in other areas of life. Why do it here?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So we need to look at different kinds of works, and I'd like to propose a "
+"way of doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This includes recipes, computer programs, manuals and textbooks, reference "
+"works like dictionaries and encyclopedias. For all these functional works, "
+"I believe that the issues are basically the same as they are for software "
+"and the same conclusions apply. People should have the freedom even to "
+"publish a modified version because it's very useful to modify functional "
+"works. People's needs are not all the same. If I wrote this work to do the "
+"job I think needs doing, your idea as a job you want to do may be somewhat "
+"different. So you want to modify this work to do what's good for you. At "
+"that point, there may be other people who have similar needs to yours, and "
+"your modified version might be good for them. Everybody who cooks knows "
+"this and has known this for hundreds of years. It's normal to make copies "
+"of recipes and hand them out to other people, and it's also normal to change "
+"a recipe. If you change the recipe and cook it for your friends and they "
+"like eating it, they might ask you, “Could I have the recipe?” "
+"Then maybe you'll write down your version and give them copies. That is "
+"exactly the same thing that we much later started doing in the free-software "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"opinions\"></a> So that's one class of work. The second class of "
+"work is works whose purpose is to say what certain people think. Talking "
+"about those people is their purpose. This includes, say, memoirs, essays of "
+"opinion, scientific papers, offers to buy and sell, catalogues of goods for "
+"sale. The whole point of those works is that they tell you what somebody "
+"thinks or what somebody saw or what somebody believes. To modify them is to "
+"misrepresent the authors; so modifying these works is not a socially useful "
+"activity. And so verbatim copying is the only thing that people really need "
+"to be allowed to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial verbatim "
+"copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are two different "
+"activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider the questions "
+"separately — the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying and the "
+"right to do commercial verbatim copying. Well, it might be a good "
+"compromise policy to have copyright cover commercial verbatim copying but "
+"allow everyone the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying. This way, "
+"the copyright on the commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified "
+"versions — only the author could approve a modified version — "
+"would still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the "
+"writing of these works, to whatever extent it does."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By allowing the non-commercial verbatim copying, it means the copyright no "
+"longer has to intrude into everybody's home. It becomes an industrial "
+"regulation again, easy to enforce and painless, no longer requiring "
+"draconian punishments and informers for the sake of its enforcement. So we "
+"get most of the benefit — and avoid most of the horror — of the "
+"current system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The third category of works is aesthetic or entertaining works, where the "
+"most important thing is just the sensation of looking at the work. Now for "
+"these works, the issue of modification is a very difficult one because on "
+"the one hand, there is the idea that these works reflect the vision of an "
+"artist and to change them is to mess up that vision. On the other hand, you "
+"have the fact that there is the folk process, where a sequence of people "
+"modifying a work can sometimes produce a result that is extremely rich. "
+"Even when you have artists' producing the works, borrowing from previous "
+"works is often very useful. Some of Shakespeare's plays used a story that "
+"was taken from some other play. If today's copyright laws had been in "
+"effect back then, those plays would have been illegal. So it's a hard "
+"question what we should do about publishing modified versions of an "
+"aesthetic or an artistic work, and we might have to look for further "
+"subdivisions of the category in order to solve this problem. For example, "
+"maybe computer game scenarios should be treated one way; maybe everybody "
+"should be free to publish modified versions of them. But perhaps a novel "
+"should be treated differently; perhaps for that, commercial publication "
+"should require an arrangement with the original author."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now if commercial publication of these aesthetic works is covered by "
+"copyright, that will give most of the revenue stream that exists today to "
+"support the authors and musicians, to the limited extent that the present "
+"system supports them, because it does a very bad job. So that might be a "
+"reasonable compromise, just as in the case of the works which represent "
+"certain people."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we look ahead to the time when the age of the computer networks will have "
+"fully begun, when we're past this transitional stage, we can envision "
+"another way for the authors to get money for their work. Imagine that we "
+"have a digital cash system that enables you to get money for your work. "
+"Imagine that we have a digital cash system that enables you to send somebody "
+"else money through the Internet; this can be done in various ways using "
+"encryption, for instance. And imagine that verbatim copying of all these "
+"aesthetic works is permitted. But they're written in such a way that when "
+"you are playing one or reading one or watching one, a box appears on the "
+"side of your screen that says, “Click here to send a dollar to the "
+"author,” or the musician or whatever. And it just sits there; it "
+"doesn't get in your way; it's on the side. It doesn't interfere with you, "
+"but it's there, reminding you that it's a good thing to support the writers "
+"and the musicians."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you love the work that you're reading or listening to, eventually "
+"you're going to say, “Why shouldn't I give these people a dollar? It's "
+"only a dollar. What's that? I won't even miss it.” And people will "
+"start sending a dollar. The good thing about this is that it makes copying "
+"the ally of the authors and musicians. When somebody e-mails a friend a "
+"copy, that friend might send a dollar, too. If you really love it, you "
+"might send a dollar more than once and that dollar is more than they're "
+"going to get today if you buy the book or buy the CD because they get a tiny "
+"fraction of the sale. The same publishers that are demanding total power "
+"over the public in the name of the authors and musicians are giving those "
+"authors and musicians the shaft all the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in “Salon” "
+"magazine, an article about pirates that plan to use musicians' work without "
+"paying them. These pirates are the record companies that pay musicians 4% "
+"of the sales figures, on the average. Of course, the very successful "
+"musicians have more clout. They get more than 4% of their large sales "
+"figures, which means that the great run of musicians who have a record "
+"contract get less than 4% of their small sales figures."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here's the way it works: The record company spends money on publicity and "
+"they consider this expenditure as an advance to the musicians, although the "
+"musicians never see it. So nominally when you buy a CD, a certain fraction "
+"of that money is going to the musicians, but really it isn't. Really, it's "
+"going to pay back the publicity expenses, and only if the musicians are very "
+"successful do they ever see any of that money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The musicians, of course, sign their record contracts because they hope "
+"they're going to be one of those few who strike it rich. So essentially a "
+"rolling lottery is being offered to the musicians to tempt them. Although "
+"they're good at music, they may not be good at careful, logical reasoning to "
+"see through this trap. So they sign and then probably all they get is "
+"publicity. Well, why don't we give them publicity in a different way, not "
+"through a system that's based on restricting the public and a system of the "
+"industrial complex that saddles us with lousy music that's easy to sell. "
+"Instead, why not make the listener's natural impulse to share the music they "
+"love the ally of the musicians? If we have this box that appears in the "
+"player as a way to send a dollar to the musicians, then the computer "
+"networks could be the mechanism for giving the musicians this publicity, the "
+"same publicity which is all they get from record contracts now."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We have to recognize that the existing copyright system does a lousy job of "
+"supporting musicians, just as lousy as world trade does of raising living "
+"standards in the Philippines and China. You have these enterprise zones "
+"where everyone works in a sweatshop and all of the products are made in "
+"sweatshops. I knew that globalization was a very inefficient way of raising "
+"living standards of people overseas. Say, an American is getting paid $20 "
+"an hour to make something and you give that job to a Mexican who is getting "
+"paid maybe six dollars a day, what has happened here is that you've taken a "
+"large amount of money away from an American worker, given a tiny fraction, "
+"like a few percents, to a Mexican worker and given back the rest to the "
+"company. So if your goal is to raise the living standards of Mexican "
+"workers, this is a lousy way to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's interesting to see how the same phenomenon is going on in the copyright "
+"industry, the same general idea. In the name of these workers who certainly "
+"deserve something, you propose measures that give them a tiny bit and really "
+"mainly prop up the power of corporations to control our lives."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you're trying to replace a very good system, you have to work very hard "
+"to come up with a better alternative. If you know that the present system "
+"is lousy, it's not so hard to find a better alternative; the standard of "
+"comparison today is very low. We must always remember that when we consider "
+"issues of copyright policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I think I've said most of what I want to say. I'd like to mention that "
+"tomorrow is Phone-In Sick Day in Canada. Tomorrow is the beginning of a "
+"summit to finish negotiating the free trade area of the Americas to try to "
+"extend corporate power throughout additional countries, and a big protest is "
+"being planned for Quebec. We've seen extreme methods being used to smash "
+"this protest. A lot of Americans are being blocked from entering Canada "
+"through the border that they're supposed to be allowed to enter through at "
+"any time. On the flimsiest of excuses, a wall has been built around the "
+"center of Quebec to be used as a fortress to keep protesters out. We've "
+"seen a large number of different dirty tricks used against public protest "
+"against these treaties. So whatever democracy remains to us after "
+"government powers have been taken away from democratically elected governors "
+"and given to businesses and to unelected international bodies, whatever is "
+"left after that may not survive the suppression of public protest against it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I've dedicated 17 years of my life to working on free software and allied "
+"issues. I didn't do this because I think it's the most important political "
+"issue in the world. I did it because it was the area where I saw I had to "
+"use my skills to do a lot of good. But what's happened is that the general "
+"issues of politics have evolved, and the biggest political issue in the "
+"world today is resisting the tendency to give business power over the public "
+"and governments. I see free software and the allied questions for other "
+"kinds of information that I've been discussing today as one part of that "
+"major issue. So I've indirectly found myself working on that issue. I hope "
+"I contribute something to the effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<b>RESPONSE</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: We'll turn to the audience for questions and comments in a "
+"moment. But let me offer a brief general response. It seems to me that the "
+"strongest and most important practical guidance that Stallman offers us has "
+"two key elements. One is the recognition that old assumptions about "
+"copyright, old usages of copyright are inappropriate; they are challenged or "
+"undermined by the advent of the computer and computer networks. That may be "
+"obvious, but it is essential."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second is the recognition that the digital era requires us to reconsider how "
+"we distinguish and weigh forms of intellectual and creative labor. Stallman "
+"is surely right that certain kinds of intellectual enterprises justify more "
+"copyright protection than others. Trying to identify systematically these "
+"different kinds or levels of copyright protection seems to me a valuable way "
+"to engage with the problems for intellectual work posed by the advent of the "
+"computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But I think I detect another theme that lies beneath what Stallman has been "
+"saying and that isn't really directly about computers at all, but more "
+"broadly about questions of democratic authority and the power that "
+"government and corporations increasingly exercise over our lives. This "
+"populist and anti-corporate side to Stallman's discourse is nourishing but "
+"also reductive, potentially simplifying. And it is also perhaps overly "
+"idealistic. For example, how would a novelist or a poet or a songwriter or "
+"a musician or the author of an academic textbook survive in this brave new "
+"world where people are encouraged but not required to pay authors. In other "
+"words, it seems to me, the gap between existing practice and the visionary "
+"possibilities Stallman speculates about is still immensely wide."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I'll conclude by asking if Stallman would like to expand a bit on certain "
+"aspects of his talk and, specifically, whether he has further thoughts about "
+"the way in which what we'll call “traditional creators” would be "
+"protected under his copyright system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: First of all, I have to point out that we shouldn't use the "
+"term “protection” to describe what copyright does. Copyright "
+"restricts people. The term “protection” is a propaganda term of "
+"the copyright-owning businesses. The term “protection“ means "
+"stopping something from being somehow destroyed. Well, I don't think a song "
+"is destroyed if there are more copies of it being played more. I don't "
+"think that a novel is destroyed if more people are reading copies of it, "
+"either. So I won't use that word. I think it leads people to identify with "
+"the wrong party."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Also, it's a very bad idea to think about intellectual property for two "
+"reasons: First, it prejudges the most fundamental question in the area which "
+"is: How should these things be treated and should they be treated as a kind "
+"of property? To use the term “intellectual property” to describe "
+"the area is to presuppose the answer is “yes,” that that's the "
+"way to treat things, not some other way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second, it encourages over-generalization. Intellectual property is a catch-"
+"all for several different legal systems with independent origins such as, "
+"copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and some other things as "
+"well. They are almost completely different; they have nothing in common. "
+"But people who hear the term “intellectual property” are led to "
+"a false picture where they imagine that there's a general principle of "
+"intellectual property that was applied to specific areas, so they assume "
+"that these various areas of the law are similar. This leads not only to "
+"confused thinking about what is right to do, it leads people to fail to "
+"understand what the law actually says because they suppose that the "
+"copyright law and patent law and trademark law are similar, when, in fact, "
+"they are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you want to encourage careful thinking and clear understanding of what "
+"the law says, avoid the term “intellectual property.” Talk about "
+"copyrights. Or talk about patents. Or talk about trademarks or whichever "
+"subject you want to talk about. But don't talk about intellectual "
+"property. Opinion about intellectual property almost has to be a foolish "
+"one. I don't have an opinion about intellectual property. I have opinions "
+"about copyrights and patents and trademarks, and they're different. I came "
+"to them through different thought processes because those systems of law are "
+"totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Anyway, I made that digression, but it's terribly important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So let me now get to the point. Of course, we can't see now how well it "
+"would work, whether it would work to ask people to pay money voluntarily to "
+"the authors and musicians they love. One thing that's obvious is that how "
+"well such a system would work is proportional to the number of people who "
+"are participating in the network, and that number, we know, is going to "
+"increase by an order of magnitude over a number of years. If we tried it "
+"today, it might fail, and that wouldn't prove anything because with ten "
+"times as money people participating, it might work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The other thing is, we do not have this digital cash payment system; so we "
+"can't really try it today. You could try to do something a little bit like "
+"it. There are services you can sign up for where you can pay money to "
+"someone — things like Pay Pal. But before you can pay anyone through "
+"Pay Pal, you have to go through a lot of rigmarole and give them personal "
+"information about you, and they collect records of whom you pay. Can you "
+"trust them not to misuse that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So the dollar might not discourage you, but the trouble it takes to pay "
+"might discourage you. The whole idea of this is that it should be as easy "
+"as falling off a log to pay when you get the urge, so that there's nothing "
+"to discourage you except the actual amount of money. And if that's small "
+"enough, why should it discourage you. We know, though, that fans can really "
+"love musicians, and we know that encouraging fans to copy and re-distribute "
+"the music has been done by some bands that were, and are, quite successful "
+"like the “Grateful Dead.” They didn't have any trouble making a "
+"living from their music because they encouraged fans to tape it and copy the "
+"tapes. They didn't even lose their record sales."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age of the "
+"computer network, but it's not happening in a day. People are still buying "
+"lots of records, and that will probably continue for many years — "
+"maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having copyrights that "
+"still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do about as good a job "
+"of supporting musicians as it does today. Of course, that's not very good, "
+"but, at least, it won't get any worse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<b>DISCUSSION</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: [A comment and and question about free downloading and "
+"about Stephen King's attempt to market one of his novels serially over the "
+"web.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes, it's interesting to know what he did and what "
+"happened. When I first heard about that, I was elated. I thought, maybe he "
+"was taking a step towards a world that is not based on trying to maintain an "
+"iron grip on the public. Then I saw that he had actually written to ask "
+"people to pay. To explain what he did, he was publishing a novel as a "
+"serial, by installments, and he said, “If I get enough money, I'll "
+"release more.” But the request he wrote was hardly a request. It brow-"
+"beat the reader. It said, “If you don't pay, then you're evil. And "
+"if there are too many of you who are evil, then I'm just going to stop "
+"writing this.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending you "
+"money. You've got to make them love you, not fear you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage "
+"— I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct — "
+"of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar "
+"or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude. You had to type in "
+"your name and your e-mail address and some other information to get to "
+"download it and if that percentage of people was not reached after the first "
+"chapter, he said that he would not release another chapter. It was very "
+"antagonistic to the public downloading it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Isn't the scheme where there's no copyright but people are "
+"asked to make voluntary donations open to abuse by people plagiarizing?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No. That's not what I proposed. Remember, I'm proposing "
+"that there should be copyright covering commercial distribution and "
+"permitting only verbatim re-distribution non-commercially. So anyone who "
+"modified it to put in a pointer to his website, instead of a pointer to the "
+"real author's website, would still be infringing the copyright and could be "
+"sued exactly as he could be sued today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: I see. So you're still imagining a world in which there is "
+"copyright?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes. As I've said, for those kinds of works. I'm not "
+"saying that everything should be permitted. I'm proposing to reduce "
+"copyright powers, not abolish them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: I guess one question that occurred to me while you were "
+"speaking, Richard, and, again, now when you're responding here to this "
+"question is why you don't consider the ways in which the computer, itself, "
+"eliminates the middle men completely — in the way that Stephen King "
+"refused to do — and might establish a personal relationship."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation is one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: You think of that as not involving going through a "
+"publisher at all?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely not. I hope it won't, you see, because the "
+"publishers exploit the authors terribly. When you ask the publishers' "
+"representatives about this, they say, “Well, yes, if an author or if a "
+"band doesn't want to go through us, they shouldn't be legally required to go "
+"through us.” But, in fact, they're doing their utmost to set it up so "
+"that will not be feasible. For instance, they're proposing restricted "
+"copying media formats and in order to publish in these formats, you'll have "
+"to go through the big publishers because they won't tell anyone else how to "
+"do it. So they're hoping for a world where the players will play these "
+"formats, and in order to get anything that you can play on those players, "
+"it'll have to come through the publishers. So, in fact, while there's no "
+"law against an author or a musician publishing directly, it won't be "
+"feasible. There's also the lure of maybe hitting it rich. They say, “"
+"We'll publicize you and maybe you'll hit it as rich as the Beatles.” "
+"Take your pick of some very successful group and, of course, only a tiny "
+"fraction of musicians are going to have that happen. But they may be drawn "
+"by that into signing contracts that will lock them down forever."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Publishers tend to be very bad at respecting their contracts with authors. "
+"For instance, book contracts typically have said that if a book goes out of "
+"print, the rights revert to the author, and publishers have generally not "
+"been very good about living up to that clause. They often have to be "
+"forced. Well, what they're starting to do now is use electronic publication "
+"as an excuse to say that it's never going out of print; so they never have "
+"to give the rights back. Their idea is, when the author has no clout, get "
+"him to sign up and from then on, he has no power; it's only the publisher "
+"that has the power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Would it be good to have free licenses for various kinds of "
+"works that protect for every user the freedom to copy them in whatever is "
+"the appropriate way for that kind of work?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, people are working on this. But for non-functional "
+"works, one thing doesn't substitute for another. Let's look at a functional "
+"kind of work, say, a word processor. Well, if somebody makes a free word "
+"processor, you can use that; you don't need the non-free word processors. "
+"But I wouldn't say that one free song substitutes for all the non-free songs "
+"or that a one free novel substitutes for all the non-free novels. For those "
+"kinds of works, it's different. So what I think we simply have to do is to "
+"recognize that these laws do not deserve to be respected. It's not wrong to "
+"share with your neighbor, and if anyone tries to tell you that you cannot "
+"share with your neighbor, you should not listen to him."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: With regard to the functional works, how do you, in your "
+"own thinking, balance out the need for abolishing the copyright with the "
+"need for economic incentives in order to have these functional works "
+"developed?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, what we see is, first of all, that this economic "
+"incentive is a lot less necessary than people have been supposing. Look at "
+"the free software movement where we have over 100,000 part-time volunteers "
+"developing free software. We also see that there are other ways to raise "
+"money for this which are not based on stopping the public from copying and "
+"modifying these works. That's the interesting lesson of the free software "
+"movement. Aside from the fact that it gives you a way you can use a "
+"computer and keep your freedom to share and cooperate with other people, it "
+"also shows us that this negative assumption that people would never do these "
+"things unless they are given special powers to force people to pay them is "
+"simply wrong. A lot of people will do these things. Then if you look at, "
+"say, the writing of monographs which serve as textbooks in many fields of "
+"science except for the ones that are very basic, the authors are not making "
+"money out of that. We now have a free encyclopedia project which is, in "
+"fact, a commercial-free encyclopedia project, and it's making progress. We "
+"had a project for a GNU encyclopedia but we merged it into the commercial "
+"project when they adopted our license. In January, they switched to the GNU-"
+"free documentation license for all the articles in their encyclopedia. So "
+"we said, “Well, let's join forces with them and urge people to "
+"contribute to them.” It's called “NUPEDIA,” and you can "
+"find a link to it, if you look at http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia. So here "
+"we've extended the community development of a free base of useful knowledge "
+"from software to encyclopedia. I'm pretty confident now that in all these "
+"areas of functional work, we don't need that economic incentive to the point "
+"where we have to mess up the use of these works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<b>THORBURN</b>: Well, what about the other two categories."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: For the other two classes of work, I don't know. I don't "
+"know whether people will write some day novels without worrying about "
+"whether they make money from it. In a post-scarcity society, I guess they "
+"would. Maybe what we need to do in order to reach the post-scarcity society "
+"is to get rid of the corporate control over the economy and the laws. So, "
+"in effect, it's a chicken-or-the-egg problem, you know. Which do we do "
+"first? How do we get the world where people don't have to desperately get "
+"money except by removing the control by business? And how can we remove the "
+"control by business except — Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm "
+"trying to propose first a compromise copyright system and, second, the "
+"voluntary payment supported by a compromise copyright system as a way to "
+"provide a revenue stream to the people who write those works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: How would you really expect to implement this compromise "
+"copyright system under the chokehold of corporate interests on American "
+"politicians due to their campaign-finance system?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: It beats me. I wish I knew. It's a terribly hard "
+"problem. If I knew how to solve that problem, I would solve it and nothing "
+"in the world could make me prouder."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>:. How do you fight the corporate control? Because when you "
+"look at these sums of money going into corporate lobbying in the court case, "
+"it is tremendous. I think the DECS case that you're talking about is "
+"costing something like a million-and-a-half dollars on the defense side. "
+"Lord knows what it's costing on the corporate side. Do you have any idea "
+"how to deal with these huge sums of money?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I have a suggestion. If I were to suggest totally "
+"boycotting movies, I think people would ignore that suggestion. They might "
+"consider it too radical. So I would like to make a slightly different "
+"suggestion which comes to almost the same thing in the end, and that is, "
+"don't go to a movie unless you have some substantial reason to think it's "
+"good. Now this will lead in practice to almost the same result as a total "
+"boycott of Hollywood movies. In extension, it's almost the same but, in "
+"intention, it's very different. Now I've noticed that many people go to "
+"movies for reasons that have nothing to do with whether they think the "
+"movies are good. So if you change that, if you only go to a movie when you "
+"have some substantial reason to think it's good, you'll take away a lot of "
+"their money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: One way to understand all of this discourse today, I think, "
+"is to recognize that whenever radical, potentially transforming technologies "
+"appear in society, there's a struggle over who controls them. We today are "
+"repeating what has happened in the past. So from this angle, there may not "
+"be a reason for despair, or even pessimism, about what may occur in the "
+"longer run. But, in the shorter term, struggles over the control of text "
+"and images, over all forms of information are likely to be painful and "
+"extensive. For example, as a teacher of media, my access to images has been "
+"restricted in recent years in a way that had never been in place before. If "
+"I write an essay in which I want to use still images, even from films, they "
+"are much harder to get permission to use, and the prices charged to use "
+"those still images are much higher — even when I make arguments about "
+"intellectual inquiry and the the legal category of “fair use.” "
+"So I think, in this moment of extended transformation, the longer-term "
+"prospects may, in fact, not be as disturbing as what's happening in the "
+"shorter term. But in any case, we need to understand the whole of our "
+"contemporary experience as a renewed version of a struggle over the control "
+"of technological resources that is a recurring principle of Western society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's also essential to understand that the history of older technologies is "
+"itself a complicated matter. The impact of the printing press in Spain, for "
+"example, is radically different from its impact in England or in France."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One of the things that bothers me when I hear discussions "
+"of copyright is that often they start off with, “We want a 180-degree "
+"change. We want to do away with any sorts of control.” It seems to me "
+"that part of what lay under the three categories that were suggested is an "
+"acknowledgement that there is some wisdom to copyright. Some of the critics "
+"of the way copyright is going now believe that, in fact, it ought to be "
+"backed up and function much more like patent and trademarks in terms of its "
+"duration. I wonder if our speaker would comment on that as a strategy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I agree that shortening the time span of copyright is a "
+"good idea. There is absolutely no need in terms of encouraging publication "
+"for a possibility of copyrights' lasting as much as 150 years, which, in "
+"some cases, it can under present law. Now the companies were saying that a "
+"75-year copyright on a work made for hire was not long enough to make "
+"possible the production of their works. I'd like to challenge those "
+"companies to present projected balance sheets for 75 years from now to back "
+"up that contention. What they really wanted was just to be able to extend "
+"the copyrights on the old works, so that they can continue restricting the "
+"use of them. But how you can encourage greater production of works in the "
+"1920s by extending copyright today escapes me, unless they have a time "
+"machine somewhere. Of course, in one of their movies, they had a time "
+"machine. So maybe that's what affected their thinking."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Have you given thought to extending the concept of “"
+"fair use,” and are there any nuances there that you might care to lay "
+"out for us?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, the idea of giving everyone permission for non-"
+"commercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may be thought "
+"of as extending what fair use is. It's bigger than what's fair use "
+"currently. If your idea is that the public trades away certain freedoms to "
+"get more progress, then you can draw the line at various, different places. "
+"Which freedoms does the public trade away and which freedoms does the public "
+"keep?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: To extend the conversation for just a moment, in certain "
+"entertainment fields, we have the concept of a public presentation. So, for "
+"example, copyright does not prevent us from singing Christmas carols "
+"seasonally but it prevents the public performance. And I'm wondering if it "
+"might be useful to think about instead of expanding fair use to unlimited, "
+"non-commercial, verbatim copying, to something less than that but more than "
+"the present concept of fair use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I used to think that that might be enough, and then Napster "
+"convinced me otherwise because Napster is used by its users for non-"
+"commercial, verbatim re-distribution. The Napster server, itself, is a "
+"commercial activity but the people who are actually putting things up are "
+"doing so non-commercially, and they could have done so on their websites "
+"just as easily. The tremendous excitement about, interest in, and use of "
+"Napster shows that that's very useful. So I'm convinced now that people "
+"should have the right to publicly non-commercially, re-distributed, verbatim "
+"copies of everything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One analogy that was recently suggested to me for the whole "
+"Napster question was the analogy of the public library. I suppose some of "
+"you who have heard the Napster arguments have heard this analogy. I'm "
+"wondering if you would comment on it. The defenders of people who say "
+"Napster should continue and there shouldn't be restrictions on it sometimes "
+"say something like this: “When folks go into the public library and "
+"borrow a book, they're not paying for it, and it can be borrowed dozens of "
+"times, hundreds of time, without any additional payment. Why is Napster any "
+"different?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's not exactly the same. But it should be pointed "
+"out that the publishers want to transform public libraries into pay-per-use, "
+"retail outlets. So they're against public libraries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Can these ideas about copyright suggest any ideas for "
+"certain issues about patent law such as making cheap, generic drugs for use "
+"in Africa?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, there's absolutely no similarity. The issues of "
+"patents are totally different from the issues of copyrights. The idea that "
+"they have something to do with each other is one of the unfortunate "
+"consequences of using the term “intellectual property” and "
+"encouraging people to try to lump these issues together because, as you've "
+"heard, I've been talking about issues in which the price of a copy is not "
+"the crucial thing. But what's the crucial issue about making AIDS drugs for "
+"Africa? It's the price, nothing but the price."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now the issue I've been talking about arises because digital information "
+"technology gives every user the ability to make copies. Well, there's "
+"nothing giving us all the ability to make copies of medicines. I don't have "
+"the ability to copy some medicine that I've got. In fact, nobody does; "
+"that's not how they're made. Those medicines can only be made in expensive "
+"factories and they are made in expensive centralized factories, whether "
+"they're generic drugs or imported from the U.S. Either way, they're going "
+"to be made in a small number of factories, and the issues are simply how "
+"much do they cost and are they available at a price that people in Africa "
+"can afford."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So that's a tremendously important issue, but it's a totally different "
+"issue. There's just one area where an issue arises with patents that is "
+"actually similar to these issues of freedom to copy, and that is in the area "
+"of agriculture. Because there are certain patented things that can be "
+"copies, more or less — namely, living things. They copy themselves "
+"when they reproduce. It's not necessarily exact copying; they re-shuffle "
+"the genes. But the fact is, farmers for millennia have been making use of "
+"this capacity of the living things they grow to copy themselves. Farming "
+"is, basically, copying the things that you grew and you keep copying them "
+"every year. When plant and animal varieties get patented, when genes are "
+"patented and used in them, the result is that farmers are being prohibited "
+"from doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a farmer in Canada who had a patented variety growing on his field "
+"and he said, “I didn't do that deliberately. The pollen blew, and the "
+"wind in those genes got into my stock of plants.” And he was told that "
+"that doesn't matter; he has to destroy them anyway. It was an extreme "
+"example of how much government can side with a monopolist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I believe that, following the same principles that I apply to copying "
+"things on your computer, farmers should have an unquestioned right to save "
+"their seeds and breed their livestock. Maybe you could have patents "
+"covering seed companies, but they shouldn't cover farmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: There's more to making a model successful than just the "
+"licensing. Can you speak to that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely. Well, you know, I don't know the answers. But "
+"part of what I believe is crucial for developing free, functional "
+"information is idealism. People have to recognize that it's important for "
+"this information to be free, that when the information is free, you can make "
+"full use of it. When it's restricted, you can't. You have to recognize "
+"that the non-free information is an attempt to divide them and keep them "
+"helpless and keep them down. Then they can get the idea, “Let's work "
+"together to produce the information we want to use, so that it's not under "
+"the control of some powerful person who can dictate to us what we can do."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This tremendously boosts it. But I don't know how much it will work in "
+"various different areas, but I think that in the area of education, when "
+"you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done. There are "
+"a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at prestigious "
+"universities — maybe they're in high-school; maybe they're in college "
+"— where they don't write and publish a lot of things and there's not a "
+"tremendous demand for them. But a lot of them are smart. A lot of them "
+"know their subjects well and they could write textbooks about lots of "
+"subjects and share them with the world and receive a tremendous amount of "
+"appreciation from the people who will have learned from them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed. But the funny thing is, I do know "
+"the history of education. That's what I do — educational, electronic "
+"media projects. I couldn't find an example. Do you know of one?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, I don't. I started proposing this free encyclopedia "
+"and learning resource a couple of years ago, and I thought it would probably "
+"take a decade to get things rolling. Now we already have an encyclopedia "
+"that is rolling. So things are going faster than I hoped. I think what's "
+"needed is for a few people to start writing some free textbooks. Write one "
+"about whatever is your favorite subject or write a fraction of one. Write a "
+"few chapters of one and challenge other people to write the rest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Actually what I was looking for is something even more than "
+"that. What's important in your kind of structure is somebody that creates "
+"an infrastructure to which everybody else can contribute. There isn't a K "
+"through 12 infrastructure out there in any place for a contribution for "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I can get information from lots of places but it's not released under free "
+"licenses, so I can't use it to make a free textbook."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Actually, copyright doesn't cover the facts. It only "
+"covers the way it's written. So you can learn a field from anywhere and "
+"then write a textbook, and you can make that textbook free, if you want."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: But I can't write by myself all the textbooks that a "
+"student needs going through school."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's true. And I didn't write a whole, free "
+"operating system, either. I wrote some pieces and invited other people to "
+"join me by writing other pieces. So I set an example. I said, “I'm "
+"going in this direction. Join me and we'll get there.” And enough "
+"people joined in that we got there. So if you think in terms of, how am I "
+"going to get this whole gigantic job done, it can be daunting. So the point "
+"is, don't look at it that way. Think in terms of taking a step and "
+"realizing that after you've taken a step, other people will take more steps "
+"and, together, it will get the job done eventually."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Assuming that humanity doesn't wipe itself out, the work we do today to "
+"produce the free educational infrastructure, the free learning resource for "
+"the world, that will be useful for as long as humanity exists. If it takes "
+"20 years to get it done, so what? So don't think in terms of the size of the "
+"whole job. Think in terms of the piece that you're going to do. That will "
+"show people it can be done, and so others will do other pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This speech is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1911 @@
+# Turkish translations for danger-of-software-patents.html package
+# danger-of-software-patents.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
danger-of-software-patents.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: danger-of-software-patents.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 16:26-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:47+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Danger of Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The Danger of Software Patents"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is the transcript of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman on 8 "
+"October 2009 at Victoria University of Wellington."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "SF:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"My name is Susy Frankel and on behalf of myself and Meredith Kolsky Lewis, "
+"I'd like to welcome you to this seminar hosted by the New Zealand Centre for "
+"International Economic Law. Brenda Chawner, who is part of the Victoria "
+"University School of Information Management, rather than the Centre I just "
+"named being part of the Law Faculty, is really responsible for bringing "
+"Richard Stallman back to New Zealand and hosting his tour of New Zealand, "
+"including this stop here in Wellington tonight. She's unfortunately unable "
+"to be with us at this moment because she's doing what we do in universities "
+"which is teach."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So it's my pleasure to welcome you to the lecture “The Danger of "
+"Software Patents”. Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures that he "
+"offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic precisely "
+"because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we have a somewhat "
+"prolonged, but important, debate about patent law reform, and many of you in "
+"the room are responsible for the debate relating to software patents. So it "
+"seemed very topical, very timely. So thank you, Richard, for making that "
+"offer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Richard Stallman needs little introduction. Nonetheless, for some of you "
+"who have not heard of him previously, he has launched the development of the "
+"GNU operating system. I had never heard GNU said before, and I went online "
+"to YouTube (where would we be be without YouTube)…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "RMS:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, you shouldn't recommend YouTube, because they distribute in a patented "
+"video format."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Good point. I only recommend it for the point that I thought do you say "
+"G N U or GNU?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia says that. [The answer is, pronounce it as a one syllable, wit a "
+"hard G.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, but live I heard you say it on YouTube. But nonetheless, the important "
+"point is that it's not proprietorial. But the most interesting point is "
+"that Richard has received many honors for his work. My favorite, and "
+"therefore the one that I'm going to mention, is the Takeda Award for Social "
+"and Economic Betterment, and I imagine we're going to hear a lot of that "
+"tonight, so join me in welcoming Richard."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, I'd like to mention one of the reasons why I'm drinking this "
+"[a can or bottle of a cola which is not coke] is there's a worldwide boycott "
+"of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union organizers in Colombia. Look at "
+"the site <a href=\"http://killercoke.org\";>killercoke.org</a>. And they're "
+"not talking about the effects of drinking the product—after all, the "
+"same might be true of many other products—it's murder. So before you "
+"buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if it's made by Coca-"
+"Cola Company."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I'm most known for starting the free software movement and leading "
+"development of the GNU operating system, although most of the people who use "
+"the system mistakenly believe it's Linux and think it was started by "
+"somebody else a decade later. But I'm not going to be speaking about any of "
+"that today. I'm here to talk about a legal danger to all software "
+"developers, distributors, and users, the danger of patents—on "
+"computational ideas, computational techniques, an idea for something you can "
+"do on a computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, to understand this issue, the first thing you need to realize is that "
+"patent law has nothing to do with copyright law—they're totally "
+"different. Whatever you learn about one of them, you can be sure it doesn't "
+"apply to the other."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, for example, any time a person makes a statement about “"
+"intellectual property” that's spreading confusion, because it's "
+"lumping together not only these two laws, but also at least a dozen others. "
+"They're all different, and the result is any statement which purports to be "
+"about “intellectual property” is pure confusion—either the "
+"person making the statement is confused, or the person is trying to confuse "
+"others. But either way, whether it's accidental or malicious, it's "
+"confusion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Protect yourself from this confusion by rejecting any statement which makes "
+"use of that term. The only way to make thoughtful comments and think clear "
+"thoughts about any one of these laws is to distinguish it first from all the "
+"others, and talk or think about one particular law, so that we can "
+"understand what it actually does and then form conclusions about it. So "
+"I'll be talking about patent law, and what happens in those countries which "
+"have allowed patent law to restrict software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, what does a patent do? A patent is an explicit, government-issued "
+"monopoly on using a certain idea. In the patent there's a part called the "
+"claims, which describe exactly what you're not allowed to do, although "
+"they're written in a way you probably can't understand. It's a struggle to "
+"figure out what those prohibitions actually mean, and they may go on for "
+"many pages of fine print."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which is a fairly long time in "
+"our field. Twenty years ago there was no World Wide Web—a tremendous "
+"amount of the use of computers goes on in an area which wasn't even possible "
+"to propose 20 years ago. So of course everything that people do on it is "
+"something that's new since 20 years ago—at least in some aspect it is "
+"new. So if patents had been applied for we'd be prohibited from doing all "
+"of it, and we may be prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have "
+"been foolish enough to have such a policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of the time, when people describe the function of the patent system, "
+"they have a vested interest in the system. They may be patent lawyers, or "
+"they may work in the Patent Office, or they may be in the patent office of a "
+"megacorporation, so they want you to like the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The Economist once referred to the patent system as “a time-consuming "
+"lottery.” If you've ever seen publicity for a lottery, you understand "
+"how it works: they dwell on the very unlikely probability of winning, and "
+"they don't talk about the overwhelming likelihood of losing. In this way, "
+"they intentionally and systematically present a biased picture of what's "
+"likely to happen to you, without actually lying about any particular fact."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's the same way for the publicity for the patent system. They talk about "
+"what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in your pocket—or "
+"first of all, what it's like to get a patent, then what it's like to have a "
+"patent in your pocket, and every so often you can pull it out and point it "
+"at somebody and say, “Give me your money.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To compensate for their bias, I'm going to describe it from the other side, "
+"the victim side—what it's like for people who want to develop or "
+"distribute or run software. You have to worry that any day someone might "
+"walk up to you and point a patent at you and say, “Give me your money."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to develop software in a country that allows software patents, "
+"and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to do?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You could try to make a list of all the ideas that one might be able to find "
+"in the program that you're about to write, aside from the fact that you "
+"don't know that when you start writing the program. [But] even after you "
+"finish writing the program you wouldn't be able to make such a list."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The reason is… in the process you conceived of it in one particular "
+"way—you've got a mental structure to apply to your design. And "
+"because of that, it will block you from seeing other structures that "
+"somebody might use to understand the same program, because you're not coming "
+"to it “fresh”; you already designed it with one structure in "
+"mind. Someone else who sees it for the first time might see a different "
+"structure, which involves different ideas, and it would be hard for you to "
+"see what those other ideas are. But nonetheless they're implemented in your "
+"program, and those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are "
+"patented."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, suppose there were graphical idea patents and you wanted to "
+"draw a square. Well, you would realize that if there was a patent on a "
+"bottom edge, it would prohibit your square. You could put “bottom "
+"edge” on the list of all ideas implemented in your drawing. But you "
+"might not realize that somebody else with a patent on bottom corners could "
+"sue you easily also, because he could take you drawing and turn it by 45 "
+"degrees. And now your square is like this, and it has a bottom corner."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented, could "
+"prohibit your program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What you might try to do is find out all the ideas that are patented that "
+"might be in your program. Now you can't do that actually, because patent "
+"applications are kept secret for at least eighteen months; and the result is "
+"the Patent Office could be considering now whether to issue a patent, and "
+"they won't tell you. And this is not just an academic, theoretical "
+"possibility."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was written, a program for "
+"compressing files using the <acronym title=\"Lempel-Ziv-Welch\"> LZW</"
+"acronym> data compression algorithm, and at that time there was no patent on "
+"that algorithm for compressing files. The author got the algorithm from an "
+"article in a journal. That was when we thought that the purpose of computer "
+"science journals was to publish algorithms so people could use them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent was issued on "
+"that algorithm. But the patent holder was cunning and didn't immediately go "
+"around telling people to stop using it. The patent holder figured “"
+"let's let everybody dig their grave deeper.” A few years later they "
+"started threatening people; it became clear we couldn't use Compress, so I "
+"asked for people to suggest other algorithms we could use for compressing "
+"files."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And somebody wrote and said, \"I developed another data compression "
+"algorithm that works better, I've written a program, I'd like to give it to "
+"you.\" So we got ready to release it, and a week before it was ready to be "
+"released, I read in the New York Times weekly patent column, which I rarely "
+"saw—it's a couple of times a year I might see it—but just by "
+"luck I saw that someone had gotten a patent for “inventing a new "
+"method of compressing data.” And so I said we had better look at this, "
+"and sure enough it covered the program we were about to release. But it "
+"could have been worse: the patent could have been issued a year later, or "
+"two years later, or three years later, or five years later."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, someone else came up with another, even better compression "
+"algorithm, which was used in the program <tt>gzip</tt>, and just about "
+"everybody who wanted to compress files switched to <tt>gzip</tt>, so it "
+"sounds like a happy ending. But you'll hear more later. It's not entirely "
+"so happy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, you can't find out about the patents that are being considered even "
+"though they may prohibit your work once they come out, but you can find out "
+"about the already issued patents. They're all published by the Patent "
+"Office. The problem is you can't read them all, because there are too many "
+"of them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In the US I believe there are hundreds of thousands of thousands of software "
+"patents; keeping track of them would be a tremendous job. So you're going "
+"to have to search for relevant patents. And you'll find a lot of relevant "
+"patents, but you won't necessarily find them all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, in the 80s and 90s, there was a patent on “natural order "
+"recalculation” in spreadsheets. Somebody once asked me for a copy of "
+"it, so I looked in our computer file which lists the patent numbers. And "
+"then I pulled out the drawer to get the paper copy of this patent and "
+"xeroxed it and sent it to him. And when he got it, he said, “I think "
+"you sent me the wrong patent. This is something about compilers.” So "
+"I thought maybe our file has the wrong number in it. I looked in it again, "
+"and sure enough it said “A method for compiling formulas into object "
+"code.” So I started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong "
+"patent. I read the claims, and sure enough it was the natural order "
+"recalculation patent, but it didn't use those terms. It didn't use the term "
+"“spreadsheet”. In fact, what the patent prohibited was dozens "
+"of different ways of implementing topological sort—all the ways they "
+"could think of. But I don't think it used the term “topological "
+"sort”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant patents "
+"by searching, you might have found a lot of patents. But you wouldn't have "
+"found this one until you told somebody, “Oh, I'm working on a "
+"spreadsheet,” and he said, “Oh, did you know those other "
+"companies that are making spreadsheets are getting sued?” Then you "
+"would have found out."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, you can't find all the patents by searching, but you can find a lot of "
+"them. And then you've got to figure out what they mean, which is hard, "
+"because patents are written in tortuous legal language which is very hard to "
+"understand the real meaning of. So you're going to have to spend a lot of "
+"time talking with an expensive lawyer explaining what you want to do in "
+"order to find out from the lawyer whether you're allowed to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even the patent holders often can't recognize just what their patents mean. "
+"For instance, there's somebody named Paul Heckel who released a program for "
+"displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and based on a couple of the "
+"ideas in that program he got a couple of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I once tried to find a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one of those "
+"patents covered. I found that I couldn't find any simpler way of saying it "
+"than what was in the patent itself; and that sentence, I couldn't manage to "
+"keep it all in my mind at once, no matter how hard I tried."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And Heckel couldn't follow it either, because when he saw HyperCard, all he "
+"noticed was it was nothing like his program. It didn't occur to him that "
+"the way his patent was written it might prohibit Hypercard; but his lawyer "
+"had that idea, so he threatened Apple. And then he threatened Apple's "
+"customers, and eventually Apple made a settlement with him which is secret, "
+"so we don't know who really won. And this is just an illustration of how "
+"hard it is for anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In fact, I once gave this speech and Heckel was in the audience. And at "
+"this point he jumped up and said “That's not true, I just didn't know "
+"the scope of my protection.” And I said “Yeah, that's what I "
+"said,” at which point he sat down and that was the end of my "
+"experience being heckled by Heckel. If I had said no, he probably would "
+"have found a way to argue with me."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the lawyer will "
+"give you an answer like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"“If you do something in this area you're almost certain to lose a "
+"lawsuit. If you do something in this area there's a considerable chance of "
+"losing a lawsuit, and if you really want to be safe you've got to stay out "
+"of this area, but there's a sizeable element of chance in the outcome of any "
+"lawsuit.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So now that you have clear, predictable rules for doing business, what are "
+"you actually going to do? Well, there are three things that you could do to "
+"deal with the issue of any particular patent. One is to avoid it, another "
+"is to get a license for it, and the third is to invalidate it. So I'll talk "
+"about these one by one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means, don't "
+"implement what it prohibits. Of course, if it's hard to tell what it "
+"prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to avoid it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun using a patent for something having to "
+"do with object-oriented programming, and Sun didn't think it was infringing "
+"that patent. But the court decided it was; and when other people look at "
+"that patent they haven't the faintest idea whether that decision was right "
+"or not. No one can tell what that patent does or doesn't cover, but Sun had "
+"to pay hundreds of millions of dollars because of violating a completely "
+"incomprehensible law."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, and sometimes what you need "
+"to avoid is an algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, I saw a patent for something like the fast Fourier transform, "
+"but it ran twice as fast. Well, if the ordinary FFT is fast enough for your "
+"application then that's an easy way to avoid this other one. And most of "
+"the time that would work. Once in a while you might be trying to do "
+"something where it runs doing FFT all the time, and it's just barely fast "
+"enough using the faster algorithm. And then you can't avoid it, although "
+"maybe you could wait a couple of years for a faster computer. But that's "
+"going to be rare. Most of the time that patent will to be easy to avoid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"On the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to avoid. "
+"Consider the LZW data compression algorithm. Well, as I explained we found "
+"a better data compression algorithm, and everybody who wanted to compress "
+"files switched to the program <tt>gzip</tt> which used the better "
+"algorithm. And the reason is, if you just want to compress the file and "
+"uncompress it later, you can tell people to use this program to uncompress "
+"it; then you can use any program with any algorithm, and you only care how "
+"well it works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But LZW is used for other things too; for instance the PostScript language "
+"specifies operators for LZW compression and LZW uncompression. It's no use "
+"having another, better algorithm, because it makes a different format of "
+"data. They're not interoperable. If you compress it with the gzip "
+"algorithm, you won't be able to uncompress it using LZW. So no matter how "
+"good your other algorithm is, and no matter what it is, it just doesn't "
+"enable you to implement PostScript according to the specs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But I noticed that users rarely ask their printers to compress things. "
+"Generally the only thing they want their printers to do is to uncompress; "
+"and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW algorithm were "
+"written in such a way that if your system can only uncompress, it's not "
+"forbidden. These patents were written so that they covered compression, and "
+"they had other claims covering both compression and uncompression; but there "
+"was no claim covering only uncompression. So I realized that if we "
+"implement only the uncompression for LZW, we would be safe. And although it "
+"would not satisfy the specification, it would please the users sufficiently; "
+"it would do what they actually needed. So that's how we barely squeaked by "
+"avoiding the two patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now there is <tt>gif</tt> format, for images. That uses the LZW algorithm "
+"also. It didn't take long for people to define another image format, called "
+"<tt>png</tt>, which stands for “Png's Not Gif”. I think it uses "
+"the <tt>gzip</tt> algorithm. And we started saying to people, “Don't "
+"use <tt>gif</tt> format, it's dangerous; switch to <tt>png</tt>.” And "
+"the users said “Well, maybe some day, but the browsers don't implement "
+"it yet,” and the browser developers said, “We may implement it "
+"someday, but there's not much demand from users.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, it's pretty obvious what's going on—<tt>gif</tt> was a de facto "
+"standard. In effect, asking people to switch to a different format, instead "
+"of their de facto standard, is like asking everyone in New Zealand to speak "
+"Hungarian. People will say “Well, yeah, I'll learn to speak it after "
+"everyone else does.” And so we never succeeded in asking people to "
+"stop using <tt>gif</tt>, even though one of those patent holders was going "
+"around to operators of web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could "
+"prove that all of the <tt>gif</tt>s on the site were made with authorized, "
+"licensed software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So <tt>gif</tt> was a dangerous trap for a large part of our community. We "
+"thought we had an alternative to <tt>gif</tt> format, namely <tt>jpeg</tt>, "
+"but then somebody said, \"I was just looking through my portfolio of patents"
+"\"—I think it was somebody that just bought patents and used them to "
+"threaten people—and he said \"and I found that one of them covers "
+"<tt>jpeg</tt> format.\""
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, <tt>jpeg</tt> was not a de facto standard, it's an official standard, "
+"issued by a standards committee; and the committee had a lawyer too. Their "
+"lawyer said he didn't think that this patent actually covered <tt>jpeg</tt> "
+"format."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So who's right? Well, this patent holder sued a bunch of companies, and if "
+"there was a decision, it would have said who was right. But I haven't heard "
+"about a decision; I'm not sure if there ever was one. I think they settled, "
+"and the settlement is almost certainly secret, which means that it didn't "
+"tell us anything about who's right."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"These are fairly lightweight cases: one patent on <tt>jpeg</tt>, two patents "
+"on the LZW algorithm used in <tt>gif</tt>. Now you might wonder how come "
+"there are two patents on the same algorithm? It's not supposed to happen, "
+"but it did. And the reason is that the patent examiners can't possibly take "
+"the time to study every pair of things they might need to study and compare, "
+"because they're not allowed to take that much time. And because algorithms "
+"are just mathematics, there's no way you can narrow down which applications "
+"and patents you need to compare."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, in physical engineering fields, they can use the physical nature of "
+"what's going on to narrow things down. For instance, in chemical "
+"engineering, they can say “What are the substances going in? What are "
+"the substances coming out?” If two different [patent] applications are "
+"different in that way, then they're not the same process so you don't need "
+"to worry. But the same math can be represented in ways that can look very "
+"different, and until you study them both together, you don't realize they're "
+"talking about the same thing. And, because of this, it's quite common to "
+"see the same thing get patented multiple times [in software]."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Remember that program that was killed by a patent before we released it? "
+"Well, that algorithm got patented twice also. In one little field we've "
+"seen it happen in two cases that we ran into—the same algorithm being "
+"patented twice. Well, I think my explanation tells you why that happens."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But one or two patents is a lightweight case. What about <tt>mpeg2</tt>, "
+"the video format? I saw a list of over 70 patents covering that, and the "
+"negotiations to arrange a way for somebody to license all those patents took "
+"longer than developing the standard itself. The <tt>jpeg</tt> committee "
+"wanted to develop a follow-on standard, and they gave up. They said there "
+"were too many patents; there was no way to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes it's a feature that's patented, and the only to avoid that patent "
+"is not to implement that feature. For instance, the users of the word "
+"processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which removed a "
+"feature. The feature was that you could define a list of abbreviations. "
+"For instance, if you define <tt>exp</tt> as an abbreviation for “"
+"experiment”, then if you type exp-space or exp-comma, the <tt>exp</tt> "
+"would change automatically to “experiment”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and they "
+"concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the feature out. "
+"And so they sent all the users a downgrade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But they also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature like that "
+"starting from the late 70s. And it was described in the Emacs manual, so "
+"they thought I might be able to help them invalidate that patent. Well, I'm "
+"happy to know I've had at least one patentable idea in my life, but I'm "
+"unhappy that someone else patented it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately, in fact, that patent was eventually invalidated, and partly on "
+"the strength of the fact that I had published using it earlier. But in the "
+"meantime they had had to remove this feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, to remove one or two features may not be a disaster. But when you have "
+"to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely to say “"
+"This program's no good; it's missing all the features I want.” So it "
+"may not be a solution. And sometimes a patent is so broad that it wipes out "
+"an entire field, like the patent on public key encryption, which in fact put "
+"public key encryption basically off limits for about ten years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So that's the option of avoiding the patent—often possible, but "
+"sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can avoid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the patent?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, the patent holder may not offer you a license. It's entirely up to "
+"him. He could say, “I just want to shut you down.” I once got a "
+"letter from somebody whose family business was making casino games, which "
+"which were of course computerized, and he had been threatened by a patent "
+"holder who wanted to make his business shut down. He sent me the patent. "
+"Claim 1 was something like “a network with a multiplicity of "
+"computers, in which each computer supports a multiplicity of games, and "
+"allows a multiplicity of game sessions at the same time”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a room with a "
+"network of workstations, and each workstation had some kind of windowing "
+"facility. All they had to do was to install multiple games and it would be "
+"possible to display multiple game sessions at once. This is so trivial and "
+"uninteresting that nobody would have bothered to publish an article about "
+"doing it. No one would have been interested in publishing an article about "
+"doing it, but it was worth patenting it. If it had occurred to you that you "
+"could get a monopoly on this trivial thing, then you could shut down your "
+"competitors with it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But why does the Patent Office issue so many patents that seem absurd and "
+"trivial to us?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It's not because the patent examiners are stupid, it's because they're "
+"following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules lead to this "
+"result."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once, and "
+"somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but <tt>N</tt> "
+"times, for us that's a <tt>for</tt>-loop, but for the Patent Office that's "
+"an invention. If there are machines that can do <tt>A</tt>, and there are "
+"machines that can do <tt>B</tt>, and somebody designs a machine that can do "
+"<tt>A</tt> or <tt>B</tt>, for us that's an <tt>if-then-else</tt> statement, "
+"but for the Patent Office that's an invention. So they have very low "
+"standards, and they follow those standards; and the result is patents that "
+"look absurd and trivial to us. Whether they're legally valid I can't say. "
+"But every programmer who sees them laughs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help himself, "
+"and he had to shut down his business. But most patent holders will offer "
+"you a license. It's likely to be rather expensive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there are some software developers that find it particularly easy to get "
+"licenses, most of the time. Those are the megacorporations. In any field "
+"the megacorporations generally own about half the patents, and they cross-"
+"license each other, and they can make anybody else cross-license if he's "
+"really producing anything. The result is that they end up painlessly with "
+"licences for almost all the patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, Think Magazine—I think "
+"it's issue 5, 1990—about the benefit IBM got from its almost 9,000 US "
+"patents at the time (now it's up to 45,000 or more). They said that one of "
+"the benefits was that they collected money, but the main benefit, which they "
+"said was perhaps an order of magnitude greater, was “getting access to "
+"the patents of others,” namely cross-licensing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What this means is since IBM, with so many patents, can make almost "
+"everybody give them a cross-license, IBM avoids almost all the grief that "
+"the patent system would have inflicted on anybody else. So that's why IBM "
+"wants software patents. That's why the megacorporations in general want "
+"software patents, because they know that by cross-licensing, they will have "
+"a sort of exclusive club on top of a mountain peak. And all the rest of us "
+"will be down here, and there's no way we can get up there. You know, if "
+"you're a genius, you might start up a small company and get some patents, "
+"but you'll never get into IBM's league, no matter what you do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now a lot of companies tell their employees, “Get us patents so we can "
+"defend ourselves” and they mean use them to try to get cross-"
+"licensing, but it just doesn't work well. It's not an effective strategy if "
+"you've got a small number of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose you've got three patents. One points there, one points there, and "
+"one points there, and somebody over there points a patent at you. Well, "
+"your three patents don't help you at all, because none of them points at "
+"him. On the other hand, sooner or later, somebody in the company is going "
+"to notice that this patent is actually pointing at some people, and [the "
+"company] could threaten them and squeeze money out of them, never mind that "
+"those people didn't attack this company."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if your employer says to you “we need some patents to defend "
+"ourselves”, so help us get patents, I recommend this response."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"“Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those patents to "
+"defend the company if it's attacked. But I don't know who's going to be the "
+"CEO of this company in five years. For all I know, it might get acquired by "
+"Microsoft. So I really can't trust the company's word to only use these "
+"patents for defense unless I get it in writing. Please put it in writing "
+"that any patents I provide for the company will only be used for self-"
+"defense and collective security, and not for repression, and then I'll be "
+"able to get patents for the company with a clean conscience.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It would be most interesting to raise this not just in private with your "
+"boss, but also on the company's discussion list."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The other thing that could happen is that the company could fail and its "
+"assets could be auctioned off, including the patents; and the patents will "
+"be bought by someone who means to use them to do something nasty."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This cross-licensing practice is very important to understand, because this "
+"is what punctures the argument of the software patent advocates who say that "
+"software patents are needed to protect the starving genius. They give you a "
+"scenario which is a series of unlikelihoods."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So let's look at it. According to this scenario, there's a brilliant "
+"designer of whatever, who's been working for years by himself in his attic "
+"coming up with a better way to do whatever it is. And now that it's ready "
+"he wants to start a business and mass-produce this thing; and because his "
+"idea is so good his company will inevitably succeed, except for one thing: "
+"the big companies will compete with him and take all his market the away. "
+"And because of this his business will almost certainly fail and then he will "
+"starve. Well, let's look at all the unlikely assumptions here."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"First of all, that he comes up with this idea working by himself. That's "
+"not very likely. In a high-tech field, most progress is made by people "
+"working in a field, doing things and talking with people in the field. But "
+"I wouldn't say it's impossible, not that one thing by itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But anyway the next supposition is that he's going to start a business and "
+"that it's going to succeed. Well, just because he's a brilliant engineer "
+"doesn't mean that he's any good at running a business. Most new businesses "
+"fail; more than 95% of them, I think, fail within a few years. So that's "
+"probably what's going to happen to him, no matter what."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"OK, let's assume that in addition to being a brilliant engineer who came up "
+"with something great by himself, he's also talented at running businesses. "
+"If he has a knack for running businesses, then maybe his business won't "
+"fail. After all, not all new businesses fail, there are a certain few that "
+"succeed. Well, if he understands business, then instead of trying to go "
+"head to head with large companies, he might try to do things that small "
+"companies are better at and have a better chance of succeeding. He might "
+"succeed. But let's suppose it fails anyway. If he's so brilliant and has a "
+"knack for running businesses, I'm sure he won't starve, because somebody "
+"will want to give him a job."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So a series of unlikelihoods—it's not a very plausible scenario. But "
+"let's look at it anyway."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Because where they go from there is to say the patent system will “"
+"protect” our starving genius, because he can get a patent on this "
+"technique. And then when IBM wants to compete with him, he says, “"
+"IBM, you can't compete with me, because I've got this patent,” and IBM "
+"says, “Oh, no, not again!”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "Well, here's what really happens."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"IBM says “Oh, how nice, you have a patent. Well, we have this patent, "
+"and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, all of "
+"which cover other ideas implemented in your product, and if you think you "
+"can fight us on all those, we'll pull out some more. So let's sign a cross-"
+"license agreement, and that way nobody will get hurt.” Now since we've "
+"assumed that our genius understands business, he's going to realize that he "
+"has no choice. He's going to sign the cross-license agreement, as just "
+"about everybody does when IBM demands it. And then this means that IBM will "
+"get “access” to his patent, meaning IBM would be free to compete "
+"with him just as if there were no patents, which means that the supposed "
+"benefit that they claim he would get by having this patent is not real. He "
+"won't get this benefit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent might “protect” him from competition from you or me, "
+"but not from IBM—not from the very megacorporations which the scenario "
+"says are the threat to him. You know in advance that there's got to be a "
+"flaw in this reasoning when people who are lobbyists for megacorporations "
+"recommend a policy supposedly because it's going to protect their small "
+"competitors from them. If it really were going to do that, they wouldn't be "
+"in favor of it. But this explains why [software patents] won't do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Even IBM can't always do this, because there are companies that we refer to "
+"as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business is using "
+"patents to squeeze money out of people who really make something."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Patent lawyers tell us that it's really wonderful to have patents in your "
+"field, but they don't have patents in their field. There are no patents on "
+"how to send or write a threatening letter, no patents on how to file a "
+"lawsuit, and no patents on how to persuade a judge or jury, so even IBM "
+"can't make the patent trolls cross-license. But IBM figures “Our "
+"competition will have to pay them too; this is just part of the cost of "
+"doing business, and we can live with it.” IBM and the other "
+"megacorporations figure that the general dominion over all activity that "
+"they get from their patents is good for them, and paying off the trolls they "
+"can live with. So that's why they want software patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There are also certain software developers who find it particularly "
+"difficult to get a patent license, and those are the developers of free "
+"software. The reason is that the usual patent license has conditions we "
+"can't possibly fulfil, because usual patent licenses demand a payment per "
+"copy. But when software gives users the freedom to distribute and make more "
+"copies, we have no way to count the copies that exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If someone offered me a patent license for a payment of one-millionth of a "
+"dollar per copy, the total amount of money I'd have to pay maybe is in my "
+"pocket now. Maybe it's 50 dollars, but I don't know if it's 50 dollars, or "
+"49, or what, because there's no way I can count the copies that people have "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A patent holder doesn't have to demand a payment per copy; a patent holder "
+"could offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump sums tend to "
+"be big, like US$100,000."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And the reason that we've been able to develop so much freedom-respecting "
+"software is [that] we can develop software without money, but we can't pay a "
+"lot of money without money. If we're forced to pay for the privilege of "
+"writing software for the public, we won't be able to do it very much."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's the possibility of getting a license for the patent. The other "
+"possibility is to invalidate the patent. If the country considers software "
+"patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the only question is whether "
+"that particular patent meets the criteria. It's only useful to go to court "
+"if you've got an argument to make that might prevail."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What would that argument be? You have to find evidence that, years ago, "
+"before the patent was applied for, people knew about the same idea. And "
+"you'd have to find things today that demonstrate that they knew about it "
+"publicly at that time. So the dice were cast years ago, and if they came up "
+"favorably for you, and if you can prove that fact today, then you have an "
+"argument to use to try to invalidate the patent. And it might work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, and as a result, a "
+"probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to be threatened with "
+"if you don't have a lot of money. There are people who can't afford to "
+"defend their rights—lots of them. The ones who can afford it are the "
+"exception."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"These are the three things that you might be able to do about each patent "
+"that prohibits something in your program. The thing is, whether each one is "
+"possible depends on different details of the circumstances, so some of the "
+"time, none of them is possible; and when that happens, your project is dead."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But lawyers in most countries tell us “don't try to find the patents "
+"in advance”, and the reason is that the penalty for infringement is "
+"bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they tell you is “Keep "
+"your eyes shut. Don't try to find out about the patents, just go blindly "
+"taking your design decisions, and hope.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And of course, with each single design decision, you probably don't step on "
+"a patent. Probably nothing happens to you. But there's so many steps you "
+"have to take to get across the minefield it's very unlikely you will get "
+"through safely. And of course, the patent holders don't all show up at the "
+"same time, so you don't know how many there are going to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent holder of the natural order recalculation patent was demanding 5% "
+"of the gross sales of every spreadsheet. You could imagine paying for a few "
+"such licenses, but what happens when patent holder number 20 comes along, "
+"and wants you to pay out the last remaining 5%? And then what happens when "
+"patent holder number 21 comes along?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People in business say that this scenario is amusing but absurd, because "
+"your business would fail long before you got there. They told me that two "
+"or three such licenses would make your business fail. So you'd never get to "
+"20. They show up one by one, so you never know how many more there are "
+"going to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents are a mess. They're a mess for software developers, but in "
+"addition they're a restriction on every computer user because software "
+"patents restrict what you can do on your computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"This is very different from patents, for instance, on automobile engines. "
+"These only restrict companies that make cars; they don't restrict you and "
+"me. But software patents do restrict you and me, and everybody who uses "
+"computers. So we can't think of them in purely economic terms; we can't "
+"judge this issue purely in economic terms. There's something more important "
+"at stake."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because its "
+"purpose is supposed to be to promote progress. Supposedly by creating this "
+"artificial incentive for people to publish ideas, it's going to help the "
+"field progress. But all it does is the exact opposite, because the big job "
+"in software is not coming up with ideas, it's implementing thousands of "
+"ideas together in one program. And software patents obstruct that, so "
+"they're economically self-defeating."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And there's even economic research showing that this is so—showing how "
+"in a field with a lot of incremental innovation, a patent system can "
+"actually reduce investment in R & D. And of course, it also obstructs "
+"development in other ways. So even if we ignore the injustice of software "
+"patents, even if we were to look at it in the narrow economic terms that are "
+"usually proposed, it's still harmful."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"People sometimes respond by saying that “People in other fields have "
+"been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten used to it, so why "
+"should you be an exception?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, that question has an absurd assumption. It's like saying, “Other "
+"people get cancer, why shouldn't you?” I think every time someone "
+"doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what happened to the others. "
+"That question is absurd because of its presupposition that somehow we all "
+"have a duty to suffer the harm done by patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that sensible "
+"question is, “What differences are there between various fields that "
+"might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those fields?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to how many "
+"patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one product."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now we have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid of, "
+"because it's not true. And it's that on any one product there is one "
+"patent, and that patent covers the overall design of that product. So if "
+"you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you will have an "
+"opportunity to get “the patent” on that product."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's not how things work. In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not now. In "
+"fact, fields fall on a spectrum of how many patents [there are] per "
+"product. The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field is like that "
+"today; but fields are at various places on this spectrum."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals. A few decades ago, "
+"there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any time, "
+"because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that one "
+"particular substance. Back then, if you developed a new drug, you could be "
+"sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you could get the one "
+"patent on that drug."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"But that's not how it works now. Now there are broader patents, so now you "
+"could develop a new drug, and you're not allowed to make it because somebody "
+"has a broader patent which covers it already."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"And there might even be a few such patents covering your new drug "
+"simultaneously, but there won't be hundreds. The reason is, our ability to "
+"do biochemical engineering is so limited that nobody knows how to combine so "
+"many ideas to make something that's useful in medicine. If you can combine "
+"a couple of them you're doing pretty well at our level of knowledge. But "
+"other fields involve combining more ideas to make one thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine more "
+"ideas into one usable design than anybody else, because our field is "
+"basically easier than all other fields. I'm presuming that the intelligence "
+"of people in our field is the same as that of people in physical "
+"engineering. It's not that we're fundamentally better than they are, it's "
+"that our field is fundamentally easier, because we're working with "
+"mathematics."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a definition, "
+"whereas physical objects don't have a definition. The matter does what it "
+"does, so through the perversity of matter, your design may not work the way "
+"it \"should\" have worked. And that's just tough. You can't say that the "
+"matter has a bug in it, and the physical universe should get fixed. "
+"[Whereas] we [programmers] can make a castle that rests on a mathematically "
+"thin line, and it stays up because nothing weighs anything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There're so many complications you have to cope with in physical engineering "
+"that we don't have to worry about."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, when I put an <code>if</code>-statement inside of a "
+"<code>while</code>-loop,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if this <code>while</code>-loop repeats at the "
+"wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to vibrate and it "
+"might resonate and crack;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster, you know, millions "
+"of times per second, that it might generate radio frequency signals that "
+"might induce wrong values in other parts of the program;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the environment might seep "
+"in between the <code>if</code>-statement and the <code>while</code>-"
+"statement and start eating away at them until the signals don't pass anymore;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by my <code>if</code>-"
+"statement is going to get out through the <code>while</code>-statement so "
+"that it doesn't make the <code>if</code>-statement burn out; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't have to worry about how I would take out the broken <code>if</code>-"
+"statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and replace it with another "
+"<code>if</code>-statement to make the program run again."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to insert the "
+"<code>if</code>-statement inside the <code>while</code>-statement every time "
+"I produce a copy of the program. I don't have to design a factory to make "
+"copies of my program, because there are various general commands that will "
+"make copies of anything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If I want to make copies on CD I just have to write a master; and there's "
+"one program I can [use to] make a master out of anything, write any data I "
+"want. I can make a master CD and write it and send it off to a factory, and "
+"they'll duplicate whatever I send them. I don't have to design a different "
+"factory for each thing I want to duplicate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Very often with physical engineering you have to do that; you have to design "
+"products for manufacturability. Designing the factory may even be a bigger "
+"job than designing the product, and then you may have to spend millions of "
+"dollars to build the factory. So with all of this trouble, you're not going "
+"to be able to put together so many different ideas in one product and have "
+"it work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A physical design with a million non-repeating different design elements is "
+"a gigantic project. A program with a million different design elements, "
+"that's nothing. It's a few hundred thousand lines of code, and a few people "
+"will write that in a few years, so it's not a big deal. So the result is "
+"that the patent system weighs proportionately heavier on us than it does on "
+"people in any other field who are being held back by the perversity of "
+"matter."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A lawyer did a study of one particular large program, namely the kernel "
+"Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system that I "
+"launched. This was five years ago now; he found 283 different US patents, "
+"each of which appeared to prohibit some computation done somewhere in the "
+"code of Linux. At the time I saw an article saying that Linux was 0.25% of "
+"the whole system. So by multiplying 300 by 400 we can estimate the number "
+"of patents that would prohibit something in the whole system as being around "
+"100,000. This is a very rough estimate only, and no more accurate "
+"information is available, since trying to figure it out would be a gigantic "
+"task."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that would have "
+"endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them in a position "
+"where the penalties if they were sued would be greater. He didn't want to "
+"hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this problem is, of patent "
+"gridlock."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers can understand this immediately, but politicians usually don't "
+"know much about programming; they usually imagine that patents are basically "
+"much like copyrights, only somehow stronger. They imagine that since "
+"software developers are not endangered by the copyrights on their work, that "
+"they won't be endangered by the patents on their work either. They imagine "
+"that, since when you write a program you have the copyright, [that] if you "
+"write a program so you have the patents also. This is false, so how do we "
+"give them a clue what patents would really do? What they really do in "
+"countries like the US?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and symphonies. "
+"Here's why it's a good analogy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"A program or symphony combines many ideas. A symphony combines many musical "
+"ideas. But you can't just pick a bunch of ideas and say “Here's my "
+"combination of ideas, do you like it?” Because in order to make them "
+"work you have to implement them all. You can't just pick musical ideas and "
+"list them and say “Hey, how do you like this combination?” You "
+"can't hear that [list]. You have to write notes which implement all these "
+"ideas together."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"The hard task, the thing most of us wouldn't be any good at, is writing all "
+"these notes to make the whole thing sound good. Sure, lots of us could pick "
+"musical ideas out of a list, but we wouldn't know how to write a good-"
+"sounding symphony to implement those ideas. Only some of us have that "
+"talent. That's the thing that limits you. I could probably invent a few "
+"musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how to use them to any effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So imagine that it's the 1700s, and the governments of Europe decide that "
+"they want to promote the progress of symphonic music by establishing a "
+"system of musical idea patents, so that any musical idea described in words "
+"could be patented."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a motif could be "
+"patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a rhythmic pattern "
+"could be patented, or using certain instruments by themselves could be "
+"patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could be patented. Any "
+"sort of musical idea that could be described in words would have been "
+"patentable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and you want to write a "
+"symphony. You're going to find it's much harder to write a symphony you "
+"don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good, because you have to "
+"thread your way around all the patents that exist. If you complained about "
+"this, the patent holders would say “Oh, Beethoven, you're just jealous "
+"because we had these ideas first. Why don't you go and think of some ideas "
+"of your own?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now Beethoven had ideas of his own. The reason he's considered a great "
+"composer is because of all of the new ideas that he had, and he actually "
+"used. And he knew how to use them in such a way that they would work, which "
+"was to combine them with lots of well-known ideas. He could put a few new "
+"ideas into a composition together with a lot of old and uncontroversial "
+"ideas. And the result was a piece that was controversial, but not so much "
+"so that people couldn't get used to it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound controversial; I'm told it was, when "
+"it was new. But because he combined his new ideas with a lot of known "
+"ideas, he was able to give people a chance to stretch a certain amount. And "
+"they could, which is why to us those ideas sound just fine. But nobody, not "
+"even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he could reinvent music from zero, "
+"not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that people would "
+"want to listen to. And nobody is such a genius he could reinvent computing "
+"from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas, and make something that "
+"people want to use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"When the technological context changes so frequently, you end up with a "
+"situation where what was done 20 years ago is totally inadequate. Twenty "
+"years ago there was no World Wide Web. So sure, people did a lot of things "
+"with computers back then, but what they want to do today are things that "
+"work with the World Wide Web. And you can't do that using only the ideas "
+"that were known 20 years ago. And I presume that the technological context "
+"will continue to change, creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get "
+"patents that give the shaft to the whole field."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Big companies can even do this themselves. For instance, a few years ago "
+"Microsoft decided to make a phony open standard for documents and to get it "
+"approved as a standard by corrupting the International Standards "
+"Organisation, which they did. But they designed it using something that "
+"Microsoft had patented. Microsoft is big enough that it can start with a "
+"patent, design a format or protocol to use that patented idea (whether it's "
+"helpful or not), in such a way that there's no way to be compatible unless "
+"you use that same idea too. And then Microsoft can make that a de facto "
+"standard with or without help from corrupted standards bodies. Just by its "
+"weight it can push people into using that format, and that basically means "
+"that they get a stranglehold over the whole world. So we need to show the "
+"politicians what's really going on here. We need to show them why this is "
+"bad."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now I've heard it said that the reason New Zealand is considering software "
+"patents is that one large company wants to be given some monopolies. To "
+"restrict everyone in the country so that one company will make more money is "
+"the absolute opposite of statesmanship."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid "So, at this point, I'd like to ask for questions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "Q."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "What is the alternative?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+msgid "A."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No software patents. I know that that works fine. I was in the field when "
+"there were no software patents. And that meant people developed software, "
+"and they distributed that software in various ways, and they didn't have to "
+"worry about getting sued by patent holders for doing it, so they were safe. "
+"Software patents don't solve a real problem, so we don't need to ask what "
+"other solution is there."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "How do the developers get rewarded?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Many ways. Software patents have nothing to do with that. Remember if "
+"you're a software developer, software patents don't help you get whatever "
+"you want to get."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Different software developers want different things. I developed some "
+"important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was to see people "
+"using computers in freedom. And I got that reward, although not totally, "
+"not everybody has freedom. But software patents would only have stopped me."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other people developed programs because they wanted money. Software patents "
+"threaten them, too, and still threaten them, because you're not going to "
+"make any money if patent holders demand that you give it all to them, or if "
+"they make you shut down."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "How do you prevent plagiarism and still…"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Plagiarism has nothing to do with this issue. It has absolutely nothing to "
+"do with this issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and claiming to have written it "
+"yourself. But patents are not concerned with the text of any particular "
+"work. They simply have nothing to do with this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you write a work and this work embodies some ideas, which it always does, "
+"there's no reason to think that the patents covering those ideas would "
+"belong to you. They're more likely to belong to lots of others, and half of "
+"them to the megacorporations, and they can then all sue you. So you don't "
+"even have to worry [about plagiarsm]; long before you get to the point where "
+"somebody else might copy it, you're going to be getting the shaft."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You are confusing patents with copyrights, I'm afraid. They have nothing in "
+"common. I've explained to you what the patent system does to software, but "
+"I think you don't believe me because you've heard what copyrights do and "
+"you're confusing the two, so these impressions you've got about what "
+"copyrights do, you're just assuming that patents do them also—and they "
+"don't. If you write some code, the copyright on that code would belong to "
+"you; but if your code implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, "
+"those patents belong to others who could then sue you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"You don't have to be afraid, with copyright, that when you write code "
+"yourself, that somebody else already has a copyright on it and can sue you, "
+"because copyright only restricts copying. In fact, even if you write "
+"something which is identical to what somebody else wrote, if you can prove "
+"you didn't copy it, that's a defense under copyright law, because copyright "
+"law is only concerned with copying. But copyright law is only concerned "
+"with the details of authorship of a work [i.e., not th ideas it embodies], "
+"so it has nothing in common with patent law in terms of what it deals with, "
+"and the effects are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now I'm not in favor personally of all the things that people do with "
+"copyright law, I've criticized it. But it's a totally different, unrelated "
+"issue. If you think that patent law helps somebody who is developing "
+"software, it means that you have got a completely wrong picture of what "
+"patent law actually does."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Don't get me wrong. I'm on your side."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"OK, but still you've got a wrong picture. I'm not blaming you for it, "
+"because you've just been misinformed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"If I'm writing software for commercial purposes, do I get good protection by "
+"treating it as a black box and keeping it secret?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"I don't want to discuss that question because I'm not in favor of it, I "
+"think it's unethical to do that, but that's an unrelated issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I understand that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"I don't want to change the subject and then praise something that I think is "
+"bad. But because it's a change of subject I'd rather not get into that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Our Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology, I think they're "
+"probably the equivalent of your National Science Foundation, provides grants "
+"for research and development and one of the things that they propose pretty "
+"actively is that ideas that they have funded should be secured if possible "
+"by patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"That shouldn't be the case in software, because software ideas shouldn't be "
+"patentable ever by anyone. But what you are seeing there, more generally, "
+"is an example of the general corruption of our society by putting commercial "
+"aims above all others. Now I'm not a communist and I don't want to abolish "
+"business, but when it becomes business above all, every aspect of life "
+"oriented towards business, that is dangerous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So Richard, if you talk to the Foundation, perhaps you might propose that "
+"there are better ways for a small country like New Zealand to make money on "
+"software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents don't help anybody make money out of software. They mean "
+"that you're in danger of getting sued when you try."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Which makes it difficult for New Zealand as a country to build an economic "
+"base using software as part of that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Sorry, when you say “which” I don't know what you are referring "
+"to. Software patents will make it difficult for anyone. If New Zealand "
+"allows software patents, that will make it difficult in New Zealand for "
+"anybody to develop programs and distribute them, because you'll be in danger "
+"of getting sued. Software patents have nothing to do with developing a "
+"program and then putting it to some use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So New Zealand, in terms of its economic development, it would be better "
+"protected by having no software patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Yes. You see, each country has its own patent system, and they work "
+"independently, except that countries have signed up to a treaty that says "
+"\"if you have got a patent in that country, you can basically bring your "
+"application over here, and we'll judge it based on the year you applied for "
+"it over there\". But other than that, each country has its own criteria for "
+"what can be patented and has its own set of patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So the result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand does not, "
+"that means that everybody in the world, including New Zealanders, can get US "
+"software patents and sue us poor Americans at home. But if New Zealand "
+"doesn't allow software patents that means that neither you nor we can get "
+"New Zealand software patents to sue you New Zealanders at home. You can be "
+"sure that almost all the software patents will belong to foreigners who will "
+"use them to basically kick any New Zealand software developers whenever they "
+"get the chance."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I don't know about that case."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"But basically New Zealand's had software patents. It's not like we're going "
+"into a field where we don't already have them, we do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"I don't know, but I'm told that there's a decision being made now at the "
+"legislative level of whether to allow them. But Patent Offices often "
+"respond to lobbying from megacorporations through WIPO."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"WIPO, as you can tell from its name, which is the World Intellectual "
+"Property Organisation, is up to no good, because any use of that term is "
+"spreading confusion. WIPO gets a lot of its funds from megacorporations, "
+"and uses those funds to bring officials from Patent Offices to idyllic "
+"resort destinations for training. What they train them to do is twist the "
+"law to allow patents in areas where they're not supposed to be allowed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"In many countries there are laws and court decisions which say that software "
+"as such can't be patented, algorithms can't be patented, or “"
+"mathematical” algorithms can't be patented (no one's quite sure what "
+"it means for an algorithm to be mathematical or not), and various other "
+"criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule out software patents, but "
+"the patent offices twist the law to allow them anyway."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, a lot of things which practically speaking are software "
+"patents have the form where they describe a system involving a central "
+"processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities, instruction-fetching "
+"facilities, and means to perform this particular computation. In effect "
+"they've written explicitly into the patent all the parts of an ordinary "
+"computer, and then they say “Well, this is a physical system which we "
+"would like to patent”, but really it's just patenting certain software "
+"on a computer. There are many subterfuges that they've used."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"Patent Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing more "
+"patents. In the US software patents were created by a court decision in "
+"1982, in the Appeals Court that deals with all patent cases, which "
+"misunderstood a Supreme Court decision from the previous year, and "
+"misapplied it. Now it looks like that Appeals Court has finally changed its "
+"mind, and it's come to the conclusion that it was mistaken all along; and it "
+"looks like this decision will get rid of all software patents, unless the "
+"Supreme Court reverses it. The Supreme Court is now considering it, and "
+"within less than a year we should find out whether we've won or lost."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Should that case be unsuccessful, is there any movement in the States to "
+"take a legislated solution?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, and I been promoting this for about 19 years now. It's a battle that "
+"we fight over and over in various different countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Where in your universe do you put the in I4i case?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I have no idea what that is."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"It's where Microsoft has basically almost had to shut down on selling Word, "
+"because they were found to have infringed a Canadian patent."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Oh, that one. That's just an example of how dangerous software patents are "
+"to all software developers. I don't like what Microsoft does, but that's an "
+"issue that's irrelevant for this purpose. It's not good that somebody can "
+"sue a software developer and say “I won't let you distribute such "
+"software”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Obviously we live in an imperfect world, and in some cases we run into the "
+"issue of software patents. Do you think that we should allow privileges for "
+"researchers to get around patents in the same way that copyright law allows "
+"research on copyright material?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No, it's a mistake to look for partial solutions, because we have a much "
+"better chance of establishing a full solution. Everybody involved in "
+"software development and distribution and use, except the ones in the "
+"megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software patents are, they "
+"will get behind total rejection of software patents. Whereas an exception "
+"for some special case will only win support from the people in that special "
+"case. These partial solutions are essentially distractions. People start "
+"by saying “Oh, I'm sure we can't really solve the problem, so I give "
+"up on that. Let me propose a partial solution.” But these partial "
+"solutions don't make it safe to develop software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"You wouldn't, however, oppose a partial solution that's not necessarily just "
+"directed at software patents, so you wouldn't oppose experimental use, which "
+"may be a good solution for the pharmaceutical patent."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I wouldn't oppose that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"But what you're saying is that you don't think it's applicable to software, "
+"just to clarify."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Something that saves only a few of us, or only certain activities, or gets "
+"rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to saying “Well, "
+"maybe we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we could destroy half "
+"the mines in the minefield.” [That's an improvement] but that doesn't "
+"make it safe."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"So you've been speaking the same thing all around the world. How much "
+"uptake has there been? Have governments changed, or not adopted software "
+"patents?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Some have. In India a few years ago, there was an attempt to change patent "
+"law to explicitly allow software patents and it was dropped. A few years "
+"ago the US proposed a trade treaty, a free exploitation treaty, with Latin "
+"America. And it was blocked by the president of Brazil, who said no to "
+"software patents and another nasty thing relating to computers, and that "
+"killed the whole treaty. That's apparently the whole thing that the US "
+"wanted to impose on the rest of the continent. But these things don't stay "
+"dead; there are companies that have full-time staff looking for some way "
+"they can subvert some country or other."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"Is there any real hard data around what happens in economic terms in the "
+"innovation communities in countries that have essentially no software "
+"patents?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"There isn't any. It's almost impossible to measure these things. Actually, "
+"I shouldn't say there isn't any. There is a little. It's very hard to "
+"measure the effect of the patent system, because you're comparing the real "
+"world with a counterfactual world, and there's no way to be sure what would "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"What I can say is before there were software patents, there was lots of "
+"software development; not as much as there is now, because of course there "
+"were nowhere near as many computer users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US? It was a small "
+"fraction of the public. But there were software developers. They weren't "
+"saying “We desperately want patents”. They weren't getting sued "
+"for patent infringement after they developed their programs. But there is a "
+"bit of [economic] research that I saw that apparently software patents "
+"resulted not in an increase in research, but [in] a shift of funds from "
+"research into patenting."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Do you expect that there would be any interest in trade secrets?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"No. Before there were software patents, a lot of software developers kept "
+"the details of their programs secret. But they usually wouldn't keep any of "
+"the general ideas secret, because that they realized that the big job in "
+"developing good software was not picking your general ideas, it was "
+"implementing a lot of ideas together. So they would publish, [or] they "
+"would let their employees publish, in scholarly journals any interesting new "
+"ideas that they'd had. So now, they'll patent those new ideas. It has very "
+"little to do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know "
+"some ideas doesn't give them a program. Besides, most of the ideas, the "
+"thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known anyway."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"To back that up, I was listening to an interview, one of the founders of "
+"PayPal was interviewed, and he said that he really felt strongly that his "
+"success was 5% idea and 95% execution, and that supports your point really "
+"well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "I agree."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Excellent. Richard has here stickers which I believe are free"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid "Gratis. And these [other items] are for sale."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"so you're welcome to come down. It's been a great debate - thank you "
+"Richard."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative "
+"Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";> http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a> or send a letter to Creative "
+"Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/free-doc.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/free-doc.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/free-doc.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/free-doc.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# Turkish translations for free-doc.html package
+# free-doc.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the free-doc.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: free-doc.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-16 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:41+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Free Software and Free Manuals - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Free Software and Free Manuals"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"/copyleft/fdl.html\">The GNU Free Documentation License</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the "
+"software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in "
+"these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with full "
+"manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when "
+"an important free software package does not come with a free manual, that is "
+"a major gap. We have many such gaps today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got a "
+"copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked Perl users "
+"about alternatives, they told me that there were better introductory "
+"manuals—but those were not free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for O'Reilly "
+"Associates, which published them with restrictive terms—no copying, no "
+"modification, source files not available—which exclude them from the "
+"free software community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to our "
+"community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary manual "
+"publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their manuals since "
+"then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell me about a manual "
+"that he is writing, with which he expects to help the GNU Project—and "
+"then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to explain that he had signed a "
+"contract with a publisher that would restrict it so that we cannot use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we can "
+"ill afford to lose manuals this way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. "
+"The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly Associates charged a "
+"price for printed copies—that in itself is fine. (The Free Software "
+"Foundation <a href=\"/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation\">sells "
+"printed copies</a> of free <a href=\"/doc/doc.html\">GNU manuals</a>, too.) "
+"But GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are "
+"available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and "
+"modify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free "
+"software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms. "
+"Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so "
+"that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, on line or on "
+"paper. Permission for modification is crucial too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have "
+"permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues for "
+"writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For example, I "
+"don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like "
+"this one, which describe our actions and our views."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for "
+"documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify "
+"the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they "
+"will change the manual too—so they can provide accurate and usable "
+"documentation with the modified program. A manual which forbids programmers "
+"from being conscientious and finishing the job, or more precisely requires "
+"them to write a new manual from scratch if they change the program, does not "
+"fill our community's needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some kinds of "
+"limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For example, "
+"requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, the "
+"distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is also no problem "
+"to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified, even "
+"to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, as long as these "
+"sections deal with nontechnical topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical "
+"matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the "
+"manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block the "
+"free software community from making full use of the manual."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of "
+"the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usual media, "
+"through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do block the "
+"community, the manual is not free, and so we need another manual."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another manual when "
+"a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many users think that a "
+"proprietary manual is good enough—so they don't see the need to write "
+"a free manual. They do not see that the free operating system has a gap "
+"that needs filling."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some have not "
+"considered the issue. I hope this article will do something to change that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same reason so "
+"many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they judge in purely "
+"practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion. These people are "
+"entitled to their opinions, but since those opinions spring from values "
+"which do not include freedom, they are no guide for those of us who do value "
+"freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals to "
+"proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary manuals are "
+"not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help GNU by writing "
+"documentation will realize, before it is too late, that he must above all "
+"make it free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals "
+"instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the "
+"distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted "
+"manuals to non-copylefted ones."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"[Note: We maintain a <a href=\"/doc/other-free-books.html\">page that lists "
+"free books available from other publishers</a>]."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, "
+"2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# Turkish translations for lessig-fsfs-intro.html package
+# lessig-fsfs-intro.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
lessig-fsfs-intro.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: lessig-fsfs-intro.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-01-07 04:28-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:24+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Introduction to Free Software, Free Society - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid ""
+"Introduction to <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-";
+"society/\"><i>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. "
+"Stallman</i></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Every generation has its philosopher — a writer or an artist who "
+"captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are "
+"recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection is made "
+"real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people who speak its "
+"ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast of a political "
+"movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a professional "
+"writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his work in the labs of "
+"<abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>, as a "
+"programmer and architect building operating system software. He has built "
+"his career on a stage of public life, as a programmer and an architect "
+"founding a movement for freedom in a world increasingly defined by “"
+"code.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether "
+"inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of "
+"instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality of "
+"machines. These machines — computers — increasingly define and "
+"control our life. They determine how phones connect, and what runs on TV. "
+"They decide whether video can be streamed across a broadband link to a "
+"computer. They control what a computer reports back to its manufacturer. "
+"These machines run us. Code runs these machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What freedom "
+"should there be to match the control it enables? What power?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These questions have been the challenge of Stallman's life. Through his "
+"works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of keeping code "
+"“free.” Not free in the sense that code writers don't get paid, "
+"but free in the sense that the control coders build be transparent to all, "
+"and that anyone have the right to take that control, and modify it as he or "
+"she sees fit. This is “free software”; “free "
+"software” is one answer to a world built in code."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own term. There's "
+"nothing to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and this term “"
+"free” does this puzzling work quite well. To modern American ears, "
+"“free software” sounds utopian, impossible. Nothing, not even "
+"lunch, is free. How could the most important words running the most critical "
+"machines running the world be “free.” How could a sane society "
+"aspire to such an ideal?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us, not of "
+"the term. “Free” has different senses, only one of which refers "
+"to “price.” A much more fundamental sense of “free” "
+"is the “free,” Stallman says, in the term “free speech,"
+"” or perhaps better in the term “free labor.” Not free as "
+"in costless, but free as in limited in its control by others. Free software "
+"is control that is transparent, and open to change, just as free laws, or "
+"the laws of a “free society,” are free when they make their "
+"control knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman's “free "
+"software movement” is to make as much code as it can transparent, and "
+"subject to change, by rendering it “free.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device called "
+"“copyleft” implemented through a license called GPL. Using the "
+"power of copyright law, “free software” not only assures that it "
+"remains open, and subject to change, but that other software that takes and "
+"uses “free software” (and that technically counts as a “"
+"derivative work”) must also itself be free. If you use and adapt a "
+"free software program, and then release that adapted version to the public, "
+"the released version must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It "
+"must, or the law of copyright will be violated."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Free software,” like free societies, has its enemies. Microsoft "
+"has waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever will listen that the GPL is "
+"a “dangerous” license. The dangers it names, however, are "
+"largely illusory. Others object to the “coercion” in GPL's "
+"insistence that modified versions are also free. But a condition is not "
+"coercion. If it is not coercion for Microsoft to refuse to permit users to "
+"distribute modified versions of its product Office without paying it "
+"(presumably) millions, then it is not coercion when the GPL insists that "
+"modified versions of free software be free too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And then there are those who call Stallman's message too extreme. But "
+"extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman's work is a simple "
+"translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the world before "
+"code. “Free software” would assure that the world governed by "
+"code is as “free” as our tradition that built the world before "
+"code."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But there are "
+"limits that any free society places on this regulation through law: No "
+"society that kept its laws secret could ever be called free. No government "
+"that hid its regulations from the regulated could ever stand in our "
+"tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only when visibly. And law "
+"is visible only when its terms are knowable and controllable by those it "
+"regulates, or by the agents of those it regulates (lawyers, legislatures)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think about "
+"the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by their clients "
+"to advance their clients' interests. Sometimes that interest is advanced "
+"through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers write briefs. "
+"These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges. These opinions "
+"decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain law can stand "
+"consistently with a constitution."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman means. "
+"Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The arguments are "
+"transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the reasoning "
+"can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers. The opinions "
+"they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be copied and "
+"integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code” for "
+"American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for anyone to "
+"take. And take lawyers do — for it is a measure of a great brief that "
+"it achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The "
+"source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn't starve "
+"lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs even though "
+"the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else. The lawyer is a "
+"craftsman; his or her product is public. Yet the crafting is not charity. "
+"Lawyers get paid; the public doesn't demand such work without price. Instead "
+"this economy flourishes, with later work added to the earlier."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We could imagine a legal practice that was different — briefs and "
+"arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not the "
+"reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one else. "
+"Regulation that operated without explaining its rule."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it “"
+"free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be better "
+"or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as free. "
+"The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more than "
+"efficient application. Instead, openness and transparency are the "
+"constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be added "
+"if convenient to the leaders. Life governed by software code should be no "
+"less."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more productive. But "
+"the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and incentives do not "
+"depend upon perfect control over the products created. Like jazz, or novels, "
+"or architecture, the law gets built upon the work that went before. This "
+"adding and changing is what creativity always is. And a free society is one "
+"that assures that its most important resources remain free in just this "
+"sense."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For the first time, this book collects the writing and lectures of Richard "
+"Stallman in a manner that will make their subtlety and power clear. The "
+"essays span a wide range, from copyright to the history of the free software "
+"movement. They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an "
+"especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render "
+"copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource for "
+"those who seek to understand the thought of this most powerful man — "
+"powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if powerless in "
+"every other way. They will inspire others who would take these ideas, and "
+"build upon them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I don't know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a hard man "
+"to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare at friend as "
+"easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent; patient in both."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of code "
+"— when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like government, must "
+"be transparent to be free — then we will look back at this "
+"uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has "
+"fought to make real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge "
+"survives the compiler. And we will come to see that no man, through his "
+"deeds or words, has done as much to make possible the freedom that this next "
+"society could have."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing it. But "
+"whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of what that "
+"freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words and works, there "
+"is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight to create this "
+"freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br /> <strong>Professor of Law, Stanford "
+"Law School.</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";>Learn "
+"more about <i>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. "
+"Stallman</i></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted "
+"without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+# Turkish translations for misinterpreting-copyright.html package
+# misinterpreting-copyright.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
misinterpreting-copyright.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: misinterpreting-copyright.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-16 16:26-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:43+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Misinterpreting Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US "
+"Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, "
+"listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of "
+"publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and "
+"disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own "
+"benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to "
+"frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their stated "
+"purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that purpose? To "
+"understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States "
+"copyright law: the US Constitution."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to "
+"a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders of our "
+"country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural right "
+"of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
+"progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with "
+"this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"[Congress shall have the power] to promote the progress of science and the "
+"useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the "
+"exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
+"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film v. "
+"Doyal</em>, the court said,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in conferring "
+"the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the public "
+"from the labors of authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by "
+"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is "
+"supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a "
+"natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing "
+"could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any "
+"more than everyone's house should become public property after a certain "
+"lapse of time from its construction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The “copyright bargain”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
+"publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, it "
+"does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for authors to "
+"write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends the public's "
+"natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the "
+"public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the “"
+"copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a highway or "
+"an airplane using taxpayers' money, except that the government spends our "
+"freedom instead of our money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But is the bargain as it exists actually a good deal for the public? Many "
+"alternative bargains are possible; which one is best? Every issue of "
+"copyright policy is part of this question. If we misunderstand the nature "
+"of the question, we will tend to decide the issues badly."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Constitution authorizes granting copyright powers to authors. In "
+"practice, authors typically cede them to publishers; it is usually the "
+"publishers, not the authors, who exercise these powers and get most of the "
+"benefits, though authors may get a small portion. Thus it is usually the "
+"publishers that lobby to increase copyright powers. To better reflect the "
+"reality of copyright rather than the myth, this article refers to publishers "
+"rather than authors as the holders of copyright powers. It also refers to "
+"the users of copyrighted works as “readers,” even though using "
+"them does not always mean reading, because “the users” is remote "
+"and abstract."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first error: “striking a balance”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
+"public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
+"means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
+"thus qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting "
+"the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same "
+"level of importance as the readers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+"balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who "
+"cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position "
+"stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent "
+"to the copyright bargain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
+"conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
+"assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
+"only quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in "
+"what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often "
+"used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest "
+"in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
+"qualitative distinction between the readers' and publishers' interests which "
+"is at the root of the government's participation in the copyright bargain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
+"protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that "
+"copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never "
+"in the name of the publishers—is discarded by the “"
+"balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
+"regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other "
+"words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can be "
+"justified in the name of someone other than the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” concept "
+"is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright law. The "
+"copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the "
+"readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this "
+"burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that "
+"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the "
+"readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we "
+"are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege "
+"they request."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since the idea of “striking a balance” between publishers and "
+"readers denies the readers the primacy they are entitled to, we must reject "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Balancing against what?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of the "
+"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best "
+"for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, when signing contracts with construction companies to build "
+"highways, the government aims to spend as little as possible of the public's "
+"money. Government agencies use competitive bidding to push the price down."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the price cannot be zero, because contractors will "
+"not bid that low. Although not entitled to special consideration, they have "
+"the usual rights of citizens in a free society, including the right to "
+"refuse disadvantageous contracts; even the lowest bid will be high enough "
+"for some contractor to make money. So there is indeed a balance, of a "
+"kind. But it is not a deliberate balancing of two interests each with claim "
+"to special consideration. It is a balance between a public goal and market "
+"forces. The government tries to obtain for the taxpaying motorists the best "
+"deal they can get in the context of a free society and a free market."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the copyright bargain, the government spends our freedom instead of our "
+"money. Freedom is more precious than money, so government's responsibility "
+"to spend our freedom wisely and frugally is even greater than its "
+"responsibility to spend our money thus. Governments must never put the "
+"publishers' interests on a par with the public's freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Not “balance” but “trade-off”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea of balancing the readers' interests against the publishers' is the "
+"wrong way to judge copyright policy, but there are indeed two interests to "
+"be weighed: two interests <b>of the readers</b>. Readers have an interest "
+"in their own freedom in using published works; depending on circumstances, "
+"they may also have an interest in encouraging publication through some kind "
+"of incentive system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
+"stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between "
+"the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word “"
+"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing. "
+"We need another term."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In general, when one party has two goals that partly conflict, and cannot "
+"completely achieve both of them, we call this a “trade-off.” "
+"Therefore, rather than speaking of “striking the right balance” "
+"between parties, we should speak of “finding the right trade-off "
+"between spending our freedom and keeping it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The second error: maximizing one output"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
+"maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. "
+"The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the "
+"publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
+"above the readers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
+"stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
+"purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing "
+"a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of "
+"diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular "
+"good is likely to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
+"choose to keep some money for another use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. The "
+"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose "
+"sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+"additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+"bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+"literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say "
+"it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain "
+"whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to "
+"the utmost possible extent."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more "
+"advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must cede "
+"nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more "
+"publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The rhetoric of maximization"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
+"freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
+"copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, the "
+"publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term designed "
+"to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking a ship. "
+"(This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who "
+"found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the "
+"publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the "
+"constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
+"unquestioned tradition of the American legal system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so "
+"pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is "
+"effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we "
+"can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to "
+"do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers "
+"should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of "
+"all—“We want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except using "
+"side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
+"exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
+"distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to argue "
+"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it "
+"might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, "
+"and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous "
+"conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's "
+"good for General Media is good for the USA."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The third error: maximizing publishers' power"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
+"publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
+"requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright "
+"cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such "
+"as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, "
+"which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right "
+"of first sale,” is being pressed at every available level of "
+"government, from states of the US to international bodies."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the creation "
+"of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of some "
+"of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if "
+"today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Even if we wanted the highest possible rate of publication, regardless of "
+"cost to the public, maximizing publishers' power is the wrong way to get "
+"it. As a means of promoting progress, it is self-defeating."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The results of the three errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The current trend in copyright legislation is to hand publishers broader "
+"powers for longer periods of time. The conceptual basis of copyright, as it "
+"emerges distorted from the series of errors, rarely offers a basis for "
+"saying no. Legislators give lip service to the idea that copyright serves "
+"the public, while in fact giving publishers whatever they ask for."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, here is what Senator Hatch said when introducing S. 483, a 1995 "
+"bill to increase the term of copyright by 20 years:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"I believe we are now at such a point with respect to the question of whether "
+"the current term of copyright adequately protects the interests of authors "
+"and the related question of whether the term of protection continues to "
+"provide a sufficient incentive for the creation of new works of authorship."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This bill extended the copyright on already published works written since "
+"the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
+"benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now "
+"the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom "
+"that is meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that "
+"era."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For works "
+"made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75 "
+"years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; "
+"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be "
+"required substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years "
+"in the future."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a law "
+"extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was called the Sonny Bono "
+"Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who died "
+"earlier that year. His widow, who served the rest of his term, made this "
+"statement:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, Sonny wanted copyright to last forever. I am informed by staff "
+"that such a change would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to "
+"work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all ways available to us. "
+"As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal to last forever less one "
+"day. Perhaps the committee may look at that next Congress."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on the "
+"grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's "
+"goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its "
+"responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution "
+"requires only lip service."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+"copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to "
+"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"An even worse law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was designed "
+"to bring back copy protection (which computer users detest) by making it a "
+"crime to break copy protection, or even publish information about how to "
+"break it. This law ought to be called the “Domination by Media "
+"Corporations Act” because it effectively offers publishers the chance "
+"to write their own copyright law. It says they can impose any restrictions "
+"whatsoever on the use of a work, and these restrictions take the force of "
+"law provided the work contains some sort of encryption or license manager to "
+"enforce them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
+"recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by "
+"the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, "
+"an organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with "
+"the aid of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+"increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+"country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty "
+"required."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
+"aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair use."
+"” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, "
+"now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the "
+"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking for."
+"” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status "
+"quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until "
+"the present day."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this "
+"bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been "
+"disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were "
+"needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well "
+"as the “music industry” and other “industries.” I "
+"asked him, “But is this in the public interest?” His response "
+"was telling: “Why are you talking about the public interest? These "
+"creative people don't have to give up their rights for the public interest!"
+"” The “industry” has been identified with the “"
+"creative people” it hires, copyright has been treated as its "
+"entitlement, and the Constitution has been turned upside down."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The DMCA was enacted in 1998. As enacted, it says that fair use remains "
+"nominally legitimate, but allows publishers to prohibit all software or "
+"hardware that you could practice it with. Effectively, fair use is "
+"prohibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Based on this law, the movie industry has imposed censorship on free "
+"software for reading and playing DVDs, and even on the information about how "
+"to read them. In April 2001, Professor Edward Felten of Princeton "
+"University was intimidated by lawsuit threats from the Recording Industry "
+"Association of America (RIAA) into withdrawing a scientific paper stating "
+"what he had learned about a proposed encryption system for restricting "
+"access to recorded music."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
+"traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your "
+"friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy "
+"it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to "
+"read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
+"activities—you can read them only with special secret software "
+"designed to restrict you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I will never buy one of these encrypted, restricted e-books, and I hope you "
+"will reject them too. If an e-book doesn't give you the same freedoms as a "
+"traditional paper book, don't accept it!"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
+"risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in "
+"2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written "
+"such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is "
+"preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted "
+"one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not because "
+"readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other "
+"reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read "
+"from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; "
+"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper”"
+"—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
+"downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's "
+"display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it. "
+"Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental "
+"schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of restricted e-"
+"books."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded Senator "
+"Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and "
+"Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would "
+"require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to "
+"have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
+"goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that "
+"can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public "
+"to “tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since "
+"free software is software that users can modify, we face here for the first "
+"time a proposed law that explicitly prohibits free software for a certain "
+"job. Prohibition of other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this "
+"rule, existing free software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To block these bills and rules requires political action.<a href=\"#footnote2"
+"\">[2]</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Finding the right bargain"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What is the proper way to decide copyright policy? If copyright is a bargain "
+"made on behalf of the public, it should serve the public interest above "
+"all. The government's duty when selling the public's freedom is to sell "
+"only what it must, and sell it as dearly as possible. At the very least, we "
+"should pare back the extent of copyright as much as possible while "
+"maintaining a comparable level of publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since we cannot find this minimum price in freedom through competitive "
+"bidding, as we do for construction projects, how can we find it?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One possible method is to reduce copyright privileges in stages, and observe "
+"the results. By seeing if and when measurable diminutions in publication "
+"occur, we will learn how much copyright power is really necessary to achieve "
+"the public's purposes. We must judge this by actual observation, not by "
+"what publishers say will happen, because they have every incentive to make "
+"exaggerated predictions of doom if their powers are reduced in any way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright policy includes several independent dimensions, which can be "
+"adjusted separately. After we find the necessary minimum for one policy "
+"dimension, it may still be possible to reduce other dimensions of copyright "
+"while maintaining the desired publication level."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One important dimension of copyright is its duration, which is now typically "
+"on the order of a century. Reducing the monopoly on copying to ten years, "
+"starting from the date when a work is published, would be a good first "
+"step. Another aspect of copyright, which covers the making of derivative "
+"works, could continue for a longer period."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Why count from the date of publication? Because copyright on unpublished "
+"works does not directly limit readers' freedom; whether we are free to copy "
+"a work is moot when we do not have copies. So giving authors a longer time "
+"to get a work published does no harm. Authors (who generally do own the "
+"copyright prior to publication) will rarely choose to delay publication just "
+"to push back the end of the copyright term."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Why ten years? Because that is a safe proposal; we can be confident on "
+"practical grounds that this reduction would have little impact on the "
+"overall viability of publishing today. In most media and genres, successful "
+"works are very profitable in just a few years, and even successful works are "
+"usually out of print well before ten. Even for reference works, whose "
+"useful life may be many decades, ten-year copyright should suffice: updated "
+"editions are issued regularly, and many readers will buy the copyrighted "
+"current edition rather than copy a ten-year-old public domain version."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Ten years may still be longer than necessary; once things settle down, we "
+"could try a further reduction to tune the system. At a panel on copyright "
+"at a literary convention, where I proposed the ten-year term, a noted "
+"fantasy author sitting beside me objected vehemently, saying that anything "
+"beyond five years was intolerable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we don't have to apply the same time span to all kinds of works. "
+"Maintaining the utmost uniformity of copyright policy is not crucial to the "
+"public interest, and copyright law already has many exceptions for specific "
+"uses and media. It would be foolish to pay for every highway project at the "
+"rates necessary for the most difficult projects in the most expensive "
+"regions of the country; it is equally foolish to “pay” for all "
+"kinds of art with the greatest price in freedom that we find necessary for "
+"any one kind."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So perhaps novels, dictionaries, computer programs, songs, symphonies, and "
+"movies should have different durations of copyright, so that we can reduce "
+"the duration for each kind of work to what is necessary for many such works "
+"to be published. Perhaps movies over one hour long could have a twenty-year "
+"copyright, because of the expense of producing them. In my own field, "
+"computer programming, three years should suffice, because product cycles are "
+"even shorter than that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some ways "
+"of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted "
+"even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in reducing this "
+"dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional private small-quantity "
+"noncommercial copying and distribution among individuals. This would "
+"eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police into people's private lives, "
+"but would probably have little effect on the sales of published works. (It "
+"may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap "
+"licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such "
+"copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should also permit "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public—when so "
+"many of the public want to copy and share, and find it so useful, only "
+"draconian measures will stop them, and the public deserves to get what it "
+"wants."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For novels, and in general for works that are used for entertainment, "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution may be sufficient freedom for the "
+"readers. Computer programs, being used for functional purposes (to get jobs "
+"done), call for additional freedoms beyond that, including the freedom to "
+"publish an improved version. See “Free Software Definition,” in "
+"this book, for an explanation of the freedoms that software users should "
+"have. But it may be an acceptable compromise for these freedoms to be "
+"universally available only after a delay of two or three years from the "
+"program's publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Changes like these could bring copyright into line with the public's wish to "
+"use digital technology to copy. Publishers will no doubt find these "
+"proposals “unbalanced”; they may threaten to take their marbles "
+"and go home, but they won't really do it, because the game will remain "
+"profitable and it will be the only game in town."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
+"companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
+"would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on "
+"copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what mass-"
+"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the US "
+"legal system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "A personal note"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with "
+"copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer "
+"networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers and "
+"networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the "
+"ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of "
+"the author as semidivine <a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</"
+"a>, often cited by publishers to justify increased copyright powers for "
+"authors—powers which these authors will then sign away to publishers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, and "
+"proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to accept "
+"one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power "
+"over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have "
+"written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender "
+"your freedom in my name."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for "
+"which a good mnemonic is, “Consume, But Don't Try Programming Anything,"
+"” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and Digital "
+"Television Promotion Act.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web sites "
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a href="
+"\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href=\"http://";
+"www.eff.org\">www.eff.org</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"footnote3\"></a>The Internet being the largest of the world's "
+"computer networks."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35
-0000 1.3
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# Turkish translations for open-source-misses-the-point.html package
+# open-source-misses-the-point.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
open-source-misses-the-point.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: open-source-misses-the-point.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-15 16:26-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:37+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects the <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">users' essential freedoms</a>: the freedom "
+"to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute copies with or "
+"without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “"
+"free speech,” not “free beer.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the "
+"individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote "
+"social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even "
+"more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly "
+"digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software "
+"becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the "
+"schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free "
+"<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of "
+"these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we "
+"developed this system and built the free software community, because "
+"nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open "
+"source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these "
+"freedoms are hardly mentioned."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since "
+"1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU, "
+"so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to "
+"their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential "
+"components of the system and designed the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU "
+"General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license "
+"designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals "
+"of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software "
+"community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open "
+"source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible "
+"misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became "
+"associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free "
+"software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing "
+"campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives "
+"by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues "
+"of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters "
+"flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values. "
+"Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited "
+"nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly "
+"became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, "
+"such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the "
+"supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same "
+"association."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe "
+"almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on "
+"fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology; "
+"free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free "
+"software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the "
+"users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues "
+"in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical "
+"sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the "
+"practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree "
+"software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move "
+"to free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same "
+"software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words "
+"convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give "
+"you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends "
+"above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this, "
+"it is essential to speak of “free software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an "
+"enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to "
+"know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open "
+"source supporters."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid ""
+"Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open "
+"Source”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an "
+"unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits "
+"the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives "
+"the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the "
+"definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free "
+"speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect "
+"solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and "
+"correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own. "
+"We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly "
+"“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For "
+"instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre” "
+"works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed "
+"replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic "
+"problem—and this includes “open source software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>official definition of “"
+"open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open Source "
+"Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly from our "
+"criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little looser in "
+"some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few licenses that "
+"we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users. Nonetheless, it is "
+"fairly close to our definition in practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source "
+"software”—and the one most people seem to think it means—"
+"is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion is much "
+"weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the official "
+"definition of open source. It includes many programs that are neither free "
+"nor open source."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#. It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+#. that page is no longer available.
+msgid ""
+"Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning "
+"that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the "
+"term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open "
+"source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its "
+"source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or "
+"dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied "
+"the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the "
+"term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use "
+"of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is "
+"freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary "
+"as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <i>New York Times</i> has <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
+"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
+"37415.html\"> run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to "
+"refer to user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version "
+"and give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers "
+"have practiced for decades."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official "
+"definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it "
+"is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings, "
+"one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea "
+"of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again. "
+"But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which "
+"is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no "
+"succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for "
+"worse confusion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it "
+"means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another "
+"misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered "
+"software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted "
+"as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as "
+"free software licenses."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some "
+"organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the "
+"two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar "
+"basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to "
+"criticize the entire left."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our "
+"disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical groups. "
+"They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source camp on the basic "
+"goals and values, but their views and ours lead in many cases to the same "
+"practical behavior—such as developing free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp "
+"often work together on practical projects such as software development. It "
+"is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate "
+"different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there "
+"are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very "
+"different actions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute "
+"the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not "
+"guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily "
+"incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and "
+"reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software "
+"activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by the "
+"ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able to "
+"make the program work so well without using our development model, but you "
+"did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward schemes that "
+"take away our freedom, leading to its loss."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive, "
+"but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will "
+"support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our "
+"freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes from the "
+"supposition that the software is designed to serve its users. If it is "
+"powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their "
+"freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then "
+"powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that "
+"they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users, "
+"restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in "
+"proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them "
+"in open source programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals "
+"to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This "
+"malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a "
+"href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the "
+"antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And "
+"not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM "
+"developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to "
+"change the software that implements the DRM."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM” "
+"software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs "
+"designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others "
+"to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for "
+"restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in "
+"devices that do not allow you to change it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This software might be open source and use the open source development "
+"model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of "
+"the users that actually run it. If the open source development model "
+"succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting "
+"you, that will make it even worse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Fear of Freedom"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from "
+"the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free "
+"software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical "
+"issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as "
+"convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to "
+"ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger "
+"discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not "
+"follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They "
+"figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only "
+"about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might "
+"be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain "
+"users, especially business."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric of open "
+"source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use, and even "
+"develop, free software, which has extended our community—but only at "
+"the superficial, practical level. The philosophy of open source, with its "
+"purely practical values, impedes understanding of the deeper ideas of free "
+"software; it brings many people into our community, but does not teach them "
+"to defend it. That is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make "
+"freedom secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of "
+"the way to becoming defenders of their own freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary "
+"software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer "
+"such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline? "
+"Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to "
+"value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical "
+"convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk "
+"about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to "
+"business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes "
+"so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with "
+"free software, especially its distributors, say little about freedom—"
+"usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.” "
+"Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary packages "
+"to the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an "
+"advantage rather than a flaw."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions "
+"find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom "
+"with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were "
+"introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which "
+"doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom "
+"and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting "
+"the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about "
+"freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free "
+"software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom "
+"to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives "
+"you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say "
+"“free software” rather than “open source,” you help "
+"our campaign."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Joe Barr's article, <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/";
+"LWD010523vcontrol4/\">“Live and let license,”</a> gives his "
+"perspective on this issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Lakhani and Wolf's <a href=\"http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.";
+"pdf\">paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a "
+"considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be "
+"free. This was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on "
+"SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical "
+"issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided "
+"this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/pragmatic.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/pragmatic.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+# Turkish translations for pragmatic.html package
+# pragmatic.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the pragmatic.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: pragmatic.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-27 16:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:46+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals. "
+"People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, "
+"survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person "
+"might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"My work on free software is motivated by an idealistic goal: spreading "
+"freedom and cooperation. I want to <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html"
+"\">encourage free software to spread</a>, replacing proprietary software "
+"that forbids cooperation, and thus make our society better."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the "
+"way it is—as a <a href=\"/copyleft\"> copyleft</a>. All code added to "
+"a GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate "
+"file. I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in "
+"proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software "
+"to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary software "
+"developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use "
+"copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use "
+"our code."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend "
+"of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms, "
+"and he responded more or less like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on "
+"proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect "
+"to get <em>paid</em>.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but "
+"saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be "
+"off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he "
+"decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not "
+"enough—you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal. In "
+"other words, you need to be “pragmatic.” Is the GPL pragmatic? "
+"Let's look at its results."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU C++. Why do we have a free C++ compiler? Only because the GNU "
+"GPL said it had to be free. GNU C++ was developed by an industry "
+"consortium, MCC, starting from the GNU C compiler. MCC normally makes its "
+"work as proprietary as can be. But they made the C++ front end free "
+"software, because the GNU GPL said that was the only way they could release "
+"it. The C++ front end included many new files, but since they were meant to "
+"be linked with GCC, the GPL did apply to them. The benefit to our community "
+"is evident."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU Objective C. NeXT initially wanted to make this front end "
+"proprietary; they proposed to release it as <samp>.o</samp> files, and let "
+"users link them with the rest of GCC, thinking this might be a way around "
+"the GPL's requirements. But our lawyer said that this would not evade the "
+"requirements, that it was not allowed. And so they made the Objective C "
+"front end free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those examples happened years ago, but the GNU GPL continues to bring us "
+"more free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but "
+"not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is "
+"Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a "
+"nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer "
+"this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the "
+"program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is "
+"free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The programmers who write improvements to GCC (or Emacs, or Bash, or Linux, "
+"or any GPL-covered program) are often employed by companies or "
+"universities. When the programmer wants to return his improvements to the "
+"community, and see his code in the next release, the boss may say, “"
+"Hold on there—your code belongs to us! We don't want to share it; we "
+"have decided to turn your improved version into a proprietary software "
+"product.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here the GNU GPL comes to the rescue. The programmer shows the boss that "
+"this proprietary software product would be copyright infringement, and the "
+"boss realizes that he has only two choices: release the new code as free "
+"software, or not at all. Almost always he lets the programmer do as he "
+"intended all along, and the code goes into the next release."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy. It says “no” to some of the "
+"things that people sometimes want to do. There are users who say that this "
+"is a bad thing—that the GPL “excludes” some proprietary "
+"software developers who “need to be brought into the free software "
+"community.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we are not excluding them from our community; they are choosing not to "
+"enter. Their decision to make software proprietary is a decision to stay "
+"out of our community. Being in our community means joining in cooperation "
+"with us; we cannot “bring them into our community” if they don't "
+"want to join."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What we <em>can</em> do is offer them an inducement to join. The GNU GPL is "
+"designed to make an inducement from our existing software: “If you "
+"will make your software free, you can use this code.” Of course, it "
+"won't win 'em all, but it wins some of the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software development does not contribute to our community, but "
+"its developers often want handouts from us. Free software users can offer "
+"free software developers strokes for the ego—recognition and "
+"gratitude—but it can be very tempting when a business tells you, "
+"“Just let us put your package in our proprietary program, and your "
+"program will be used by many thousands of people!” The temptation can "
+"be powerful, but in the long run we are all better off if we resist it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come "
+"indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy "
+"of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor, "
+"the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary "
+"software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use "
+"copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">make "
+"X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure "
+"were glad that we did."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree "
+"distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it "
+"under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3. "
+"Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate "
+"the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was "
+"<em>possible</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will "
+"strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the "
+"freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the "
+"strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for "
+"anything.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if “hard-"
+"nosed realists” say that profit is the only ideal…just ignore "
+"them, and use copyleft all the same."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# Turkish translations for push-copyright-aside.html package
+# push-copyright-aside.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the
push-copyright-aside.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: push-copyright-aside.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-18 04:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:44+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Science must “push copyright aside” - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Science must “push copyright aside”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<em>This article appeared in <em>Nature Webdebates</em> in 2001</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate "
+"scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist to facilitate the "
+"process. It therefore follows that rules for use of the scientific "
+"literature should be designed to help achieve that goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the age of "
+"the printing press, an inherently centralized method of mass-production "
+"copying. In a print environment, copyright on journal articles restricted "
+"only journal publishers—requiring them to obtain permission to publish "
+"an article—and would-be plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and "
+"disseminate knowledge, without interfering with the useful work of "
+"scientists or students, either as writers or readers of articles. These "
+"rules fit that system well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide "
+"Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific "
+"articles, and knowledge, on the Web? Articles should be distributed in "
+"nonproprietary formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have "
+"the right to “mirror” articles—that is, to republish them "
+"verbatim with proper attribution."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when they are "
+"distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need to change the "
+"present copyright system as it applies to paper publication of journals "
+"because the problem is not in that domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms that began "
+"this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe that the purpose of "
+"scientific literature is to enable them to publish journals so as to collect "
+"subscriptions from scientists and students. Such thinking is known as “"
+"confusion of the means with the ends”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the scientific "
+"literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use copyright law, "
+"which is still in force despite its inappropriateness for computer networks, "
+"as an excuse to stop scientists from choosing new rules."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanity's future, we must reject "
+"that approach at its root—not merely the obstructive systems that have "
+"been instituted, but the mistaken priorities that inspired them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Journal publishers sometimes claim that online access requires expensive "
+"high-powered server machines, and that they must charge access fees to pay "
+"for these servers. This “problem” is a consequence of its own "
+"“solution.” Give everyone the freedom to mirror, and libraries "
+"around the world will set up mirror sites to meet the demand. This "
+"decentralized solution will reduce network bandwidth needs and provide "
+"faster access, all the while protecting the scholarly record against "
+"accidental loss."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access. "
+"Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not "
+"wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1% and 3% of "
+"the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a small percentage of "
+"the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the results."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example, through page "
+"charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the research sponsors. The "
+"sponsors should not mind, given that they currently pay for publication in a "
+"more cumbersome way, through overhead fees for the university library's "
+"subscription to the journal. By changing the economic model to charge "
+"editing costs to the research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need "
+"to restrict access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an "
+"institution or company, and who has no research sponsor, could be exempted "
+"from page charges, with costs levied on institution-based authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another justification for access fees to online publications is to fund "
+"conversion of the print archives of a journal into online form. That work "
+"needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways of funding it that do "
+"not involve obstructing access to the result. The work itself will not be "
+"any more difficult, or cost any more. It is self-defeating to digitize the "
+"archives and waste the results by restricting access."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote the "
+"progress of science”. When copyright impedes the progress of science, "
+"science must push copyright out of the way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without "
+"royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/right-to-read.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/right-to-read.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+# Turkish translations for right-to-read.html package
+# right-to-read.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the right-to-read.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: right-to-read.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-27 16:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:42+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The Right to Read"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of "
+"<strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number 2).</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles about the "
+"antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz "
+"asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could "
+"borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she "
+"dared ask, except Dan."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent her his "
+"computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go "
+"to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very "
+"idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since "
+"elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong—something "
+"that only pirates would do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software Protection "
+"Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had "
+"learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and where "
+"it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this information "
+"to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal interest profiles to "
+"retailers.) The next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing "
+"would find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest "
+"punishment—for not taking pains to prevent the crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might "
+"want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a "
+"middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her "
+"reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate. "
+"He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all "
+"the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the "
+"researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he "
+"could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would "
+"bring in enough to repay this loan.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the "
+"library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to pay. "
+"There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages without "
+"government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial and nonprofit "
+"journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries "
+"offering free public access to scholarly literature were a dim memory."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central Licensing. "
+"They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in software, Frank "
+"Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, and used it to skip "
+"over the copyright monitor code when reading books. But he had told too "
+"many friends about it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward "
+"(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank "
+"was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have debugging "
+"tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD or downloadable "
+"over the net. But ordinary users started using them to bypass copyright "
+"monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had become their principal "
+"use in actual practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' "
+"developers were sent to prison."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger vendors in "
+"2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to officially licensed and "
+"bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in software class was kept behind "
+"a special firewall so that it could be used only for class exercises."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a "
+"modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free "
+"kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around the "
+"turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like debuggers—"
+"you could not install one if you had one, without knowing your computer's "
+"root password. And neither the <abbr title=\"Federal Bureau of Investigation"
+"\">FBI</abbr> nor Microsoft Support would tell you that."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he "
+"couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to speak "
+"with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask for help, "
+"that could mean she loved him too."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable—he "
+"lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa read "
+"his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It was still "
+"a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about it. They would "
+"only find out if Lissa reported him."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own "
+"password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless of "
+"what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference with "
+"their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for "
+"disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything "
+"harmful—the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check "
+"on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, "
+"and they did not need to know what it was."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly. Instead "
+"they were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail "
+"all their classes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only in "
+"the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using computers. "
+"Previously, universities maintained a different approach to student "
+"discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not those that "
+"merely raised suspicion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to their "
+"marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught about "
+"piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of "
+"copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and even "
+"the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they "
+"found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. "
+"When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon "
+"became one of its central aims."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Author's Note"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "This note was updated in 2007."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50 "
+"years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the "
+"specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; many "
+"have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 "
+"Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis to "
+"restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other works as "
+"well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright "
+"directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in 2006, mere possession "
+"of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the SSSCA "
+"that would require every new computer to have mandatory copy-restriction "
+"facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following the Clipper chip and "
+"similar US government key-escrow proposals, this shows a long-term trend: "
+"computer systems are increasingly set up to give absentees with clout "
+"control over the people actually using the computer system. The SSSCA was "
+"later renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “"
+"Consume But Don't Try Programming Act”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter. They are "
+"less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not press these "
+"proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control, the danger is once "
+"again higher."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the "
+"Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the "
+"Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free "
+"trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business "
+"increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is "
+"typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President "
+"of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as "
+"Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” agreements, "
+"and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. "
+"Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free trade” "
+"agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted something like the "
+"DMCA in 2003."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002. This "
+"is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep the root "
+"passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted "
+"computing” and “Palladium”. We call it <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/can-you-trust.html\">“treacherous computing”</a> "
+"because the effect is to make your computer obey companies even to the "
+"extent of disobeying and defying you. This was implemented in 2007 as part "
+"of <a href=\"http://badvista.org/\";>Windows Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do "
+"something similar. In this scheme, it is the manufacturer that keeps the "
+"secret code, but the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; no "
+"person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and "
+"encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. "
+"This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with "
+"Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on his own "
+"computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can "
+"forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to "
+"refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many "
+"restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users "
+"can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a href="
+"\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet "
+"service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most "
+"ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back "
+"in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the "
+"demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained "
+"the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has "
+"been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. "
+"The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like "
+"one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites "
+"people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in "
+"Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software "
+"would be raped."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For "
+"example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message "
+"upon login:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using this "
+"computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority are "
+"subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and recorded "
+"by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly "
+"using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the activities of "
+"authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this system expressly "
+"consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals "
+"possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of University regulations "
+"system personnel may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University "
+"authorities and/or law enforcement officials."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most "
+"everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "References"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"The administration's “White Paper”: Information Infrastructure "
+"Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information "
+"Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property "
+"Rights (1995)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html\";>An "
+"explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, "
+"Wired, Jan. 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm\";>Sold Out</a>, "
+"James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. We used to have a "
+"link to this, but Washinton Post has decided to start charging users who "
+"wishes to read articles on the web site and therefore we have decided to "
+"remove the link."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.public-domain.org/\";>Union for the Public Domain</"
+"a>—an organization which aims to resist and reverse the overextension "
+"of copyright and patent powers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<strong>Other Texts to Read</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Philosophy of the GNU Project</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/";
+"story/0,10801,49358,00.html\" id=\"COPYPROCTECTION\">Copy Protection: Just "
+"Say No</a>, Published in Computer World."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href=\"#AuthorsNote\">author's note</a> talks about the battle for "
+"the right to read and electronic surveillance. The battle is beginning now; "
+"here are links to two articles about technologies now being developed to "
+"deny you the right to read."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/news/0,4586,2324939,00.html";
+"\">Electronic Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in "
+"electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read a copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.";
+"asp\">Books inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read books and "
+"documents on a PC."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without "
+"royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/selling.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/selling.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/selling.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/selling.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# Turkish translations for selling.html package
+# selling.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the selling.html package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: selling.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-16 04:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:40+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "Selling Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Selling Free Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you should "
+"not charge money for distributing copies of software, or that you should "
+"charge as little as possible — just enough to cover the cost. This is "
+"a misunderstanding."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, we encourage people who redistribute <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">free software</a> to charge as much as they wish or can. If this "
+"seems surprising to you, please read on."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” has two legitimate general meanings; it can "
+"refer either to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free "
+"software”, we're talking about freedom, not price. (Think of “"
+"free speech”, not “free beer”.) Specifically, it means "
+"that a user is free to run the program, change the program, and redistribute "
+"the program with or without changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free programs are sometimes distributed gratis, and sometimes for a "
+"substantial price. Often the same program is available in both ways from "
+"different places. The program is free regardless of the price, because "
+"users have freedom in using it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\">Nonfree "
+"programs</a> are usually sold for a high price, but sometimes a store will "
+"give you a copy at no charge. That doesn't make it free software, though. "
+"Price or no price, the program is nonfree because users don't have freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since free software is not a matter of price, a low price doesn't make the "
+"software free, or even closer to free. So if you are redistributing copies "
+"of free software, you might as well charge a substantial fee and <em>make "
+"some money</em>. Redistributing free software is a good and legitimate "
+"activity; if you do it, you might as well make a profit from it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free software is a community project, and everyone who depends on it ought "
+"to look for ways to contribute to building the community. For a "
+"distributor, the way to do this is to give a part of the profit to free "
+"software development projects or to the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free "
+"Software Foundation</a>. This way you can advance the world of free "
+"software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<strong>Distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for "
+"development. Don't waste it!</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to contribute funds, you need to have some extra. If you charge "
+"too low a fee, you won't have anything to spare to support development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Will a higher distribution price hurt some users?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People sometimes worry that a high distribution fee will put free software "
+"out of range for users who don't have a lot of money. With <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary software</a>, a "
+"high price does exactly that — but free software is different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The difference is that free software naturally tends to spread around, and "
+"there are many ways to get it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software hoarders try their damnedest to stop you from running a proprietary "
+"program without paying the standard price. If this price is high, that does "
+"make it hard for some users to use the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With free software, users don't <em>have</em> to pay the distribution fee in "
+"order to use the software. They can copy the program from a friend who has "
+"a copy, or with the help of a friend who has network access. Or several "
+"users can join together, split the price of one CD-ROM, then each in turn "
+"can install the software. A high CD-ROM price is not a major obstacle when "
+"the software is free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Will a higher distribution price discourage use of free software?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another common concern is for the popularity of free software. People think "
+"that a high price for distribution would reduce the number of users, or that "
+"a low price is likely to encourage users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is true for proprietary software — but free software is "
+"different. With so many ways to get copies, the price of distribution "
+"service has less effect on popularity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the long run, how many people use free software is determined mainly by "
+"<em>how much free software can do</em>, and how easy it is to use. Many "
+"users do not make freedom their priority; they may continue to use "
+"proprietary software if free software can't do all the jobs they want done. "
+"Thus, if we want to increase the number of users in the long run, we should "
+"above all <em>develop more free software</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The most direct way to do this is by writing needed <a href=\"http://";
+"savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist\">free software</a> or <a href=\"/doc/doc."
+"html\">manuals</a> yourself. But if you do distribution rather than "
+"writing, the best way you can help is by raising funds for others to write "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The term “selling software” can be confusing too"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Strictly speaking, “selling” means trading goods for money. "
+"Selling a copy of a free program is legitimate, and we encourage it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, when people think of <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#SellSoftware\">“selling software”</a>, they usually imagine "
+"doing it the way most companies do it: making the software proprietary "
+"rather than free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So unless you're going to draw distinctions carefully, the way this article "
+"does, we suggest it is better to avoid using the term “selling "
+"software” and choose some other wording instead. For example, you "
+"could say “distributing free software for a fee”—that is "
+"unambiguous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "High or low fees, and the GNU GPL"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Except for one special situation, the <a href=\"/copyleft/gpl.html\">GNU "
+"General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) has no requirements about how much you "
+"can charge for distributing a copy of free software. You can charge "
+"nothing, a penny, a dollar, or a billion dollars. It's up to you, and the "
+"marketplace, so don't complain to us if nobody wants to pay a billion "
+"dollars for a copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The one exception is in the case where binaries are distributed without the "
+"corresponding complete source code. Those who do this are required by the "
+"GNU GPL to provide source code on subsequent request. Without a limit on "
+"the fee for the source code, they would be able set a fee too large for "
+"anyone to pay—such as a billion dollars—and thus pretend to "
+"release source code while in truth concealing it. So in this case we have "
+"to limit the fee for source in order to ensure the user's freedom. In "
+"ordinary situations, however, there is no such justification for limiting "
+"distribution fees, so we do not limit them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes companies whose activities cross the line stated in the GNU GPL "
+"plead for permission, saying that they “won't charge money for the GNU "
+"software” or such like. That won't get them anywhere with us. Free "
+"software is about freedom, and enforcing the GPL is defending freedom. When "
+"we defend users' freedom, we are not distracted by side issues such as how "
+"much of a distribution fee is charged. Freedom is the issue, the whole "
+"issue, and the only issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1260 @@
+# Turkish translations for shouldbefree.html package
+# shouldbefree.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the shouldbefree.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shouldbefree.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-15 16:26-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:50+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "(Version of April 24, 1992)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions "
+"about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a "
+"copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for "
+"them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The "
+"individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption "
+"that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The "
+"political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this "
+"criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an "
+"owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the "
+"prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to "
+"ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this "
+"question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge "
+"is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, "
+"why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit "
+"analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual "
+"freedom as well as production of material goods."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that "
+"the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the "
+"duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the "
+"software we write: in other words, to write <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">“free” software</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer "
+"two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional "
+"argument and the economic argument."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my "
+"soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's <em>mine</em>!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of "
+"attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is "
+"not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers "
+"usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the "
+"emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great "
+"artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to "
+"their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What "
+"mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. "
+"This view prevailed for hundreds of years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually "
+"described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't "
+"allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is "
+"like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no "
+"programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice "
+"from the wise."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an "
+"implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the "
+"argument."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary "
+"program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary "
+"software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be "
+"encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two outcomes—"
+"proprietary software vs. no software—and assuming there are no other "
+"possibilities."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked "
+"with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as "
+"this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary "
+"software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it "
+"is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are "
+"questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as "
+"between proprietary software vs. no software is begging the question."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Argument against Having Owners"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked "
+"with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of "
+"those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the "
+"software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of "
+"restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of "
+"these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off "
+"dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already "
+"developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer "
+"will reject the option of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value "
+"to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same "
+"program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that "
+"“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program "
+"is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument "
+"assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis "
+"involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much "
+"greater."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road "
+"construction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This "
+"would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would "
+"provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue "
+"of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a "
+"toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, "
+"because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all "
+"else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, "
+"cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In "
+"a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The "
+"roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; "
+"they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund "
+"roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once "
+"built, should be free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of "
+"raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do "
+"raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the "
+"road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or "
+"technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means "
+"substituting toll roads for free roads."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public "
+"must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll "
+"booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by "
+"buying a free road."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would "
+"be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but "
+"this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the "
+"toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise "
+"the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that "
+"having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society "
+"dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to "
+"distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that "
+"program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go "
+"on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually "
+"necessary) funding software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary "
+"payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either "
+"to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the "
+"existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a href="
+"\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot "
+"facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be "
+"negative. But how much? And what kind?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Fewer people use the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "None of the users can adapt or fix the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial harm. "
+"This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their subsequent "
+"feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's ways of "
+"thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with their "
+"fellow citizens, and can have material consequences."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program "
+"could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly "
+"all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at "
+"most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that "
+"is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no "
+"limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a "
+"program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing "
+"the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A "
+"license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely-"
+"useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is "
+"reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, "
+"faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use "
+"of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of "
+"wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of "
+"the program, this harms that person without benefitting anyone. The sum of "
+"negative numbers and zeros must be negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the "
+"program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered "
+"user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, "
+"chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects "
+"outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can "
+"produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't "
+"true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to "
+"be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer "
+"objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's "
+"true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is "
+"spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of "
+"production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not "
+"make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the "
+"freedom of ordinary users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a "
+"qualitative change. A centrally-imposed fee for software distribution "
+"becomes a powerful disincentive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a "
+"means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing "
+"physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of "
+"them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as "
+"an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by "
+"having owners."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a "
+"certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that "
+"proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A "
+"proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the "
+"other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: "
+"“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a "
+"copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal "
+"psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of "
+"helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is "
+"psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they "
+"decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they "
+"often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws "
+"in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws "
+"authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) "
+"is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one "
+"can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not "
+"be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or "
+"denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds "
+"technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use it?"
+"”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling "
+"discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a "
+"cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not "
+"technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the "
+"public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of "
+"the latter."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The "
+"ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older "
+"technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for "
+"modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or "
+"leave it, as a black box—that is all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is "
+"obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers "
+"to make the program do something different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, "
+"which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses "
+"names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it "
+"represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and "
+"‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read "
+"and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the "
+"distance between two points in a plane:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here is the same program in executable form, on the computer I normally use:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But "
+"most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the "
+"source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest "
+"anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of "
+"incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that "
+"only the program's owner can change the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six "
+"months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially "
+"available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that "
+"commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their "
+"needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted to—"
+"the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of make-work, "
+"work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> "
+"Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift "
+"from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many "
+"convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user "
+"immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, "
+"such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately "
+"notify all users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated "
+"smooth operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first laser "
+"printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate "
+"dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We "
+"could arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the "
+"dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay "
+"was usually considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was "
+"actually printed; you could only guess. And no one was informed when there "
+"was a paper jam, so the printer often went for an hour without being fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such problems, "
+"probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox was "
+"uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to "
+"accept the problems. They were never fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank could "
+"afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a "
+"typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of self-reliance. It "
+"is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit your "
+"needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can spread to "
+"affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are unhappy "
+"and do not do good work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same fashion as "
+"software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take out the "
+"salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you insult my "
+"recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with it? "
+"You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work right!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do? Will "
+"you take out the salt for me?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since the "
+"owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large. “However, "
+"right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to design a new "
+"recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get around to "
+"you in about two years.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Obstructing Software Development"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The third level of material harm affects software development. Software "
+"development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would take an "
+"existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then "
+"another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, "
+"this continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the "
+"program would be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other "
+"programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it necessary "
+"to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents new "
+"practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or "
+"even how large programs can be structured."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer "
+"science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be "
+"good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different "
+"skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the "
+"shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the "
+"software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people "
+"<em>in your own company</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific "
+"cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even "
+"when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers "
+"abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their "
+"work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good "
+"care of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. "
+"Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to "
+"enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let "
+"readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in "
+"computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is "
+"usually secret."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying, "
+"changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this "
+"obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. "
+"Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or "
+"encryption, or <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or "
+"hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does "
+"harm."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I "
+"suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their "
+"objective."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Software Should be Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict changing "
+"or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are widespread and "
+"important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free software, "
+"and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the substitute "
+"is not a rational way to get what we need."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is good, "
+"not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making "
+"proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but "
+"it is not what is good for society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Why People Will Develop Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop "
+"software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will "
+"be more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user "
+"satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it "
+"anyway, there are other ways to encourage development, just as there are "
+"ways besides toll booths to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how "
+"that can be done, first I want to question how much artificial encouragement "
+"is truly necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Programming is Fun"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road "
+"construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which "
+"there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their "
+"fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples include "
+"mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and political "
+"organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, "
+"for the few funded positions available, none of which is funded very well. "
+"They may even pay for the chance to work in the field, if they can afford to."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the "
+"possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the "
+"same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what "
+"they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone "
+"connected with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the "
+"field without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to "
+"ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, "
+"powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This change happened in the field of computer programming in the past "
+"decade. Fifteen years ago, there were articles on “computer "
+"addiction”: users were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-"
+"week habits. It was generally understood that people frequently loved "
+"programming enough to break up their marriages. Today, it is generally "
+"understood that no one would program except for a high rate of pay. People "
+"have forgotten what they knew fifteen years ago."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain "
+"field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can "
+"run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the "
+"possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have "
+"readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the "
+"field for the joy of accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The question, “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier "
+"question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A "
+"mere living is easier to raise."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Funding Free Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses. Many "
+"other institutions already exist that can do this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software development "
+"even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much of their "
+"software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today, their "
+"increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that "
+"owning the software is not what is really important for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell the "
+"results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that "
+"universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell "
+"software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts "
+"and grants that now support proprietary software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a "
+"system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that “"
+"finished”, and then start companies where they really finish the "
+"project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version "
+"“free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an "
+"exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is openly "
+"admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not exposed to "
+"the temptation to do these things, they would still do their research."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling services "
+"related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a href=\"/software/"
+"gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make user-interface "
+"extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I offer these "
+"improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach classes for "
+"which I am paid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing "
+"corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also "
+"provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is "
+"the beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry "
+"that could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It "
+"provides users with an option generally unavailable for proprietary "
+"software, except to the very wealthy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software "
+"Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds "
+"come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is "
+"free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, "
+"but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free "
+"software” refers to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already "
+"have a copy order tapes as a way of making a contribution they feel we "
+"deserve. The Foundation also receives sizable donations from computer "
+"manufacturers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on hiring "
+"as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business, "
+"distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would "
+"now provide a very good living for its founder."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the "
+"Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because "
+"we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing "
+"that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it "
+"because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many "
+"useful programs for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all fields, "
+"along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want to "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "What Do Users Owe to Developers?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation to "
+"contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to "
+"the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of "
+"the users to give them funds to continue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since "
+"obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to the "
+"support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a "
+"requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either "
+"deserve a reward or demand it, but not both."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so as "
+"to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary "
+"donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without "
+"coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television "
+"stations."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "What Is Software Productivity?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps fewer "
+"of them. Would this be bad for society?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in "
+"1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver "
+"more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved "
+"productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy "
+"the demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Wider use of each program that is developed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of starting "
+"from scratch."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Better education of programmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "The elimination of duplicate development effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment "
+"of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet "
+"these people usually accept the widely-held belief that the software "
+"industry needs increased productivity. How is this?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the "
+"overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of "
+"individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to "
+"improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the "
+"artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who "
+"study the field of “software productivity” focus only on the "
+"second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult "
+"technological advances."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Is Competition Inevitable?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their rivals in "
+"society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the harmful "
+"thing is <em>combat</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to "
+"achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old "
+"days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for "
+"who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make "
+"the shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition "
+"can benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship "
+"is maintained."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to great "
+"efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have visited "
+"all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this. But "
+"they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands. "
+"They are content to let the best person win."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede each "
+"other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best person "
+"win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.” Proprietary "
+"software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but because it "
+"is a form of combat among the citizens of our society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when two "
+"grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own "
+"operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a "
+"special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for "
+"combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas "
+"of business share this characteristic. Withholding information that could "
+"help everyone advance is a form of combat."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat "
+"the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with anti-trust "
+"laws, truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing "
+"this to a principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other "
+"forms of combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources "
+"are squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of "
+"laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it "
+"is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as "
+"is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is "
+"leveled against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal "
+"in advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the "
+"public good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are "
+"these ideas?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central "
+"control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, "
+"but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where "
+"copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The American system of software copyright exercises central control over "
+"distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic "
+"copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide "
+"their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to "
+"alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system "
+"based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian Communism, it "
+"is the software owners who are the Communists."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Question of Premises"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less "
+"important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, "
+"their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of "
+"action is best."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's "
+"employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for "
+"example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the "
+"author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may "
+"affect the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires "
+"shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those "
+"who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their "
+"consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important "
+"than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates "
+"certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the "
+"belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American "
+"society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the "
+"basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part of "
+"our legal tradition. It never has been."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to “"
+"promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” The Supreme "
+"Court has elaborated on this, stating in ‘Fox Film vs. Doyal’ "
+"that “The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in "
+"conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by "
+"the public from the labors of authors.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. "
+"(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not "
+"disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that "
+"this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally "
+"recognized one will weaken its appeal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each "
+"time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth "
+"they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the "
+"welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from "
+"Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to "
+"failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population "
+"and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because "
+"the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile "
+"to help them. Thus society decays into a jungle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must "
+"start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when "
+"appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that "
+"the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we "
+"will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and "
+"runs on voluntary cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” in “free software” refers to "
+"freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be "
+"zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this "
+"conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving "
+"in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which "
+"contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much "
+"better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is "
+"not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding "
+"stops and delays, for any given speed limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that "
+"should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of "
+"personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public "
+"disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes "
+"little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will "
+"make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</"
+"em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is "
+"considered destructive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/university.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/university.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/university.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/university.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# Turkish translations for university.html package
+# university.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the university.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: university.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-18 04:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:38+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the free software movement, we believe computer users should have the "
+"freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use. The “"
+"free” in “free software” refers to freedom: it means users "
+"have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software. Free "
+"software contributes to human knowledge, while nonfree software does not. "
+"Universities should therefore encourage free software for the sake of "
+"advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage scientists and "
+"other scholars to publish their work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards "
+"software (and towards science); they see programs as opportunities for "
+"income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. Free "
+"software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20 years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When I started developing the <a href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\">GNU "
+"operating system</a>, in 1984, my first step was to quit my job at MIT. I "
+"did this specifically so that the MIT licensing office would be unable to "
+"interfere with releasing GNU as free software. I had planned an approach "
+"for licensing the programs in GNU that would ensure that all modified "
+"versions must be free software as well—an approach that developed into "
+"the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL)"
+"—and I did not want to have to beg the MIT administration to let me "
+"use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Over the years, university affiliates have often come to the Free Software "
+"Foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who see software "
+"only as something to sell. One good method, applicable even for "
+"specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an existing program "
+"that was released under the GNU GPL. Then you can tell the administrators, "
+"“We're not allowed to release the modified version except under the "
+"GNU GPL—any other way would be copyright infringement.” After "
+"the dollar signs fade from their eyes, they will usually consent to "
+"releasing it as free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You can also ask your funding sponsor for help. When a group at NYU "
+"developed the GNU Ada Compiler, with funding from the US Air Force, the "
+"contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the Free "
+"Software Foundation. Work out the arrangement with the sponsor first, then "
+"politely show the university administration that it is not open to "
+"renegotiation. They would rather have a contract to develop free software "
+"than no contract at all, so they will most likely go along."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever you do, raise the issue early—well before the program is half "
+"finished. At this point, the university still needs you, so you can play "
+"hardball: tell the administration you will finish the program, make it "
+"usable, if they agree in writing to make it free software (and agree to your "
+"choice of free software license). Otherwise you will work on it only enough "
+"to write a paper about it, and never make a version good enough to release. "
+"When the administrators know their choice is to have a free software package "
+"that brings credit to the university or nothing at all, they will usually "
+"choose the former."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not all universities have grasping policies. The University of Texas has a "
+"policy that makes it easy to release software developed there as free "
+"software under the GNU General Public License. Univates in Brazil, and the "
+"International Institute of Information Technology in Hyderabad, India, both "
+"have policies in favor of releasing software under the GPL. By developing "
+"faculty support first, you may be able to institute such a policy at your "
+"university. Present the issue as one of principle: does the university have "
+"a mission to advance human knowledge, or is its sole purpose to perpetuate "
+"itself?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever approach you use, it helps to approach the issue with determination "
+"and based on an ethical perspective, as we do in the free software "
+"movement. To treat the public ethically, the software should be free—"
+"as in freedom—for the whole public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many developers of free software profess narrowly practical reasons for "
+"doing so: they advocate allowing others to share and change software as an "
+"expedient for making software powerful and reliable. If those values "
+"motivate you to develop free software, well and good, and thank you for your "
+"contribution. But those values do not give you a good footing to stand firm "
+"when university administrators pressure or tempt you to make the program "
+"nonfree."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, they may argue that “We could make it even more powerful "
+"and reliable with all the money we can get.” This claim may or may not "
+"come true in the end, but it is hard to disprove in advance. They may "
+"suggest a license to offer copies “free of charge, for academic use "
+"only,” which would tell the general public they don't deserve freedom, "
+"and argue that this will obtain the cooperation of academia, which is all "
+"(they say) you need."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you start from values of convenience alone, it is hard to make a good "
+"case for rejecting these dead-end proposals, but you can do it easily if you "
+"base your stand on ethical and political values. What good is it to make a "
+"program powerful and reliable at the expense of users' freedom? Shouldn't "
+"freedom apply outside academia as well as within it? The answers are obvious "
+"if freedom and community are among your goals. Free software respects the "
+"users' freedom, while nonfree software negates it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nothing strengthens your resolve like knowing that the community's freedom "
+"depends, in one instance, on you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without "
+"royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.po
diff -N philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.po 16 Dec 2009 19:04:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,896 @@
+# Turkish translations for words-to-avoid.html package
+# words-to-avoid.html paketi için Türkçe çeviriler
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the words-to-avoid.html
package.
+# Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>, 2009.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: words-to-avoid.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-10 16:25-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-12-16 19:52+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ali Servet Donmez <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Turkish <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Confusing Words and Phrases That Are Worth Avoiding - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Some Confusing or Loaded Words and Phrases to Avoid (or Use with Care)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or "
+"avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or misleading; "
+"others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you disagree with."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+msgid ""
+"Also note <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free "
+"Software</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a "
+"href=\"words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style\">BSD-style</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Closed\">Closed</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#CloudComputing\">Cloud Computing</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Commercial\">Commercial</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Compensation\">Compensation</a>” | “<a "
+"href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Consumer\">Consumer</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Content\">Content</a>” | “<a href=\"words-"
+"to-avoid.html#Creator\">Creator</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid."
+"html#DigitalGoods\">Digital Goods</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement\">Digital Rights Management</a>” | "
+"“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a>” | "
+"“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#ForFree\">For free</a>” | “"
+"<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable\">Freely available</a>” "
+"| “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Freeware\">Freeware</a>” | "
+"“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware\">Give away software</"
+"a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Hacker\">Hacker</a>” "
+"| “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">Intellectual "
+"property</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#LAMP\">LAMP "
+"system</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Linux\">Linux "
+"system</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Market\">Market</"
+"a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player\">MP3 player</"
+"a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Open\">Open</a>” | "
+"“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#PC\">PC</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop\">Photoshop</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">Piracy</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#PowerPoint\">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#Protection\">Protection</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#RAND\">RAND</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid."
+"html#SellSoftware\">Sell software</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry\">Software Industry</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Theft\">Theft</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-"
+"avoid.html#TrustedComputing\">Trusted Computing</a>” | “<a href="
+"\"words-to-avoid.html#Vendor\">Vendor</a>”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“BSD-style”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it "
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/bsd.html\">lumps together licenses that have important "
+"differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license with the "
+"advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General Public License, but "
+"the revised BSD license is compatible with the GPL."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid confusion, it is best to name <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html"
+"\"> the specific license in question</a> and avoid the vague term “BSD-"
+"style.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Closed”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to the "
+"term “open source”. In the free software movement, <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> we do not want to be "
+"confused with the open source camp</a>, so we are careful to avoid saying "
+"things that would encourage people to lump us in with them. For instance, "
+"we avoid describing nonfree software as “closed”. We call it "
+"“nonfree” or <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#ProprietarySoftware\"> “proprietary”</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Cloud Computing”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “cloud computing” is a marketing buzzword with no clear "
+"meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose only common "
+"characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond "
+"transmitting files. Thus, the term is a nexus of confusion. If you base "
+"your thinking on it, your thinking will be vague."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made using "
+"this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. Which kind of activity "
+"is the statement really about, and what is a good, clear term for that "
+"activity? Once the topic is clear, the discussion can head for a useful "
+"conclusion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer, also <a href="
+"\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html\";> noted the vacuity of "
+"the term “cloud computing.”</a> He decided to use the term "
+"anyway because, as a proprietary software developer, he isn't motivated by "
+"the same ideals as we are."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Commercial”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for “nonfree."
+"” That confuses two entirely different issues."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A "
+"commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of "
+"distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an individual "
+"can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of distribution. The two "
+"questions—what sort of entity developed the program and what freedom "
+"its users have—are independent."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the first decade of the free software movement, free software packages "
+"were almost always noncommercial; the components of the GNU/Linux operating "
+"system were developed by individuals or by nonprofit organizations such as "
+"the FSF and universities. Later, in the 90s, free commercial software "
+"started to appear."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we should "
+"encourage it. But people who think that “commercial” means "
+"“nonfree” will tend to think that the “free "
+"commercial” combination is self-contradictory, and dismiss the "
+"possibility. Let's be careful not to use the word “commercial” "
+"in that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Compensation”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To speak of “compensation for authors” in connection with "
+"copyright carries the assumptions that (1) copyright exists for the sake of "
+"authors and (2) whenever we read something, we take on a debt to the author "
+"which we must then repay. The first assumption is simply <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html\">false</a>, and the second is "
+"outrageous."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Consumer”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “consumer,” when used to refer to computer users, is "
+"loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital recording, or "
+"running a program, does not consume it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from "
+"economic theory, and bring with them its narrow prespective and misguided "
+"assumptions. They tend to warp your thinking."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers” "
+"presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as cattle that passively "
+"graze on what others make available to them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This kind of thinking leads to travesties like the CBDTPA “Consumer "
+"Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act” which would require "
+"copying restriction facilities in every digital device. If all the users do "
+"is “consume,” then why should they mind?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends to "
+"go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere “content."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we suggest "
+"terms such as “individuals” and “citizens”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Content”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all means "
+"say you are “content,” but using the word as a noun to describe "
+"written and other works of authorship adopts an attitude you might rather "
+"avoid. It regards these works as a commodity whose purpose is to fill a box "
+"and make money. In effect, it disparages the works themselves."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those who use this term are often the publishers that push for increased "
+"copyright power in the name of the authors (“creators,” as they "
+"say) of the works. The term “content” reveals their real "
+"attitude towards these works and their authors. (See <a href=\"http://";
+"archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html\">Courtney Love's "
+"open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content provider” "
+"in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term “intellectual "
+"property” is also <a href=\"#IntellectualProperty\"> biased and "
+"confusing</a>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, as long as other people use the term “content "
+"provider”, political dissidents can well call themselves “"
+"malcontent providers”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity. "
+"“Content” means “some sort of information,” and "
+"“management” in this context means “doing something with "
+"it.” So a “content management system” is a system for "
+"doing something to some sort of information. Nearly all programs fit that "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a "
+"Web site. For that, we recommend the term “Web site revision "
+"system” (WRS)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Creator”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly compares "
+"them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is used by publishers "
+"to elevate authors' moral standing above that of ordinary people in order to "
+"justify giving them increased copyright power, which the publishers can then "
+"exercise in their name. We recommend saying “author” instead. "
+"However, in many cases “copyright holder” is what you really "
+"mean."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Digital Goods”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of "
+"authorship, erroneously identifies them with physical goods—which "
+"cannot be copied, and which therefore have to be manufactured and sold."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Digital Rights Management”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Digital Rights Management” refers to technical schemes designed "
+"to impose restrictions on computer users. The use of the word “"
+"rights” in this term is propaganda, designed to lead you unawares into "
+"seeing the issue from the viewpoint of the few that impose the restrictions, "
+"and ignoring that of the general public on whom these restrictions are "
+"imposed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions Management,” and "
+"“digital handcuffs.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Ecosystem”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is a mistake to describe the free software community, or any human "
+"community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies the "
+"absence of (1) intention and (2) ethics. In an ecosystem, species evolve "
+"according to their fitness: if a species is weak and goes extinct, that's "
+"neither right nor wrong, merely an ecological phenomenon. The term “"
+"ecosystem” implicitly suggests a attitude of nonjudgmental "
+"observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em> happen, just study what does "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, beings that adopt an ethical stance towards their surroundings, "
+"and have ideas of ethical responsibility, can decide to preserve things "
+"that, on their own, would tend to vanish—such as civil society, "
+"democracy, human rights, peace, public health, clean air and water, "
+"endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users' freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“For free”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to say that a program is free software, please don't say that it "
+"is available “for free.” That term specifically means “for "
+"zero price.” Free software is a matter of freedom, not price."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free software copies are often available for free—for example, by "
+"downloading via FTP. But free software copies are also available for a "
+"price on CD-ROMs; meanwhile, proprietary software copies are occasionally "
+"available for free in promotions, and some proprietary packages are normally "
+"available at no charge to certain users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid confusion, you can say that the program is available “as free "
+"software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Freely available”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for “"
+"free software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is “"
+"freely available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free "
+"software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have a copy "
+"of it. These are answers to different questions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Freeware”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please don't use the term “freeware” as a synonym for “"
+"free software.” The term “freeware” was used often in the "
+"1980s for programs released only as executables, with source code not "
+"available. Today it has no particular agreed-on definition."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When using languages other than English, please avoid borrowing English "
+"terms such as “free software” or “freeware.” It is "
+"better to translate the term “free software” into <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/fs-translations.html\">your language</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By using a word in <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">your own "
+"language</a>, you show that you are really referring to freedom and not just "
+"parroting some mysterious foreign marketing concept. The reference to "
+"freedom may at first seem strange or disturbing to your compatriots, but "
+"once they see that it means exactly what it says, they will really "
+"understand what the issue is."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Give away software”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean “"
+"distribute a program as free software.” This locution has the same "
+"problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not "
+"freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as free "
+"software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Hacker"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A hacker is someone who <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.";
+"html\"> enjoys playful cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. "
+"The programmers in the old <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of "
+"Technology\">MIT</abbr> free software community of the 60s and 70s referred "
+"to themselves as hackers. Around 1980, journalists who discovered the "
+"hacker community mistakenly took the term to mean “security breaker."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please don't spread this mistake. People who break security are “"
+"crackers.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Intellectual property”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as “intellectual "
+"property”—a term also applied to patents, trademarks, and other "
+"more obscure areas of law. These laws have so little in common, and differ "
+"so much, that it is ill-advised to generalize about them. It is best to "
+"talk specifically about “copyright,” or about “patents,"
+"” or about “trademarks.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden "
+"assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate issues is "
+"based on an analogy with physical objects, and our conception of them as "
+"physical property."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When it comes to copying, this analogy disregards the crucial difference "
+"between material objects and information: information can be copied and "
+"shared almost effortlessly, while material objects can't be."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt a "
+"firm policy <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> not to speak or even think "
+"in terms of “intellectual property”</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html\"> starting to make the "
+"World “Intellectual Property” Organization embarrassed</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“LAMP system”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP”"
+"—a common combination of software to use on a Web server, except that "
+"“Linux” in this context really refers to the GNU/Linux system. "
+"So instead of “LAMP” it should be “GLAMP”: “"
+"GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Linux system"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting in "
+"1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU with "
+"Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is both unfair "
+"and confusing. Please call the complete system <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu."
+"html\"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to give the GNU Project credit and to "
+"distinguish the whole system from the kernel alone."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Market”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the software "
+"users in general, as a “market.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software "
+"community. If you have a free software support business, then you have "
+"clients, and you trade with them in a market. As long as you respect their "
+"freedom, we wish you success in your market."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business, and the "
+"success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to serve the "
+"public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business away from a "
+"rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business' efforts for mere "
+"success is to deny the importance of freedom and legitimize proprietary "
+"software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“MP3 player”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the late 1990's it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital "
+"audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some "
+"support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even "
+"support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call "
+"such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts "
+"MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to "
+"continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital "
+"audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context permits."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Open”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please avoid using the term “open” or “open source” "
+"as a substitute for “free software”. Those terms refer to a <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> different position</"
+"a> based on different values. Free software is a political movement; open "
+"source is a development model. When referring to the open source position, "
+"using its name is appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our "
+"work—that leads people to think we share those views."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“PC”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It's ok to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain kind "
+"of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the implication that the "
+"computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you install GNU/Linux on the same "
+"computer, it is still a PC."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “WC” has been suggested for a computer running Windows."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Photoshop”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning any "
+"kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just "
+"the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided "
+"since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free alternatives, such as <a "
+"href=\"/software/gimp\">GIMP</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Piracy”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Publishers often refer to copying they don't approve of as “piracy."
+"” In this way, they imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking "
+"ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them. Based "
+"on such propaganda, they have procured laws in most of the world to forbid "
+"copying in most (or sometimes all) circumstances. (They are still "
+"pressuring to make these prohibitions more complete.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you don't believe that copying not approved by the publisher is just like "
+"kidnapping and murder, you might prefer not to use the word “"
+"piracy” to describe it. Neutral terms such as “unauthorized "
+"copying” (or “prohibited copying” for the situation where "
+"it is illegal) are available for use instead. Some of us might even prefer "
+"to use a positive term such as “sharing information with your neighbor."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“PowerPoint”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of "
+"slide presentation. PowerPoint is just the name of one particular "
+"proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty of free "
+"alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and OpenOffice.org's "
+"Impress."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Protection”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Publishers' lawyers love to use the term “protection” to "
+"describe copyright. This word carries the implication of preventing "
+"destruction or suffering; therefore, it encourages people to identify with "
+"the owner and publisher who benefit from copyright, rather than with the "
+"users who are restricted by it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms instead. "
+"For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a very "
+"long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long time."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to criticize copyright instead of supporting it, you can use the "
+"term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say, “"
+"Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious "
+"features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that "
+"interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is "
+"obstruction. So we can call that malicious feature “copy obstruction."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“RAND (reasonable and nondiscriminatory)”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Standards bodies that promulgate patent-restricted standards that prohibit "
+"free software typically have a policy of obtaining patent licenses that "
+"require a fixed fee per copy of a conforming program. They often refer to "
+"such licenses by the term “RAND,” which stands for “"
+"reasonable and non-discriminatory.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally neither "
+"reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these licenses do not "
+"discriminate against any specific person, but they do discriminate against "
+"the free software community, and that makes them unreasonable. Thus, half "
+"of the term “RAND” is deceptive and the other half is prejudiced."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory, "
+"and drop the use of the term “reasonable and nondiscriminatory” "
+"or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do "
+"not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To "
+"accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it "
+"widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We suggest the term “uniform fee only,” or “UFO” for "
+"short, as a replacement. It is accurate because the only condition in these "
+"licenses is a uniform royalty fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Sell software”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking, "
+"exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money is selling; but "
+"people usually associate the term “sell” with proprietary "
+"restrictions on the subsequent use of the software. You can be more "
+"precise, and prevent confusion, by saying either “distributing copies "
+"of a program for a fee” or “imposing proprietary restrictions on "
+"the use of a program,” depending on what you mean."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"See <a href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">Selling Free Software</a> for "
+"further discussion of this issue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Software Industry”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that "
+"software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to "
+"consumers. The free software community shows this is not the case. "
+"Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or "
+"nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like "
+"factories."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by advocates of "
+"software patents. They call software development “industry” and "
+"then try to argue that this means it should be subject to patent "
+"monopolies. <a href=\"http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/\";> The "
+"European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to define "
+"“industry” as “automated production of material goods."
+"”</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Theft”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright apologists often use words like “stolen” and “"
+"theft” to describe copyright infringement. At the same time, they ask "
+"us to treat the legal system as an authority on ethics: if copying is "
+"forbidden, it must be wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So it is pertinent to mention that the legal system—at least in the "
+"US—rejects the idea that copyright infringement is “theft."
+"” Copyright apologists are making an appeal to authority…and "
+"misrepresenting what authority says."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea that laws decide what is right or wrong is mistaken in general. "
+"Laws are, at their best, an attempt to achieve justice; to say that laws "
+"define justice or ethical conduct is turning things upside down."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Trusted Computing”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/can-you-trust.html\">“Trusted computing”</"
+"a> is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that "
+"application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you. "
+"For their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of "
+"view, it is “treacherous.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "“Vendor”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to anyone "
+"that develops or packages software. Many programs are developed in order to "
+"sell copies, and their developers are therefore their vendors; this even "
+"includes some free software packages. However, many programs are developed "
+"by volunteers or organizations which do not intend to sell copies. These "
+"developers are not vendors. Likewise, only some of the packagers of GNU/"
+"Linux distributions are vendors."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, "
+"2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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