# Croatian translation of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html # Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # Nevenko Baričević , 2013. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: shouldbefree.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-03-23 18:27-0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-20 11:54+0100\n" "Last-Translator: Nevenko Baričević \n" "Language-Team: GNU Croatian Translation Team \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n" "%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" "Language: hr\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" "ZaÅ¡to bi softver trebao biti slobodan - Projekt GNU - Zaklada za slobodan " "softver" #. type: Content of: <h2> msgid "Why Software Should Be Free" msgstr "ZaÅ¡to bi softver trebao biti slobodan" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>" msgstr "" "napisao <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</" "strong></a>" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Introduction" msgstr "Uvod" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions " "about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a " "copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for " "them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The " "individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?" msgstr "" "Postojanje slobodnog softvera neizbježno postavlja pitanje o tome kako bi " "trebalo donositi odluke o njegovom koriÅ¡tenju. Na primjer, pretpostavimo da " "jedna osoba koja ima primjerak nekog programa sretne drugu osobu koja bi " "također željela primjerak tog programa. U mogućnosti su kopirati taj " "program; tko bi trebao odlučiti hoće li to i učiniti? Dotične osobe? Ili " "treća strana, koju nazivamo “vlasnikom”?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption " "that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The " "political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this " "criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an " "owner, typically a corporation associated with its development." msgstr "" "Razvijatelji softvera u razmatranju ovih pitanja uglavnom kreću od " "pretpostavke da se odgovor temelji na kriteriju najveće moguće dobiti za " "razvijatelja. Politička moć poslovnih krugova dovela je do toga da vlasti " "usvoje i ovaj kriterij i odgovor kojeg su predložili razvijatelji: da " "program ima vlasnika, tipično neku korporaciju povezanu s njegovim razvojem." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the " "prosperity and freedom of the public in general." msgstr "" "Želio bih isto pitanje razmotriti na temelju drugačijeg kriterija: napretka " "i slobode javnosti općenito." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to " "ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this " "question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge " "is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, " "why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit " "analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual " "freedom as well as production of material goods." msgstr "" "Odgovor na ovo ne može nam dati trenutni zakon—zakon bi trebao biti " "prilagođen etici, a ne obratno. Odluku o tom pitanju ne može donijeti ni " "trenutna praksa, premda bi mogla predložiti moguće odgovore. Jedini način na " "koji se može donijeti odluka je pogledati na čiju je korist i na čiju Å¡tetu " "priznavanje vlasniÅ¡tva nad softverom, zaÅ¡to i u kojoj mjeri. Drugim " "riječima, trebali bismo izvrÅ¡iti analizu odnosa cijene i dobrobiti za " "druÅ¡tvo kao cjelinu, uzimajući u obzir osobnu slobodu kao i proizvodnju " "materijalnih dobara." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that " "the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the " "duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the " "software we write: in other words, to write <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw." "html\">“free” software</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>" msgstr "" "U ovom eseju opisat ću učinak vlasniÅ¡tva i pokazati da je takav ishod " "Å¡tetan. Moj zaključak je da programeri imaju dužnost poticati druge da " "dijele, dalje distribuiraju, proučavaju i poboljÅ¡avaju softver kojeg piÅ¡u: " "drugim riječima, da piÅ¡u <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">“" "slobodan” softver</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power" msgstr "Kako vlasnici opravdavaju svoju moć" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer " "two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional " "argument and the economic argument." msgstr "" "Oni koji imaju koristi od sadaÅ¡njeg sustava, u kojem programi predstavljaju " "imovinu, iznose dva razloga kojima podupiru svoje zahtjeve za vlasniÅ¡tvom " "nad programima: emocionalni razlog i ekonomski razlog." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my " "soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's <em>mine</em>!" "”" msgstr "" "Emocionalni razlog glasi ovako: “Ulažem svoj znoj, svoje srce i duÅ¡u u " "ovaj program. Njega stvaram <em>ja</em>, on je <em>moj</em>!”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of " "attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is " "not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers " "usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the " "emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great " "artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to " "their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What " "mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. " "This view prevailed for hundreds of years." msgstr "" "Ovaj razlog ne zahtijeva ozbiljno pobijanje. Osjećaj privrženosti je osjećaj " "kojeg programeri mogu njegovati kad im odgovara; nije neizbježan. " "Pogledajmo, na primjer, koliko rado isti ti programeri za plaću uobičajeno " "prepiÅ¡u sva prava na neku veliku korporaciju; emocionalna privrženost " "tajnovito nestane. Suprotno tome, pogledajmo kako veliki umjetnici srednjeg " "vijeka nisu stavljali na svoja djela ni svoje ime. Njima ime umjetnika nije " "bilo važno. Ono Å¡to je bilo važno je to da je djelo bilo napravljeno—i " "svrha kojoj će služiti. To glediÅ¡te prevladavalo je stoljećima." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually " "described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't " "allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is " "like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no " "programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice " "from the wise." msgstr "" "Ekonomski razlog glasi ovako: “Želim se obogatiti (obično neprecizno " "opisano kao ‘zaraditi za život’), a ako mi ne dozvolite da se " "obogatim programiranjem, onda neću programirati. Svi drugi su kao i ja, " "dakle nitko nikada neće programirati. Stoga nećete uopće imati programa!" "” Ova je prijetnja obično umotana kao prijateljski savjet mudrih." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an " "implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the " "argument." msgstr "" "Kasnije ću objasniti zaÅ¡to je ova prijetnja varka. Najprije se želim " "pozabaviti implicitnom pretpostavkom koja je vidljivija u drugačijem izboru " "riječi kojima se izražava ovaj razlog." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary " "program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary " "software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be " "encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two outcomes—" "proprietary software versus no software—and assuming there are no " "other possibilities." msgstr "" "Ovaj izraz započinje usporedbom druÅ¡tvene korisnosti vlasničkog programa s " "onim kada nemamo nikakvog programa, a zatim zaključuje da ja razvoj " "vlasničkog softvera, u cjelini, koristan i da bi ga trebalo poticati. " "Zabluda je ovdje u usporedbi samo dva ishoda—situaciji s vlasničkim " "softverom nasuprot situaciji bez ikakvog softvera—i pretpostavljanja " "da ne postoje druge mogućnosti." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked " "with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as " "this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary " "software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it " "is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are " "questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as " "between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question." msgstr "" "U sustavu softverskih autorskih prava, razvoj softvera se obično povezuje s " "postojanjem vlasnika koji kontrolira koriÅ¡tenje softvera. Sve dok ta veza " "postoji, često smo suočeni s izborom između vlasničkog softvera i ničega. " "Međutim, ova veza nije nerazdvojiva niti neizbježna; ona je posljedica " "određene druÅ¡tveno-pravne političke odluke koju preispitujemo: odluke da " "postoje vlasnici. Izražavanje izbora kao ovog između vlasničkog softvera " "nasuprot nikakvom softveru vapi za preispitivanjem. " #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "The Argument against Having Owners" msgstr "Argument protiv postojanja vlasnika" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked " "with having owners to restrict the use of it?”" msgstr "" "Pitanje koje se nameće je “Treba li razvoj softvera biti povezan s " "postojanjem vlasnika koji ograničavaju njegovo koriÅ¡tenje?”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of " "those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the " "software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of " "restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of " "these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off " "dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one." msgstr "" "Da bismo donijeli odluku o ovome, moramo procijeniti kakav učinak na druÅ¡tvo " "ima svaka od ovih dviju radnji <em>neovisno jedna o drugoj</em>: učinak " "razvijanja softvera (neovisno o njegovim uvjetima distribucije) i učinak " "ograničavanja njegovog koriÅ¡tenja (pretpostavljajući da je softver već " "razvijen). Ako je jedna od ovih radnji korisna, a druga je Å¡tetna, bilo bi " "bolje da ih razdvojimo i činimo samo onu korisnu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already " "developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer " "will reject the option of doing so." msgstr "" "Drugačije rečeno, ako je ograničavanje distribuiranja programa koji je već " "razvijen Å¡tetno za druÅ¡tvo općenito, tada će etički razvijatelj softvera " "odbaciti mogućnost da to čini." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value " "to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same " "program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds." msgstr "" "Da bismo odredili učinak ograničavanja dijeljenja, trebamo usporediti " "vrijednost za druÅ¡tvo koju ima ograničeni (tj. vlasnički) program s onom " "vrijednošću koju ima isti takav program koji je dostupan svima. Ta znači " "usporediti dva moguća svijeta." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that " "“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program " "is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument " "assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis " "involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much " "greater." msgstr "" "Ova analiza također rjeÅ¡ava i jednostavan protuargument, koji se ponekad " "iznosi, da je “korist koju ima susjed kojem damo kopiju nekog programa " "poniÅ¡tena Å¡tetom učinjenom vlasniku.” Ovaj protuargument pretpostavlja " "da su i Å¡teta i korist jednako velike. Analiza uključuje usporedbu ovih " "veličina, te pokazuje da je korist mnogo veća." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road " "construction." msgstr "" "Da rasvijetlimo ovaj argument, primijenimo ga na drugo područje: izgradnju " "ceste." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This " "would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would " "provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue " "of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a " "toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, " "because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work." msgstr "" "Bilo bi moguće financirati izgradnju svih cesta naplatom cestarine. To bi " "zahtijevalo da imamo naplatne kućice na svim raskrižjima. Takav bi sustav " "pružio velik poticaj za poboljÅ¡avanje cesta. Imao bi također i svojstvo " "uzrokovanja da korisnici bilo koje ceste plaćaju za tu cestu. Međutim, " "naplatna kućica je umjetna prepreka glatkom odvijanju prometa—umjetna, " "jer nije posljedica toga kako ceste ili automobili funkcioniraju. " #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all " "else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, " "cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In " "a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The " "roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; " "they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund " "roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once " "built, should be free." msgstr "" "Uspoređujući slobodne ceste i ceste s naplatom cestarine, otkrivamo da su " "(ako je sve ostalo jednako) ceste bez naplatnih kućica jeftinije za " "izgradnju, jeftinije za upravljanje, sigurnije i učinkovitije.<a href=" "\"#f2\">(2)</a> U siromaÅ¡noj zemlji, cestarine mogu učiniti ceste nedostupne " "mnogim građanima. Ceste bez naplatnih kućica stoga nude viÅ¡e dobrobiti " "druÅ¡tvu za nižu cijenu; bolje su za druÅ¡tvo. Stoga, druÅ¡tvo bi trebalo " "odabrati financirati ceste na drugačiji način, a ne naplatnim kućicama. " "KoriÅ¡tenje cesta, jednom kad su izgrađene, mora biti slobodno." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of " "raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do " "raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the " "road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or " "technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means " "substituting toll roads for free roads." msgstr "" "Kada zagovornici naplatnih kućica predlažu njihovo koriÅ¡tenje <em>samo</em> " "kao način prikupljanja sredstava, oni iskrivljuju izbor koji je dostupan. " "Naplatne kućice zaista prikupljaju sredstva, no čine i neÅ¡to drugo: u " "suÅ¡tini, one degradiraju cestu. Cesta s naplatom cestarine nije tako dobra " "kao slobodna cesta; dobivanje tehnički savrÅ¡enijih cesta ne mora biti " "poboljÅ¡anje ako to znači zamjenjivanje slobodnih cesta onima s naplatom " "cestarine." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public " "must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll " "booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by " "buying a free road." msgstr "" "Naravno, izgradnja slobodne ceste ipak koÅ¡ta, Å¡to javnost mora nekako " "platiti. Međutim, to ne podrazumijeva neizbježnost naplatnih kućica. Mi, " "koji ionako moramo platiti, dobit ćemo viÅ¡e za naÅ¡ novac kupujući slobodnu " "cestu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would " "be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but " "this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the " "toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise " "the funds in a less obstructive fashion." msgstr "" "Ne kažem da je loÅ¡ije imati cestu s naplatom cestarine nego uopće ne imati " "cestu. To bi bila istina kada bi cestarina bila toliko visoka da bi rijetko " "tko mogao koristiti tu cestu—no to nije naročito vjerojatna politika " "onih koji naplaćuju cestarine. Međutim, dokle god naplatne kućice uzrokuju " "značajno rasipanje i neugodnost, bolje je skupiti novčana sredstva na manje " "ometajući način." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that " "having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society " "dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to " "distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that " "program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go " "on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually " "necessary) funding software development." msgstr "" "Kako bih primijenio isti argument na razvoj softvera, sada ću pokazati da " "postojanje “naplatnih kućica” za korisne softverske programe " "druÅ¡tvo skupo stoji: to čini programe skupljima za izradu, skupljima za " "distribuciju i manje ugodnima i učinkovitima za koriÅ¡tenje. Iz toga slijedi " "da izradu programa treba poticati na neki drugi način. Zato ću objasniti " "druge načine poticanja i (do mjere koja je potrebna) financiranja razvoja " "softvera." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software" msgstr "Å teta koju nanosi opstrukcija softvera" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary " "payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either " "to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the " "existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a href=" "\"#f3\">(3)</a>" msgstr "" "Razmotrimo na trenutak da je program razvijen i da su svi nužni troÅ¡kovi za " "njegov razvoj plaćeni; sada druÅ¡tvo treba izabrati hoće li ga učiniti " "vlasničkim ili dozvoliti slobodno dijeljenje i koriÅ¡tenje. Pretpostavimo da " "je postojanje programa i njegova dostupnost poželjna stvar.<a href=\"#f3\">" "(3)</a>" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot " "facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be " "negative. But how much? And what kind?" msgstr "" "Ograničenja distribucije i mijenjanja programa ne mogu olakÅ¡ati njegovo " "koriÅ¡tenje. Oni mogu samo stvarati smetnju. Učinak stoga može biti samo " "negativan. No, koliko? I kakve vrste?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:" msgstr "Tri različite razine materijalne Å¡tete dolaze od takve opstrukcije:" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "Fewer people use the program." msgstr "Manje ljudi koristi program." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "None of the users can adapt or fix the program." msgstr "Nitko od korisnika ne može prilagoditi ili ispraviti program." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it." msgstr "" "Drugi razvijatelji ne mogu učiti iz programa niti temeljiti novo djelo na " "njemu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial harm. " "This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their subsequent " "feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's ways of " "thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with their " "fellow citizens, and can have material consequences." msgstr "" "Svaka razina materijalne Å¡tete ima prateći oblik psihosocijalne Å¡tete. Ovo " "se odnosi na posljedice koje ljudske odluke imaju na njihove buduće " "osjećaje, stavove i sklonosti. Ove promjene u načinu razmiÅ¡ljanja ljudi će " "zatim imati daljnje posljedice na njihove odnose sa sugrađanima, a mogu " "imati i materijalne posljedice." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program " "could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly " "all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at " "most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that " "is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit." msgstr "" "Ove tri razine materijalne Å¡tete rasipaju dio vrijednosti kojom je program " "mogao doprinijeti, no ne mogu je potpuno poniÅ¡titi. Ukoliko rasipaju gotovo " "svu vrijednost programa, onda pisanje programa nanosi Å¡tetu druÅ¡tvu " "maksimalno u visini truda uloženog u pisanje programa. Nedvojbeno, program " "koji je profitabilan za prodaju mora pružiti neku izravnu materijalnu korist." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no " "limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do." msgstr "" "Međutim, uzimajući u obzir prateću psihosocijalnu Å¡tetu, nema granica Å¡teti " "koju razvoj vlasničkog softvera može učiniti." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs" msgstr "Opstrukcija koriÅ¡tenja programa" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a " "program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing " "the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A " "license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely " "useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it." msgstr "" "Prva razina Å¡tete ometa jednostavno koriÅ¡tenje programa. TroÅ¡ak kopije " "programa je gotovo nula (a taj posao možete platiti i tako da ga sami " "odradite), stoga bi na slobodnom tržiÅ¡tu imao cijenu blizu nuli. Naknada za " "autorska prava djeluje značajno destimulirajuće na koriÅ¡tenje programa. Ako " "je neki Å¡iroko koriÅ¡ten program vlasnički, daleko manje ljudi će ga " "koristiti." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is " "reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, " "faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use " "of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of " "wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of " "the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of " "negative numbers and zeros must be negative." msgstr "" "Lako je pokazati da je ukupan doprinos programa druÅ¡tvu umanjen ako mu se " "odredi vlasnik. Svaki potencijalni korisnik programa, suočen s potrebom da " "plati za njegovo koriÅ¡tenje, može izabrati plaćanje ili se može odreći " "koriÅ¡tenja programa. Kada korisnik odabere platiti, vrijednost prijenosa " "dobara između dviju strana je nula. No svaki put kada netko izabere odreći " "se koriÅ¡tenja programa, to Å¡teti toj osobi, a ne donosi dobrobit nikome. " "Zbroj negativnih vrijednosti s nulama mora biti negativan." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the " "program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered " "user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced." msgstr "" "No to ne umanjuje količinu rada koja je potrebna za <em>razvoj</em> " "programa. Kao posljedica, učinkovitost cijelog procesa, mjerena " "zadovoljstvom korisnika u odnosu na sat rada, smanjena je." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, " "chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects " "outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can " "produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't " "true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to " "be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built." msgstr "" "Ovo odražava presudnu razliku između kopija programa i automobila, stolica " "ili sendviča. Izvan znanstveno-fantastične literature ne postoji uređaj za " "kopiranje materijalnih objekata. No programe je jednostavno kopirati; svatko " "može proizvesti koliko god kopija je potrebno, uz vrlo malo truda. To ne " "vrijedi za materijalne objekte zbog zakona o očuvanju materije: svaka nova " "kopija mora biti izrađena od sirovina na isti način na koji je izrađena i " "prva kopija." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer " "objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's " "true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is " "spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of " "production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not " "make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the " "freedom of ordinary users." msgstr "" "Kod materijalnih objekata, destimuliranje koriÅ¡tenja ima smisla, jer manje " "kupljenih objekata znači i manje sirovina i rada potrebnih da bi ih se " "izradilo. Istina je da postoji i početni troÅ¡ak, troÅ¡ak razvoja, koji se " "raspoređuje na količinu proizvodnje. No sve dok je granični troÅ¡ak " "proizvodnje značajan, dodavanje dijela troÅ¡ka razvoja ne čini kvalitativnu " "razliku. Isto tako ne zahtijeva ograničenja slobode običnih korisnika." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a " "qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution " "becomes a powerful disincentive." msgstr "" "Međutim, nametanje cijene na neÅ¡to Å¡to bi inače bilo besplatno kvalitativna " "je promjena. SrediÅ¡nje nametnuta naknada za distribuciju softvera postaje " "snažno destimulirajuća." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a " "means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing " "physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of " "them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as " "an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by " "having owners." msgstr "" "Å toviÅ¡e, srediÅ¡nja proizvodnja kakva se sada prakticira neučinkovita je čak " "i kao sredstvo isporuke primjeraka softvera. Ovaj sustav uključuje " "stavljanje fizičkih diskova ili kaseta u suviÅ¡na pakiranja, slanje velikog " "broja njih oko svijeta i njihovog skladiÅ¡tenja za prodaju. Ovaj troÅ¡ak " "prikazan je kao rashod u poslovanju; istina je zapravo da je to dio " "rasipanja uzrokovanog vlasniÅ¡tvom." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion" msgstr "NanoÅ¡enje Å¡tete druÅ¡tvenoj koheziji" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a " "certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that " "proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A " "proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the " "other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable." msgstr "" "Pretpostavimo da biste i vi i vaÅ¡ susjed smatrali korisnim upotrebljavati " "određeni program. Iz etičke brige za vaÅ¡eg susjeda, trebali biste osjećati " "da će ispravno upravljanje situacijom omogućiti obojici da ga koristite. " "Zahtjev da se koriÅ¡tenje programa dozvoli samo jednom od vas, a spriječi " "drugom, razdorna je; ni vi niti vaÅ¡ susjed ne biste ga trebali smatrati " "prihvatljivim." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: " "“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a " "copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal " "psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of " "helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is " "psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of " "the program." msgstr "" "Prihvaćanje tipičnog softverskog licenčnog ugovora znači izdaju vaÅ¡eg " "susjeda: “Obećajem liÅ¡iti svojeg susjeda ovog programa kako bih mogao " "imati kopiju za sebe.” Ljudi koji čine ovakve izbore osjećaju " "unutarnji psiholoÅ¡ki pritisak da ih opravdaju, umanjivanjem važnosti " "pomaganja svojem susjedu—stoga trpi javni duh. Ovo je psiholoÅ¡ka Å¡teta " "udružena s materijalnom Å¡tetom kao posljedice destimuliranja koriÅ¡tenja " "programa." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they " "decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they " "often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws " "in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws " "authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) " "is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one " "can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force." msgstr "" "Mnogi korisnici nesvjesno prepoznaju nepravdu odbijanja dijeljenja, stoga " "odlučuju zanemariti licence i zakone i ipak dijeliti programe. No, često " "zbog toga osjećaju krivnju. Znaju da moraju krÅ¡iti zakone kako bi bili dobri " "susjedi, ali i dalje zakone smatraju mjerodavnima, pa zaključuju da je biti " "dobar susjed (Å¡to oni i jesu) neÅ¡to nevaljano i sramotno. To je također " "vrsta psihosocijalne Å¡tete, no može se izbjeći odlukom da ove licence i " "zakoni nemaju moralne vrijednosti." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not " "be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or " "denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds " "technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use it?" "”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling " "discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a " "cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it." msgstr "" "Programeri isto tako trpe psihosocijalnu Å¡tetu znajući da mnogim korisnicima " "neće biti dozvoljeno koriÅ¡tenje njihovog rada. To dovodi do ciničnog stava " "ili do poricanja. Programer može oduÅ¡evljeno opisivati rad koji smatra " "tehnički uzbudljivim; zatim, ako ga upitamo “Hoću li ga smjeti " "koristiti?”, raspoloženje mu splasne i priznaje da je odgovor ne. Kako " "bi izbjegao osjećaj obeshrabrenosti, ili će većinu vremena ignorirati ovu " "činjenicu ili će usvojiti ciničan stav osmiÅ¡ljen kako bi umanjio njenu " "važnost." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not " "technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the " "public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of " "the latter." msgstr "" "Od vremena Reagana, najveća nestaÅ¡ica u Sjedinjenim državama nisu tehničke " "inovacije, već volja da se zajedno radi za javno dobro. Nema smisla poticati " "prvo na Å¡tetu ovog drugog." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs" msgstr "Opstrukcija vlastite prilagodbe programa" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The " "ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older " "technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for " "modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or " "leave it, as a black box—that is all." msgstr "" "Druga razina materijalne Å¡tete nemogućnost je prilagodbe programa. Lakoća " "mijenjanja softvera jedna je od velikih prednosti nad starijom tehnologijom. " "No, većinu komercijalno dostupnog softvera nije moguće izmijeniti, čak i " "nakon Å¡to ga kupite. Možete ga uzeti ili ostaviti, kao crnu kutiju—to " "je sve." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is " "obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers " "to make the program do something different." msgstr "" "Program kojeg možete pokretati sastoji se od nizova brojeva čije je značenje " "nerazgovjetno. Nitko, čak ni dobar programer, ne može jednostavno izmijeniti " "brojeve kako bi program radio neÅ¡to drugo." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, " "which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses " "names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it " "represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and " "‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read " "and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the " "distance between two points in a plane:" msgstr "" "Programeri uobičajeno rade s “izvornim kodom” programa, koji je " "pisan u nekom programskom jeziku kao Å¡to je Fortran ili C. Programski jezik " "koristi imena kako bi se označili podaci koji se koriste i dijelovi " "programa, a operacije predstavlja simbolima kao Å¡to su ‘+’ za " "zbrajanje i ‘-’ za oduzimanje. OsmiÅ¡ljen je kako bi pomogao " "programerima čitati i mijenjati programe. Ovdje je jedan primjer, program za " "izračun udaljenosti između dvije točke u ravnini:" #. type: Content of: <pre> #, no-wrap msgid "" " float\n" " distance (p0, p1)\n" " struct point p0, p1;\n" " {\n" " float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n" " float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n" " return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n" " }\n" msgstr "" " float\n" " distance (p0, p1)\n" " struct point p0, p1;\n" " {\n" " float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n" " float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n" " return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n" " }\n" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it " "looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will " "find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in " "executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:" msgstr "" "Å to konkretno izvorni kod predstavlja nije bitno; bitno je da izgleda kao " "algebra, a osobi koja poznaje programski jezik bit će smislen i jasan. " "Suprotno tome, ovdje je isti taj program u izvrÅ¡nom obliku, na računalu koje " "sam koristio kada sam ovo pisao:" #. type: Content of: <pre> #, no-wrap msgid "" " 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n" " 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n" " -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n" " 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n" " 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n" msgstr "" " 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n" " 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n" " -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n" " 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n" " 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But " "most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the " "source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest " "anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of " "incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that " "only the program's owner can change the program." msgstr "" "Izvorni kod je (barem potencijalno) koristan svakom korisniku programa. No, " "većini korisnika nije dozvoljeno imati kopije izvornog koda. Izvorni kod " "vlasničkog programa vlasnik uglavnom drži u tajnosti, da netko iz njega ne " "bi neÅ¡to naučio. Korisnici dobivaju samo datoteke s nerazumljivim brojevima " "koje će računalo izvrÅ¡avati. To znači da samo vlasnik programa može " "izmijeniti program." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six " "months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially " "available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that " "commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their " "needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted to—" "the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of make-work, " "work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste." msgstr "" "Prijateljica mi je jednom pričala kako je oko Å¡est mjeseci radila kao " "programer u jednoj banci, piÅ¡ući program sličan nečem Å¡to je bilo " "komercijalno dostupno. Bila je uvjerena da bi, kada bi mogla dobiti izvorni " "kod tog komercijalno dostupnog programa, on mogao biti lako prilagođen " "njihovim potrebama. Banka je to bila voljna platiti, ali nije joj bilo " "dozvoljeno—izvorni kod bio je tajan. Tako joj je bilo potrebno Å¡est " "mjeseci nepotrebnog rada, rada koji se ubraja u BDP no zapravo je uzaludan." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> " "Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift " "from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many " "convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user " "immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, " "such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately " "notify all users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated " "smooth operation." msgstr "" "Xerox je oko 1977. godine laboratoriju za umjetnu inteligenciju (AI Lab) " "<abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>-a poklonio " "grafički pisač. Pokretao ga je slobodan softver kojem smo dodali mnogo " "zgodnih mogućnosti. Na primjer, softver bi odmah po zavrÅ¡etku ispisa " "obavijestio korisnika o tome. Svaki put kada je pisač imao neki problem, kao " "Å¡to je zastoj papira ili potroÅ¡en sav papir, softver bi odmah obavijestio " "sve korisnike čiji ispis je bio na čekanju. Ove su odlike olakÅ¡avale rad bez " "zastoja." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first laser " "printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate " "dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We " "could arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the " "dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay " "was usually considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was " "actually printed; you could only guess. And no one was informed when there " "was a paper jam, so the printer often went for an hour without being fixed." msgstr "" "Kasnije je Xerox dao AI Labu noviji, brži pisač, jedan od prvih laserskih " "pisača. Pogonio ga je vlasnički softver koji je radio na odvojenom " "namjenskom računalu, tako da nismo mogli dodati ni jednu od naÅ¡ih omiljenih " "mogućnosti. Mogli smo urediti da se Å¡alje obavijest o slanju ispisa na " "namjensko računalo, ali ne i obavijest kada je ispis zavrÅ¡en (a vremenski " "razmak između tih dviju radnji bio je značajan). Nije postojao način na koji " "bismo mogli doznati kada je ispis zapravo dovrÅ¡en, mogli smo samo " "pretpostavljati. Isto tako nitko nije bio obavijeÅ¡ten o zastoju papira, tako " "da je često prolazio i sat vremena prije nego je problem bio otklonjen." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such problems, " "probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox was " "uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to " "accept the problems. They were never fixed." msgstr "" "Programeri sustava u AI Labu bili su sposobni takve probleme otkloniti, " "vjerojatno jednako sposobni kao i sami autori tog programa. Xerox nije bio " "zainteresiran za njihovo otklanjanje, a odabrali su da i nas spriječe u " "tome, tako da smo bili prisiljeni prihvatiti te probleme, koji nikada nisu " "bili rijeÅ¡eni." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank could " "afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a " "typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up." msgstr "" "Većina dobrih programera iskusila je ovu frustraciju. Banka si je mogla " "priuÅ¡titi pisanje novog programa od početka, no tipičan korisnik, bez obzira " "koliko vjeÅ¡t bio, može samo odustati od toga." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of self-reliance. It " "is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit your " "needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can spread to " "affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are unhappy " "and do not do good work." msgstr "" "Odustajanje uzrokuje psihosocijalnu Å¡tetu—duhu samopouzdanja. " "Demoralizirajuće je živjeti u kući koju ne možete preurediti kako bi " "odgovarala vaÅ¡im potrebama. To dovodi do rezignacije i obeshrabrenja, koje " "se može proÅ¡iriti i utjecati na druge aspekte nečijeg života. Ljudi koji se " "ovako osjećaju nesretni su i ne rade dobro." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same fashion as " "software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take out the " "salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you insult my " "recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with it? " "You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work right!" "”" msgstr "" "Zamislite kako bi bilo da se receptima Å¡krtari na način na koji se to čini " "sa softverom. Mogli biste reći “Kako da promijenim ovaj recept kako " "bih izbacio sol?”, a glavni kuhar bi odgovorio “Kako se " "usuđujete vrijeđati moj recept, plod mojeg uma i nepca, pokuÅ¡avajući " "petljati po njemu? Nemate dovoljno znanja da izmijenite moj recept, a da on " "nakon toga bude ispravan!”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do? Will " "you take out the salt for me?”" msgstr "" "“Ali moj liječnik kaže da ne smijem jesti sol! Å to da učinim? Hoćete " "li mi vi ukloniti sol?”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since the " "owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large. “However, " "right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to design a new " "recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get around to " "you in about two years.”" msgstr "" "“Rado bih to učinio; moja naknada je samo 50 000 dolara.” " "Budući da vlasnik ima monopol na izmjene, naknada ima tendenciju biti " "visoka. “Međutim, trenutno nemam vremena. Zauzet sam narudžbom da " "osmislim novi recept za brodski kolač za Ministarstvo pomorstva. Bit ću u " "mogućnosti posvetiti vam se za približno dvije godine.”" #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Obstructing Software Development" msgstr "Opstruiranje razvoja softvera" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The third level of material harm affects software development. Software " "development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would take an " "existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then " "another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, " "this continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the " "program would be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other " "programs." msgstr "" "Treća razina materijalne Å¡tete pogađa razvoj softvera. Razvoj softvera je " "bio evolucijski proces, gdje bi neka osoba uzela neki postojeći program i " "ponovno napisala neke njegove dijelove za jedan mogući ishod, zatim bi druga " "osoba ponovno napisala neke dijelove kako bi dodala drugi mogući ishod; u " "nekim slučajevima, to bi se nastavljalo kroz vremenski period od dvadeset " "godina. U međuvremenu, dijelovi programa bili bi “" "kanibalizirani” kako bi činili početak nekih drugih programa." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it necessary " "to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents new " "practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or " "even how large programs can be structured." msgstr "" "Postojanje vlasnika sprečava ovakvu evoluciju, čineći nužnim počinjanje " "ispočetka kada se razvija neki program. Ono također sprečava nove vježbenike " "u proučavanju postojećih programa kako bi naučili korisne tehnike ili čak i " "način na koji se veliki programi mogu izgrađivati." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer " "science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be " "good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different " "skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it." msgstr "" "Vlasnici isto tako ometaju obrazovanje. Sreo sam sjajne studente računalnih " "znanosti koji nikada nisu vidjeli izvorni kod nekog velikog programa. Mogu " "biti dobri u pisanju malih programa, ali ne mogu početi učiti različite " "vjeÅ¡tine pisana velikih programa ako ne mogu vidjeti kako su to učinili " "drugi." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the " "shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the " "software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people " "<em>in your own company</em>." msgstr "" "U bilo kojem intelektualnom području, čovjek može doseći veće visine stojeći " "na ramenima drugih. No to uglavnom viÅ¡e nije dozvoljeno u području " "softvera—možete stajati samo na ramenima drugih ljudi <em>iz vaÅ¡e " "tvrtke</em>." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific " "cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even " "when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers " "abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their " "work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good " "care of it." msgstr "" "Pridružena psihosocijalna Å¡teta utječe na duh znanstvene suradnje, koji je " "običavao biti toliko jak da bi znanstvenici surađivali čak i kada su njihove " "zemlje bile u ratu. U tom duhu, japanski oceanografi koji su napustili svoj " "laboratorij na jednom otoku u Pacifiku pažljivo su sačuvali svoj rad za " "osvajačke marince Sjedinjenih Država i ostavili im poruku da se dobro " "pobrinu za njega." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. " "Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to " "enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let " "readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in " "computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is " "usually secret." msgstr "" "Sukob za profit razorio je ono Å¡to je međunarodni sukob poÅ¡tedio. Danas " "znanstvenici iz mnogih područja ne objavljuju u svojim člancima dovoljno da " "bi omogućili drugima da ponove pokus. Objavljuju samo toliko koliko je " "dovoljno da omogući čitateljima da se dive koliko su ovi uspjeli napraviti. " "Ovo je svakako istina u računalnoj znanosti, gdje je izvorni kod programa o " "kojem se izvjeÅ¡tava uglavnom tajan." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted" msgstr "Nije važno kako je dijeljenje ograničeno" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying, " "changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this " "obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. " "Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or " "encryption, or <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or " "hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does " "harm." msgstr "" "Raspravljao sam o učincima sprečavanja ljudi da kopiraju, mijenjaju i " "dorađuju program. Nisam odredio kako se to ometanje provodi, jer to ne " "utječe na zaključak. Bilo da se to radi zaÅ¡titom od kopiranja, autorskim " "pravima, licencama, Å¡ifriranjem, <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</" "acronym> karticama ili hardverskim serijskim brojevima, ako <em>uspije</em> " "spriječiti koriÅ¡tenje, nanosi Å¡tetu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I " "suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their " "objective." msgstr "" "Korisnici smatraju neke od ovih metoda odvratnijima od drugih. Predlažem da " "su najmrskije one metode koje postižu svoj cilj." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Software Should be Free" msgstr "Softver treba biti slobodan" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict changing " "or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are widespread and " "important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for programs." msgstr "" "Pokazao sam kako je vlasniÅ¡tvo nad programom—moć ograničavanja " "njegovog mijenjanja ili kopiranja—ometajuće. Njegovi negativni učinci " "Å¡iroko su rasprostranjeni i važni. Iz toga slijedi da druÅ¡tvo ne bi smjelo " "imati vlasnike programa." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free software, " "and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the substitute " "is not a rational way to get what we need." msgstr "" "Drugi način da se ovo shvati je da je slobodan softver ono Å¡to je druÅ¡tvu " "potrebno, dok je vlasnički softver slab nadomjestak za to. Poticanje tog " "nadomjestka nije racionalan način dobivanja onoga Å¡to nam je potrebno." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is good, " "not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making " "proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but " "it is not what is good for society." msgstr "" "Vaclav Havel nas je savjetovao da “radimo za neÅ¡to zato Å¡to je to " "dobro, a ne samo zato Å¡to ima izgleda uspjeti.” Tvrtka koja proizvodi " "vlasnički softver ima izgleda uspjeti u svojim uskim uvjetima, no to nije " "neÅ¡to Å¡to je dobro za druÅ¡tvo." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Why People Will Develop Software" msgstr "ZaÅ¡to će ljudi razvijati softver" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop " "software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will " "be more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user " "satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it " "anyway, there are other ways to encourage development, just as there are " "ways besides toll booths to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how " "that can be done, first I want to question how much artificial encouragement " "is truly necessary." msgstr "" "Ako uklonimo autorska prava kao način poticanja ljudi da razvijaju softver, " "isprva će se razvijati manje softvera, ali će taj softver biti korisniji. " "Nije jasno hoće li ukupno zadovoljstvo korisnika biti manje; no ako bude, " "ili ako ga budemo željeli povećati, postoje i drugi načini poticanja " "razvoja, jednako kao Å¡to postoje i drugi načini osim naplatnih kućica na " "koje se može prikupiti novac za ceste. Prije nego Å¡to počnem govoriti o tome " "kako se to može učiniti, želim provjeriti koliko je umjetnog poticaja " "istinski potrebno." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Programming is Fun" msgstr "Programiranje je zabavno" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road " "construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which " "there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their " "fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples include " "mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and political " "organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, " "for the few funded positions available, none of which is funded very well. " "They may even pay for the chance to work in the field, if they can afford to." msgstr "" "Postoje neka zanimanja za koje će se rijetki opredijeliti, osim zbog novca; " "na primjer, izgradnja cesta. Postoje druga područja istraživanja i " "umjetnosti u kojima nema velike mogućnosti da se postane bogat, za koje se " "ljudi opredjeljuju zbog svojeg zanosa ili njihove vrijednosti za druÅ¡tvo. " "Primjeri uključuju matematičku logiku, klasičnu glazbu i arheologiju, te " "političko organiziranje među radnicima. Ljudi se natječu, viÅ¡e tužno nego " "žestoko, za tih nekoliko dostupnih plaćenih namjeÅ¡tenja, od kojih nijedno " "nije naročito dobro plaćeno. Postoji mogućnost da čak i plate za priliku da " "rade u određenom području, ako si to mogu priuÅ¡titi." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the " "possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the " "same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what " "they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone " "connected with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the " "field without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to " "ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, " "powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so." msgstr "" "Takvo se područje može preko noći preobraziti ako počne nuditi mogućnost " "bogaćenja. Kada se jedan radnik obogati, ostali zahtijevaju istu priliku. " "Uskoro svi mogu zahtijevati veliku količinu novca da bi radili ono Å¡to su do " "tada radili iz zadovoljstva. Nakon nekoliko godina, svatko povezan s tim " "područjem rada s podsmijehom će gledati na pomisao da u tom području neÅ¡to " "radi bez velike financijske koristi. Savjetovat će druÅ¡tvene planere da " "osiguraju takvu financijsku korist, propisujući posebne povlastice, moći i " "monopol koji su potrebni za to." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In " "the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users " "were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was " "generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to " "break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one " "would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they " "knew back then." msgstr "" "Ova se promjena dogodila u području računalnog programiranja osamdesetih " "godina dvadesetog stoljeća. U sedamdesetim godinama su se pojavili članci o " "“računalnom ovisniÅ¡tvu”: korisnici su bili “online” " "i troÅ¡ili na to velik novac. Općenito se smatralo da ljudi često vole " "programiranje dovoljno snažno da uniÅ¡te svoj brak. Danas se općenito smatra " "da nitko ne bi želio programirati, osim za veliku plaću. Ljudi su zaboravili " "ono Å¡to su prije znali." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain " "field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can " "run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the " "possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have " "readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the " "field for the joy of accomplishment." msgstr "" "Ako je u nekom trenutku istina da će većina ljudi raditi u određenom " "području jedino za visoku plaću, ne mora tako i ostati. Dinamika promjene " "može ići i unatrag, ako druÅ¡tvo osigura poticaj. Ako uklonimo mogućnost " "velikog bogatstva, tada će nakon nekog vremena, kada ljudi prilagode svoje " "stavove, ponovno biti željni rada u tom području radi zadovoljstva zbog " "postignuća." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier " "question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A " "mere living is easier to raise." msgstr "" "Pitanje “Kako da platimo programere?” postaje lakÅ¡e kada " "shvatimo da se ne radi o tome da im platimo cijelo bogatstvo. LakÅ¡e je " "jednostavno osigurati im dobar život." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "Funding Free Software" msgstr "Financiranje slobodnog softvera" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses. Many " "other institutions already exist that can do this." msgstr "" "Ustanove koje plaćaju programere ne moraju biti softverske kuće. Mnoge druge " "ustanove koje to mogu raditi već postoje." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software development " "even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much of their " "software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today, their " "increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that " "owning the software is not what is really important for them." msgstr "" "Za proizvođače hardvera je bitno da podržavaju razvoj softvera čak i ako ne " "mogu kontrolirati koriÅ¡tenje softvera. Godine 1970. mnogo je njihovog " "softvera bilo slobodno jer nisu razmatrali njegovo ograničavanje. Danas " "svojom sklonošću pridruživanja konzorcijima pokazuju svoje shvaćanje da " "posjedovanje softvera nije neÅ¡to Å¡to im je uistinu važno." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell the " "results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that " "universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell " "software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts " "and grants that now support proprietary software development." msgstr "" "SveučiliÅ¡ta provode mnoge softverske projekte. Danas često prodaju svoje " "rezultate, ali 1970. to nisu činili. Postoji li ikakva sumnja u to da bi " "sveučiliÅ¡ta razvijala slobodan softver ako im ne bi bilo dopuÅ¡teno prodavati " "softver? Ove bi se projekte moglo podržavati istim vladinim ugovorima i " "stipendijama kojima se sada podržava razvoj vlasničkog softvera." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a " "system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that “" "finished”, and then start companies where they really finish the " "project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version " "“free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an " "exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is openly " "admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not exposed to " "the temptation to do these things, they would still do their research." msgstr "" "Danas je uobičajeno da sveučiliÅ¡ni istraživači dobiju stipendije za razvoj " "sustava, razviju ga gotovo do kraja i nazovu ga “dovrÅ¡enim”, a " "zatim osnuju tvrtke gdje zaista dovrÅ¡e projekt i učine ga upotrebljivim. " "Ponekad nedovrÅ¡enu verziju proglase “slobodnom”; ako su " "pokvareni do srži, umjesto toga od sveučiliÅ¡ta zatraže ekskluzivnu licencu. " "To nije tajna: otvoreno je priznaju svi kojih se tiče. No kada istraživači " "ne bi bili izloženi iskuÅ¡enju da čine ove stvari, ipak bi i dalje radili " "svoja istraživanja. " #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling services " "related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a href=\"/software/" "gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make user-interface " "extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I offer these " "improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach classes for " "which I am paid." msgstr "" "Programeri koji piÅ¡u slobodan softver mogu za život zarađivati prodajom " "usluga povezanih s tim softverom. Bio sam plaćen da prenesem <a href=\"/" "software/gcc/\">GNU-ov prevodilac za jezik C</a> na novi hardver i da " "izradim dodatke korisničkog sučelja za <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU-ov " "Emacs</a>. (Ta poboljÅ¡anja, kada su gotova, nudim javnosti.) Također držim i " "predavanja za koja sam plaćen." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing " "corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also " "provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is " "the beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry " "that could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It " "provides users with an option generally unavailable for proprietary " "software, except to the very wealthy." msgstr "" "Nisam sam u ovome načinu rada, sada postoji uspjeÅ¡na, rastuća korporacija " "koja ne radi nikakvu drugu vrstu posla. ViÅ¡e drugih tvrtki isto tako pružaju " "komercijalnu podrÅ¡ku za slobodan softver sustava GNU. To je začetak " "gospodarske grane za neovisnu softversku podrÅ¡ku—gospodarske grane " "koja bi mogla postati prilično velika ukoliko slobodan softver postane " "dominantan. To korisnicima pruža mogućnost koja, osim za one vrlo bogate, " "uglavnom nije dostupna kod vlasničkog softvera." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software " "Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds " "come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is " "free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, " "but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free " "software” refers to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already " "have a copy order tapes as a way of making a contribution they feel we " "deserve. The Foundation also receives sizable donations from computer " "manufacturers." msgstr "" "Nove ustanove kao Å¡to je <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Zaklada za slobodan " "softver</a> također mogu financirati programere. Većina novčanih sredstava " "Zaklade dolazi od korisnika koji poÅ¡tom kupuju magnetske trake. Softver na " "trakama je slobodan, Å¡to znači da svaki korisnik ima slobodu kopirati ga i " "mijenjati, no svejedno mnogi plaćaju da bi dobili kopije. (Prisjetite se da " "se “slobodan softver” odnosi na slobodu, ne na cijenu.) Neki " "korisnici koji već imaju kopiju naručuju trake kao način davanja priloga za " "kojeg misle da ga zaslužujemo. Zaklada isto tako prima i značajne donacije " "od proizvođača računala." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on hiring " "as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business, " "distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would " "now provide a very good living for its founder." msgstr "" "Zaklada za slobodan softver je neprofitna i njezin prihod troÅ¡i se na " "zapoÅ¡ljavanje Å¡to je moguće viÅ¡e programera. Da je postavljena kao poduzeće, " "koje distribuira javnosti isti slobodan softver za istu naknadu, sada bi " "svojem osnivaču osiguravala vrlo dobre prihode." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the " "Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because " "we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing " "that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it " "because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many " "useful programs for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)" msgstr "" "Zato Å¡to je Zaklada osnovana kao neprofitna, programeri često rade za " "Zakladu u pola cijene koju bi mogli postići drugdje. Čine to zbog toga Å¡to " "nemamo birokraciju, a i zbog toga Å¡to osjećaju zadovoljstvo znajući da " "koriÅ¡tenje njihovog rada neće biti ometano. NajviÅ¡e od svega, čine to zato " "Å¡to je programiranje zabavno. Dodatno, volonteri su za nas napisali mnogo " "korisnih programa. (Čak su i pisci tehničke dokumentacije počeli " "volontirati.)" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all fields, " "along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want to " "program." msgstr "" "Ovo potvrđuje da je područje programiranja najviÅ¡e očaravajuće od svih " "područja, zajedno s glazbom i umjetnošću. Ne moramo se plaÅ¡iti da nitko neće " "htjeti programirati." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "What Do Users Owe to Developers?" msgstr "Å to korisnici duguju razvijateljima?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation to " "contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to " "the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of " "the users to give them funds to continue." msgstr "" "Postoji dobar razlog da korisnici softvera osjećaju moralnu obavezu " "doprinijeti njegovom razvoju. Razvijatelji slobodnog softvera doprinose radu " "korisnika, tako da je i poÅ¡teno i u dugoročnom interesu korisnika " "financirati ih kako bi nastavili." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since " "obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward." msgstr "" "Međutim, ovo se ne odnosi na razvijatelje vlasničkog softvera, budući da " "opstruktivnost zaslužuje kaznu, a ne nagradu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to the " "support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a " "requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either " "deserve a reward or demand it, but not both." msgstr "" "Stoga imamo paradoks: razvijatelj slobodnog softvera ima pravo na podrÅ¡ku " "korisnika, no bilo kakav pokuÅ¡aj da se ova moralna dužnost pretvori u uvjet " "razara temelje za ovu dužnost. Razvijatelj može ili zaslužiti nagradu ili je " "zahtijevati, ali ne može oboje." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so as " "to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary " "donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without " "coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television " "stations." msgstr "" "Vjerujem da etički razvijatelj suočen s ovim paradoksom mora djelovati tako " "da zasluži nagradu, no trebao bi i moliti korisnike za dobrovoljne donacije. " "Na kraju će korisnici naučiti podržavati razvijatelje bez prisile, jednako " "kako su naučili podržavati javne radio i televizijske postaje." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "What Is Software Productivity?" msgstr "Å to je softverska učinkovitost?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps fewer " "of them. Would this be bad for society?" msgstr "" "Kada bi softver bio slobodan, i dalje bismo imali programere, no možda bi ih " "bilo manje. Bi li to bilo loÅ¡e za druÅ¡tvo?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in " "1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver " "more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved " "productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy " "the demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:" msgstr "" "Ne nužno. Danas napredne države imaju manje poljoprivrednika nego 1900. " "godine, no ne mislimo da je to loÅ¡e za druÅ¡tvo, zato jer manje njih " "proizvodi viÅ¡e hrane za potroÅ¡ače nego Å¡to je prije činilo njih viÅ¡e. To " "nazivamo poboljÅ¡anom učinkovitošću. Slobodan softver bi zahtijevao daleko " "manje programera da bi se zadovoljila potreba, zbog povećane softverske " "učinkovitosti na svim razinama:" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "Wider use of each program that is developed." msgstr "Å ira upotreba svakog razvijenog programa." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of starting " "from scratch." msgstr "" "Mogućnost prilagođavanja postojećih programa umjesto započinjanja ispočetka." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "Better education of programmers." msgstr "Bolje obrazovanje programera." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "The elimination of duplicate development effort." msgstr "Uklanjanje podvostručenog truda prilikom razvijanja." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment " "of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet " "these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software " "industry needs increased productivity. How is this?" msgstr "" "Oni koji prigovaraju suradnji tvrdeći da bi rezultirala zapoÅ¡ljavanjem manje " "programera zapravo prigovaraju povećanoj učinkovitosti. Usprkos tome, ti " "ljudi uglavnom prihvaćaju Å¡iroko rasprostranjeno uvjerenje da je softverskoj " "industriji potrebna veća učinkovitost. Kako to?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the " "overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of " "individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to " "improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the " "artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who " "study the field of “software productivity” focus only on the " "second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult " "technological advances." msgstr "" "“Softverska učinkovitost” može značiti dvije različite stvari: " "ukupnu učinkovitost cjelokupnog softverskog razvoja, ili učinkovitost " "pojedinačnih projekata. Ukupna učinkovitost je ono Å¡to bi druÅ¡tvo željelo da " "se poveća, a najizravniji način da se to učini je da se uklone umjetne " "prepreke suradnji koje smanjuju tu učinkovitost. No, istraživači koji " "proučavaju područje “softverske učinkovitosti” usredotočuju se " "samo na ovaj drugi, ograničeni, smisao tog izraza, gdje poboljÅ¡anje " "zahtijeva težak tehnički napredak." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Is Competition Inevitable?" msgstr "Je li konkurencija neizbježna?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their rivals in " "society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the harmful " "thing is <em>combat</em>." msgstr "" "Je li neizbježno da se ljudi pokuÅ¡avaju natjecati, nadmaÅ¡iti svoje suparnike " "u druÅ¡tvu? Možda jest. No konkurencija sama po sebi nije Å¡tetna, Å¡tetna " "stvar je <em>borba</em>." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to " "achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old " "days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for " "who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make " "the shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition " "can benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship " "is maintained." msgstr "" "Postoji mnogo načina na koje se moguće natjecati. Natjecanje se može " "sastojati od pokuÅ¡aja da uvijek postignemo viÅ¡e, da nadmaÅ¡imo ono Å¡to su " "drugi učinili. Na primjer, nekada, natjecanje se odvijalo među programerskim " "čarobnjacima—natjecanje u tome tko može natjerati računalo da napravi " "najnevjerojatniju stvar ili u tome tko može napraviti najkraći ili najbrži " "program za određeni zadatak. Ovakva vrsta natjecanja donosi dobrobit " "svakome, <em>tako dugo dok</em> se održava fer sportski duh." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to great " "efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have visited " "all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this. But " "they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands. " "They are content to let the best person win." msgstr "" "Konstruktivno natjecanje je dovoljno da bi motiviralo ljude za velike " "napore. Mnogi ljudi natječu se kako bi bili prvi koji su posjetili sve " "zemlje svijeta, neki čak troÅ¡e bogatstvo pokuÅ¡avajući to učiniti. No, ne " "podmićuju kapetane brodova da nasuču svoje rivale na puste otoke. Zadovoljni " "su time da najbolji pobijedi." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede each " "other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best person " "win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.” Proprietary " "software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but because it " "is a form of combat among the citizens of our society." msgstr "" "Natjecanje postaje borba kada natjecatelji počnu pokuÅ¡avati ometati jedni " "druge umjesto da sami napreduju—kada izraz “Neka najbolji " "pobijedi” ustupi mjesto izrazu “Hoću pobijediti, bio najbolji " "ili ne.” Vlasnički softver Å¡tetan je, ne zato Å¡to je to oblik " "natjecanja, nego zato Å¡to je to oblik borbe među građanima naÅ¡eg druÅ¡tva." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when two " "grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own " "operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a " "special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for " "combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas " "of business share this characteristic. Withholding information that could " "help everyone advance is a form of combat." msgstr "" "Natjecanje u poslu nije nužno borba. Na primjer, kada se trgovine mjeÅ¡ovitom " "robom natječu, sav njihov napor usmjeren je na poboljÅ¡avanje vlastitog " "djelovanja, ne na sabotažu suparnika. No, ovo nije iskazivanje posebne " "posvećenosti poslovnoj etici, prije je to zato Å¡to je, osim fizičkog " "nasilja, malo prostora za borbu u toj vrsti posla.Ne dijele sva poslovna " "područja ovu osobinu. Zadržavanje informacije koja bi mogla svima pomoći da " "napreduju oblik je borbe." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat " "the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws, " "truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a " "principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of " "combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are " "squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war." msgstr "" "Poslovna ideologija ne priprema ljude da se odupru iskuÅ¡enju borbe s " "konkurencijom. Neke vrste borbe izbačene su antitrustovskim zakonima, " "istinom u zakonima o oglaÅ¡avanju i slično, ali umjesto da to uopće u načelno " "odbacivanje borbe općenito, direktori su izmislili druge oblike borbe koji " "nisu posebno zabranjeni. Resursi druÅ¡tva rasipaju se u ekonomskom " "ekvivalentu frakcijskog građanskog rata." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”" msgstr "“ZaÅ¡to se ne preseliÅ¡ u Rusiju?”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of " "laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it " "is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as " "is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is " "leveled against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal " "in advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the " "public good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are " "these ideas?" msgstr "" "U Sjedinjenim Državama, svaki zagovornik bilo čega osim krajnjeg oblika " "laissez-faire sebičnosti često je čuo ovakvu optužbu. Na primjer, uperena je " "protiv onih koji podržavaju nacionalni sustav zdravstvene skrbi, kakav " "postoji u svim drugim industrijaliziranim narodima svijeta. Uperena je " "protiv javne podrÅ¡ke umjetnosti, također zajedničke svim naprednim narodima. " "Pomisao da građani imaju bilo kakvu dužnost prema javnom dobru u Americi je " "izjednačena s komunizmom. No, koliko su te ideje zaista slične?" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central " "control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, " "but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where " "copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying." msgstr "" "Komunizam kakav je primjenjivao Sovjetski savez bio je sustav srediÅ¡nje " "kontrole gdje je sva djelatnost bila jednoobrazna, navodno za opće dobro, no " "zapravo uime članova Komunističke partije. Isto tako je oprema za kopiranje " "bila strogo čuvana kako bi se spriječilo ilegalno kopiranje." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The American system of software copyright exercises central control over " "distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic " "copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying." msgstr "" "Američki sustav softverskih autorskih prava primjenjuje srediÅ¡nju kontrolu " "nad distribucijom programa i čuva opremu za kopiranje automatskim sustavima " "zaÅ¡tite od kopiranja kako bi spriječio ilegalno kopiranje." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide " "their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to " "alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system " "based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization." msgstr "" "Suprotno tome, ja radim na tome da izgradim sustav u kojem su ljudi slobodni " "odlučiti o svojim djelovanjima, a naročito, slobodni pomoći svojim susjedima " "i slobodni izmijeniti i poboljÅ¡ati alate koje koriste u svakodnevnom životu. " "Sustav temeljen na dobrovoljnoj suradnji i na decentralizaciji." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian Communism, it " "is the software owners who are the Communists." msgstr "" "Dakle, ako ćemo suditi glediÅ¡ta po njihovim sličnostima ruskom komunizmu, " "vlasnici softvera su ti koji su komunisti." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "The Question of Premises" msgstr "Pitanje pretpostavki" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less " "important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, " "their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of " "action is best." msgstr "" "U ovom dokumentu krećem od pretpostavke da korisnik softvera nije manje " "važan od autora, ili čak autorovog poslodavca. Drugim riječima, njihovi " "interesi i potrebe imaju jednaku težinu, kada odlučujemo koji je pravac " "djelovanja najbolji." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's " "employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for " "example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the " "author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may " "affect the public." msgstr "" "Ova pretpostavka nije općeprihvaćena. Mnogi se drže toga da je autorov " "poslodavac bitno važniji od bilo koga drugog. Kažu, na primjer, da je smisao " "vlasniÅ¡tva nad softverom davanje autorovom poslodavcu prednosti koju " "zaslužuje—bez obzira na to kako to može utjecati na javnost." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires " "shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those " "who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their " "consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important " "than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant." msgstr "" "Nema koristi od pokuÅ¡aja dokazivanja ili pobijanja ovih pretpostavki. Dokaz " "zahtijeva dijeljene pretpostavke. Stoga je većina onoga Å¡to imam za reći " "namijenjeno samo onima koji dijele moje pretpostavke, ili ih barem zanima " "koje su njihove posljedice. Za one koji vjeruju da su vlasnici važniji od " "svih drugih, ovaj dokument je jednostavno beznačajan." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates " "certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the " "belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American " "society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the " "basis of society." msgstr "" "No, zaÅ¡to bi veliki broj Amerikanaca prihvatio pretpostavku kojom se " "određeni ljudi po važnosti izdižu iznad svih drugih? Djelomično zbog " "uvjerenja da je ova pretpostavka dio pravne tradicije američkog druÅ¡tva. " "Neki ljudi misle da dovođenje te pretpostavke u pitanje znači izazov " "temeljima druÅ¡tva." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part of " "our legal tradition. It never has been." msgstr "" "Važno je da ti ljudi shvate da ove pretpostavke nisu dio naÅ¡e pravne " "tradicije. Nikada nisu niti bile." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to “" "promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The Supreme " "Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>; that " "“The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in " "conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by " "the public from the labors of authors.”" msgstr "" "Dakle, Ustav kaže da je smisao autorskih prava “promicati napredak " "znanosti i korisnih umjetnosti.” Vrhovni sud pojasnio je to, " "izjavljujući u slučaju <em>Fox Filma protiv Doyala</em> da “jedini " "interes Sjedinjenih Država i prvenstveni cilj dodjeljivanja monopola " "[autorskih prava] leži u općim dobrobitima koje javnost dobiva od truda " "autora.”" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. " "(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not " "disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that " "this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally " "recognized one will weaken its appeal." msgstr "" "Od nas se ne zahtijeva da se složimo s Ustavom ili Vrhovnim sudom. (U jednom " "trenutku, oboje su dopuÅ¡tali ropstvo.) Dakle, njihovi stavovi ne pobijaju " "pretpostavku nadmoćnosti vlasnika. No, nadam se da će svijest o tome da je " "to pretpostavka radikalno desnog krila, a ne tradicionalno priznata " "pretpostavka, oslabiti njenu privlačnost." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "Zaključak" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each " "time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth " "they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message." msgstr "" "Želimo vjerovati da naÅ¡e druÅ¡tvo potiče pomaganje svojem susjedu, no svaki " "put kada nagradimo nečiju opstruktivnost, ili se divimo nečijem bogatstvu " "koje su stekli na ovaj način, Å¡aljemo suprotnu poruku." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the " "welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from " "Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to " "failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population " "and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because " "the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile " "to help them. Thus society decays into a jungle." msgstr "" "Å krtarenje softverom jedan je oblik naÅ¡e opće voljnosti da zanemarimo " "blagostanje druÅ¡tva u zamjenu za osobnu dobit. Možemo to zanemarivanje " "pratiti od Ronalda Reagana do Dicka Cheneya, od Exxona do Enrona, od " "neuspjeÅ¡nih banaka do neuspjeÅ¡nih Å¡kola. Možemo ga mjeriti veličinom " "beskućničke populacije i zatvorske populacije. ProtudruÅ¡tveni duh hrani se " "sam sobom, jer Å¡to viÅ¡e vidimo da nam drugi ljudi ne žele pomoći, viÅ¡e se " "uzaludnim čini da mi pomognemo njima. Time se druÅ¡tvo raspada u džunglu." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must " "start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when " "appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that " "the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we " "will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and " "runs on voluntary cooperation." msgstr "" "Ne želimo li živjeti u džungli, moramo promijeniti naÅ¡e stavove. Moramo " "početi slati poruku da je dobar građanin onaj koji surađuje kada je to " "svrsishodno, a ne onaj koji je uspjeÅ¡an u uzimanju od drugih. Nadam se da će " "pokret za slobodan softver tome doprinijeti: barem u jednom području, " "zamijenit ćemo džunglu efikasnijim sustavom koji potiče i funkcionira na " "dobrovoljnoj suradnji." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "Napomene" #. type: Content of: <ol><li> msgid "" "The word “free” in “free software” refers to " "freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be " "zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large." msgstr "" "Riječ “slobodan” u izrazu “slobodan softver” odnosi " "se na slobodu, a ne na cijenu; cijena plaćena za primjerak slobodnog " "programa može biti nula, ili mala, ili (rijetko) prilično velika." #. type: Content of: <ol><li> msgid "" "The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this " "conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving " "in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which " "contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much " "better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is " "not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding " "stops and delays, for any given speed limit." msgstr "" "Problemi zagađenja i prometne zaguÅ¡enosti ne mijenjaju ovaj zaključak. " "Želimo li vožnju učiniti skupljom kako bismo destimulirali vožnju općenito, " "nepovoljno je to učiniti upotrebom naplatnih kućica, koje doprinose i " "zagađenju i zaguÅ¡enju. Porez na gorivo mnogo je bolji. Jednako tako, želja " "da poboljÅ¡amo sigurnost ograničavajući najveću dozvoljenu brzinu nebitna je; " "cesta sa slobodnim pristupom povećava prosječnu brzinu izbjegavanjem " "zaustavljanja i zadržavanja, za bilo koje ograničenje brzine." #. type: Content of: <ol><li> msgid "" "One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that " "should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of " "personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public " "disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes " "little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will " "make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</" "em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is " "considered destructive." msgstr "" "Netko može smatrati određeni računalni program nečim Å¡tetnim Å¡to ne bi " "smjelo uopće biti dostupno, kao Å¡to je baza podataka osobnih informacija " "Lotus Marketplace, koja je povučena iz prodaje zbog neodobravanja javnosti. " "Većina onoga Å¡to govorim ne odnosi se na ovaj slučaj, ali nema previÅ¡e " "smisla prepirati se zbog postojanja vlasnika na temelju toga da će vlasnici " "uzrokovati manju dostupnost programa. Vlasnik ga neće učiniti <em>potpuno</" "em> nedostupnim, kao Å¡to bismo željeli u slučaju programa čije se koriÅ¡tenje " "smatra Å¡tetnim." #. type: Content of: <h4> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-" "software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected " "Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>" msgstr "" "Ovaj esej objavljen je u djelu <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-" "software-free-society/\"><cite>Slobodan softver, slobodno druÅ¡tvo: Izabrani " "eseji Richarda M. Stallmana</cite></a>" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr " " #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden" "\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways " "to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions " "can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden" "org></a>." msgstr "" "Molimo vas, općenite upite o FSF & GNU Å¡aljite na <a href=\"mailto:" "address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. Postoje i <a href=\"/contact/\">drugi " "načini kontaktiranja</a> FSF-a. Prekinute poveznice i ostale ispravke ili " "prijedloge možete poslati na <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><" "address@hidden></a>." # # # #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"> #. <address@hidden></a>.</p> #. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html" "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting " "translations of this article." msgstr "" "Radimo naporno i dajemo sve od sebe kako bismo pružili točne, visoko " "kvalitetne prijevode. Međutim, nismo oslobođeni od nesavrÅ¡enosti. Molimo " "vas, Å¡aljite svoje komentare i općenite prijedloge u tom smislu na <a href=" "\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. Za " "informacije o koordiniranju i dostavljanju prijevoda naÅ¡ih mrežnih stranica, " "pogledajte <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">PROČITAJME " "za prijevode</a>." #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free " "Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" "Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free " "Software Foundation, Inc." #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://" "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-" "NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>." msgstr "" "Ovo djelo dano je na koriÅ¡tenje pod <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://" "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.hr\">licencom Creative " "Commons Imenovanje-Bez prerada 3.0 SAD</a>." #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "<b>Prijevod</b>: Nevenko Baričević, 2013." #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr "Vrijeme zadnje izmjene:"