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/home/www/html/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html
Contents:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Open Source - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Description" NAME="Description" Content="This essay describes
the key differences between open source and free software, and describes why
the GNU project favors the term free software.">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords" NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="open source, free
software, open, source, free, software, gnu, foundation, freedom, programmers,
linux">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
<H3>Why ``Free Software'' is better than ``Open Source''</H3>
<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><IMG
SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
[ <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">English</A>
| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html">French</A>
| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.it.html">Italian</A>
| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ko.html">Korean</A>
| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pl.html">Polish</A>
| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ru.html">Russian</A>
]
<P>
In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using
the term <A HREF="http://www.opensource.org/";>``open source
software''</A> instead of <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">``free
software''</A> to describe what they do.
<P>
While free software by any other name would give you the same
freedom, it makes a big difference which name we use: different words
<em>convey different ideas</em>. The term ``open source'' quickly
became associated with a different approach, a different philosophy,
different values, and even a different criterion for which licenses
are acceptable. The Free Software movement and the Open Source
movement are today effectively <A HREF="#relationship"> separate
movements</A>, although we can and do work together on practical
projects.
<P>
This article describes why using the term ``open source'' does not
solve any problems, and in fact creates some. These are the reasons
why it is better to stick with ``free software.''
<H4>Ambiguity</H4>
The term ``free software'' has an ambiguity problem: an unintended
meaning, ``Software you can get for zero price,'' fits the term just
as well as the intended meaning, software which gives the user certain
freedoms. We address this problem by publishing a <A
HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> more precise definition of free
software</A>, but this is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely
eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better,
if it didn't have other problems.
<P>
Unfortunately, all the alternatives have problems of their own. We've
looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, and while some
avoid this problem, they have other problems; none is so entirely
"right" that switching to it would be a good idea. Every proposed
replacement for ``free software'' has a similar kind of semantic
problem, or worse--and this includes ``open source software.''
<P>
The obvious meaning for ``open source software'' is ``You can look at
the source code.'' This is a much weaker criterion than ``free
software''; it includes free software, but also includes <A
HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#semi-freeSoftware"> semi-free</A>
programs such as Xv, and even some <A
HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
proprietary</A> programs, including Qt under its original license
(before the QPL).
<P>
That obvious meaning for ``open source'' is not the meaning that its
advocates intend. (Their ``official'' definition is much closer to
``free software.'') The result is that most people misunderstand what
they are advocating. Here is how writer Neal Stephenson defined
``open source'':
<P>
<quot>
Linux is "open source" software
meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its source code files.
</quot>
<P>
I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
``official'' definition. I think he simply applied the conventions of
the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The state
of Kansas published a similar definition:
<!-- The <A HREF="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf";> state of
Kansas</A> published a similar definition: -->
<P>
<quot>
Make use of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the
source code is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing
agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code.
</quot>
<P>
Of course, the open source people have tried to deal with this by
publishing a precise definition for the term, just as we have done for
``free software.''
<P>
But the explanation for ``free software'' is simple--a person who has
heard ``free speech, not free beer'' will not get it wrong again.
There is no succinct way to explain the official definition meaning of
``open source'' that will show clearly why the natural definition is
the wrong one.
<p>
<H4>Fear of Freedom</H4>
The main argument for the term ``open source software'' is that ``free
software'' makes some people uneasy. That's true: talking about
freedom, about ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as
convenience, is asking people to think about things they might rather
ignore. This can trigger discomfort, and some people may reject the
idea for that. It does not follow that society would be better off if
we stop talking about these things.
<P>
Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction,
and some started exploring an approach for avoiding it. They figured
that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about
the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
be able to ``sell'' the software more effectively to certain users,
especially business. The term ``open source'' is offered as a way of
doing more of this--a way to be ``more acceptable to business.''
<P>
This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. Today many
people are switching to free software for purely practical reasons.
That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do!
Attracting users to free software is not the whole job, just the first
step.
<P>
Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline?
Only if they have learned to <em>value the freedom</em> free software
gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this idea--and
in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A certain amount
of the ``keep quiet'' approach to business can be useful for the
community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too.
<P>
At present, we have plenty of ``keep quiet'', but not enough freedom
talk. Most people involved with free software say little about
freedom--usually because they seek to be ``more acceptable to
business.'' Software distributors especially show this pattern. Some
<A HREF="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</A> operating system
distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free system, and
they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step
backwards from freedom.
<P>
We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users,
failing to teach people about freedom and our community as fast as
they enter it. This is why non-free software (which Qt was when it
first became popular), and partially non-free operating system
distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the word
``free'' now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about
freedom.
<P>
Let's hope that those using the term ``open source'' will indeed draw
more users into our community; but if they do, the rest of us will
have to work even harder to bring the issue of freedom to those users'
attention. We have to say, ``It's free software and it gives you
freedom!''--more and louder than ever before.
<P>
<H4><A NAME="newinfeb">Would a Trademark Help?</A></H4>
<P>
The advocates of ``open source software'' tried to make it a
trademark, saying this would enable them to prevent misuse. The
attempt went awry when the application was allowed to lapse in 1999;
thus, the legal status of ``open source'' is the same as that of
``free software'': there is no <em>legal</em> constraint on using it.
I have heard reports of a number of companies' calling software
packages ``open source'' even though they did not fit the official
definition; I have observed some instances myself.
<P>
But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a
trademark? Not necessarily.
<P>
Companies also made announcements that give the impression that a
program is ``open source software'' without explicitly saying so. For
example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the
official definition, said this:
<quot>
As is common in the open source community, users of the ...
technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM ...
</quot>
<P>
This did not actually say that the program <em>was</em> ``open
source'', but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note
that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and
later adopted a new license which does make it free software and
``open source''; but when that announcement was made, the program did
not qualify as either one.)
<P>
And here is how Cygnus Solutions, which was formed to be a free
software company and subsequently branched out (so to speak) into
proprietary software, advertised some proprietary software products:
<quot>
Cygnus Solutions is a leader in the open source market and has just
launched two products into the [GNU/]Linux marketplace.
</quot>
<P>
Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free
software, and the packages did not come close to qualifying. But
Cygnus didn't actually say that these are ``open source software'',
they just made use of the term to give careless readers that
impression.
<P>
These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly
solved the problems with the term ``open source''.
<P>
<H4><A NAME="newinnovember"> Misunderstandings(?) of ``Open Source''</A></H4>
<P>
The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that
the typical non-free program does not qualify. So you would think
that ``Open Source company'' would mean one whose products are free
software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to
give it a different meaning.
<P>
At the ``Open Source Developers Day'' meeting in August 1998, several
of the commercial developers invited said they intend to make only a
part of their work free software (or ``open source''). The focus of
their business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or <A
HREF="/philosophy/free-doc.html">manuals</A>) to sell to the users of
this free software. They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part
of our community, because some of the money is donated to free
software development.
<P>
In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of ``open
source'' for their proprietary software products--even though those
are not ``open source software''--because they have some relationship
to free software or because the same company also maintains some free
software. (One company founder said quite explicitly that they would
put, into the free package they support, as little of their work as
the community would stand for.)
<P>
Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software
development. Some of these companies primarily developed non-free
software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore
their non-free products, and work with them on free software projects.
Then we could honestly thank them afterward for their free software
contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did.
<P>
We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't go
let us. These companies actively try to lead the public to lump all
their activities together; they want us to regard their non-free
software as favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although
it is not one. They present themselves as ``open source companies,''
hoping that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we
will be fuzzy-minded in applying it.
<P>
This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done
using the term ``free software.'' But companies do not seem to use
the term ``free software'' that way; perhaps its association with
idealism makes it seem unsuitable. The term ``open source'' opened
the door for this.
<P>
At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often
referred to as <A HREF="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">``Linux''</A>, the
featured speaker was an executive from a prominent software company.
He was probably invited on account of his company's decision to
``support'' that system. Unfortunately, their form of ``support''
consists of releasing non-free software that works with the system--in
other words, using our community as a market but not contributing to
it.
<P>
He said, ``There is no way we will make our product open source, but
perhaps we will make it `internal' open source. If we allow our
customer support staff to have access to the source code, they could
fix bugs for the customers, and we could provide a better product and
better service.'' (This is not an exact quote, as I did not write his
words down, but it gets the gist.)
<P>
People in the audience afterward told me, ``He just doesn't get the
point.'' But is that so? Which point did he not get?
<P>
He did not miss the point of the open source movement. That point
says nothing about freedom, it says only that allowing more people to
look at the source code and help improve it will make for faster and
better development. The executive grasped that point completely;
unwilling to carry out this approach in full, users included, he was
considering implementing it partially, within the company.
<P>
The point that he missed is the point that ``open source'' was
designed not to raise: the point that users <em>deserve</em>
freedom.
<P>
Spreading the idea of freedom is a big job--it needs your help. The
GNU project will stick to the term ``free software''. If you feel
that freedom and community are important for their own sake--not
just for the convenience they bring--please join us in using the
term ``free software''.
<P>
<H4><A NAME="relationship"> Relationship between the Free Software
movement and Open Source movement</A></H4>
<P>
The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two
political camps within the free software community.
<P>
Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism:
organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
and then hated each other. They agreed on the basic principles, and
disagreed only on practical recommendations; but they considered each
other enemies, and fought tooth and nail. Or at least, such is the
image people have, whether or not it was accurate.
<P>
The relationship between the Free Software movement and the Open
Source movement is just the opposite of that picture. We disagree on
the basic principles, but agree more or less on the practical
recommendations. So we can and do work together on many specific
projects. We don't think of the Open Source movement as an enemy.
The enemy is <A
HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware"> proprietary
software</A>.
<P>
We are not against the Open Source movement, but we don't want to be
lumped in with them. We acknowledge that they have contributed to our
community, but we created our community. We want people to associate
our achievements with our values and our philosophy. We want to be
heard, not hidden behind a different view.
<P>
So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the
work we have done, and the software we have developed--such as the
<A HREF="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</A> operating system.
<P>
Joe Barr wrote an article called <A
HREF="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and
let license</A> that gives his perspective on this issue.
<P>
<HR>
<H4>See also <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>
<HR>
Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
<P>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
contact</A> the FSF.
<P>
Please send comments on these web pages to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
send other questions to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
<P>
Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA
<P>
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.<P>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
$Date: 2001/12/13 15:13:08 $ $Author: massimo $
<!-- timestamp end -->
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