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[GNU-traductores] old-gnudist:/home/www/html/copyleft/copyleft.html -- N
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[GNU-traductores] old-gnudist:/home/www/html/copyleft/copyleft.html -- New file |
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Date: |
Tue, 15 Jan 2002 06:28:36 -0800 (PST) |
This is an automated report from old-gnudist.
This appears to be a new file or has only recently been added to
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18 -rw-rw-r-- 1 webcvs www 17074 Nov 5 11:31
/home/www/html/copyleft/copyleft.html
Contents:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>What is Copyleft? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords"
CONTENT="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Copyleft">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
<H3>What Is Copyleft?</H3>
<P>
<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><IMG
SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
[
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">English</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">French</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.de.html">German</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.es.html">Spanish</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.id.html">Indonesian</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.ja.html">Japanese</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.pl.html">Polish</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.pt.html">Portuguese</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.ru.html">Russian</A>
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
]
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<H4>Table of Contents</H4>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#WhatIsCopyleft"
NAME="TOCWhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations"
NAME="TOCtranslations">Translations of the GPL</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translationsLGPL"
NAME="TOCtranslationsLGPL">Translations of the LGPL</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translationsGFDL"
NAME="TOCtranslationsGFDL">Translations of the GFDL</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<H3><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCWhatIsCopyleft"
NAME="WhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</A></H3>
<P>
<em>Copyleft</em> is a general method for making a program free
software and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
program to be free software as well.
<P>
The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the
<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">public
domain (18k characters)</A>, uncopyrighted. This allows people to
share the program and their improvements, if they are so minded. But
it also allows uncooperative people to convert the program into
<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
software (18k characters)</A>. They can make changes, many or few,
and distribute the result as a proprietary product. People who
receive the program in that modified form do not have the freedom that
the original author gave them; the middleman has stripped it away.
<P>
In the <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU project</A>, our aim
is to give <em>all</em> users the freedom to redistribute and change
GNU software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have
many users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of
putting GNU software in the public domain, we ``copyleft'' it.
Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or
without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and
change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom.
<P>
Copyleft also provides an
<A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">incentive</A>
for other programmers to add to free software.
Important free programs such as the GNU C++ compiler exist
only because of this.
<P>
Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute <A
HREF="/projects/help-wanted.html">improvements</A> to
<A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</A> get permission to
do that. These programmers often work for companies or universities
that would do almost anything to get more money. A programmer may
want to contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may
want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product.
<P>
When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the
improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides
to release it as free software rather than throw it away.
<P>
To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we
add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives
everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's
code <em>or any program derived from it</em> but only if the
distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms
become legally inseparable.
<P>
Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we
reverse the name, changing ``copyright'' into ``copyleft.''
<P>
Copyleft is a general concept; there are many ways to fill in the
details. In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we
use are contained in the
<A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License (available in
HTML</A>, <A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.txt">text</A>, and <A
HREF="/copyleft/gpl.texi">Texinfo</A> format). The GNU General
Public License is often called the GNU GPL for short. There is also a <a
href="/copyleft/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a> page about
the GNU GPL. You can also read about <A
HREF="/copyleft/why-assign.html">why the FSF gets copyright assignments from
contributors</A>.
<P>
An alternate form of copyleft, the
<A HREF="/copyleft/lesser.html">GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) (available in HTML</A>, <A HREF="/copyleft/lesser.txt">text</A>,
and <A HREF="/copyleft/lesser.texi">Texinfo</A> format), applies to a few
(but not all) GNU libraries. This license was formerly called the
Library GPL, but we changed the name, because the old name encouraged
to use this license more often than it should be used. For an
explanation of why this change was necessary, read the article <A
HREF="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><CITE>Why you shouldn't use the Library
GPL for your next library</CITE></A>.
<P>
The <A HREF="/copyleft/library.html">GNU Library General Public License
is still available in HTML</A> and <A HREF="/copyleft/library.txt"> text
format</A> although it has been superseded by the Lesser GPL.
<P>
The <A HREF="/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)
(available in HTML</A>, <A HREF="/copyleft/fdl.txt">text</A> and <A
HREF="/copyleft/fdl.texi">Texinfo)</A> is a form of copyleft intended
for use on a manual, textbook or other document to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifications, either commercially or noncommercially.
<P>
The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU
source code distribution.
<P>
The GNU GPL is designed so that you can easily apply it to your own
program if you are the copyright holder. You don't have to modify the
GNU GPL to do this, just add notices to your program which refer
properly to the GNU GPL.
<P>
If you would like to copyleft your program with the GNU GPL or the GNU
LGPL, please see the <A HREF="/copyleft/gpl-howto.html">GPL
instructions page</A> for advice. Please note that you must use the
entire text of the GPL, if you use it. It is an integral whole, and
partial copies are not permitted. (Likewise for the LGPL.)
<P>
Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
easy to copy code between various different programs. Since they all
have the same distribution terms, there is no need to think about
whether the terms are compatible. The Lesser GPL includes a
provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the ordinary
GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the
GPL.
<P>
If you would like to copyleft your manual with the GNU FDL, please
see the instructions at the
<A HREF="/copyleft/fdl.html#SEC4">end (21k characters)</A> of the FDL
text, and the <A HREF="/copyleft/fdl-howto.html">GFDL instructions
page</A>. As with the GNU GPL, you must use the entire license;
partial copies are not permitted.
<HR>
<P>
<H4><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCtranslations"
NAME="translations">Translations of the GPL</A></H4>
<P>
These translations are not official. Legally speaking, the original
(English) version of the GPL is what specifies the actual distribution
terms for GNU programs.
<P>
The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially
valid is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing
the help of bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an
error did slip through, the results could be disastrous for the whole
free software community. As long as the translations are unofficial,
they can't do any harm, and we hope they help more people understand
the GPL.
<P>
We give permission to publish translations of the GPL, GFDL, or LGPL
into other languages, provided that you (1) label your
translations as unofficial (see below for how to do this), to
inform people that they do not count legally as substitutes for
the authentic version, and (2) you agree to install changes at our
request, if we learn from other friends of GNU that changes are
necessary to make the translation clearer.
<P>
To label your translations as unofficial we want you to add the
following text at the beginning,
both in English and in the language of the translation---replacing
<em>language</em> with the name of that language:
<blockquote>
This is an unofficial translation of the GNU General Public License
into <em>language</em>. It was not published by the Free Software
Foundation, and does not legally state the distribution terms for
software that uses the GNU GPL--only the original English text of the
GNU GPL does that. However, we hope that this translation will help
<em>language</em> speakers understand the GNU GPL better.
</blockquote>
<P>
<UL>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<!-- The language is Portuguese, the dialect is Brazilian. -->
<!-- To be kind to the user, we list it under both "B" and "P" -->
<LI><A HREF="http://lie-br.conectiva.com.br/licenca_gnu.html";>Brazilian
Portuguese</A> translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://bulgaria.sourceforge.net/prava/gplbg.html";>Bulgarian
</A> translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://staff.cesnet.cz/~lhotka/gnugpl-cz.html";>Czech
</A> translation of the GPL
<li><a href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.php";>Finnish</a>
translation of the GPL.
<LI><a HREF="http://www.april.org/gnu/gpl_french.html";>French</a> translation
of the GPL
<LI><A
HREF="http://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/~gnu-pascal/gpl-ger.html";>German</A>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://vlsm.org/gpl-unofficial.id.html";>Indonesian</A>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.softwarelibero.it/gnudoc/gpl.it.txt";>Italian</A>
translation of the GPL
<!-- lgpl.ja.html is NOT a translation of GPL -->
<LI><A HREF="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j/";>Japanese</A>
translation of the GPL, available in
<A HREF="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j/gpl.text.gz";>plain
text (gzipped, 7k)</A> or as a
<A HREF="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j/gpl.tex.gz";>TeX
document (gzipped, 7k)</A>.
<LI><A HREF="http://korea.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.ko.html";>Korean</A>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://gnu.org.pl/text/licencja-gnu.html";>Polish</A> translation
of the GPL
<!-- The language is Portuguese, the dialect is Brazilian. -->
<!-- To be kind to the user, we list it under both "B" and "P" -->
<LI><A HREF="http://lie-br.conectiva.com.br/licenca_gnu.html";>Brazilian
Portuguese</A> translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.roedu.net/gplro.html";>Romanian</A>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.tecon.ru/soft/gplrus.htm";>Russian</a> translation of
the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://gugs.sindominio.net/gnu-gpl/gples.html";>Spanish</a>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.algonet.se/~mpawlo/gnugpl2.html";>Swedish</A>
translation of the GPL
<LI><A HREF="http://developer.thai.net/gpl/";>Thai</A>
translation of the GPL
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
</UL>
<HR>
<H4><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCtranslationsLGPL"
NAME="translationsLGPL">Translations of the LGPL</A></H4>
<P>
These translations are not official. See
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations">translations of the GPL</A>
for why.
<P>
<UL>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<LI><A HREF="http://www.debian.or.jp/~mhatta/lesser.ja.txt";>Japanese</A>
translation of the LGPL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.tecon.ru/soft/lgplrus.htm";>Russian</a> translation
of the LGPL
<LI><A HREF="http://gugs.sindominio.net/gnu-gpl/lgpl-es.html";>Spanish</A>
translation of the LGPL
<!-- lgpl.ja.html is NOT a translation of LGPL -->
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
</UL>
<P>
If you make a translation of the GNU LGPL, it should follow the guidelines for
making
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations">translations of the GPL</A>.
<BR>
Please also let
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></A>
know!
<P>
<HR>
<H4><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCtranslationsGFDL"
NAME="translationsGFDL">Translations of the GFDL</A></H4>
<P>
These translations are not official. See
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations">translations of the GPL</A>
for why.
<P>
<UL>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT HOST TRANSLATIONS OF ANY OF OUR LICENSES ON OUR WEBSERVER -->
<!-- THIS MAY LEAD THEM TO BEING CONSTRUED AS 'OFFICIAL' -->
<!-- fdl.ja.html is NOT a translation of GFDL -->
<LI>French
translations of the GFDL
(<A HREF="http://cesarx.free.fr/gfdlf.html";>1</a>)
(<A HREF="http://www.IDEALX.org/fr/doc/gfdl/gfdl.html";>2</a>)
<LI><A HREF="http://nautix.sourceforge.net/docs/fdl.de.html";
NAME="GFDLGermanTranslation">German</A>
translation of the GFDL
<LI><A
HREF="http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~erelsgl/tnk/rjyon_bivrit.html";>Hebrew</A>
translation of the GFDL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.softwarelibero.it/gnudoc/fdl.it.html";
NAME="GFDLItalianTranslation">Italian</A>
translation of the GFDL
<!-- fdl.ja.html is NOT a translation of GFDL -->
<LI><A HREF="http://www.debian.or.jp/~mhatta/fdl.ja.txt";
NAME="GFDLJapaneseTranslation">Japanese</A>
translation of the GFDL
<LI><A HREF="http://korea.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.ko.html";>Korean</A>
translation of the GFDL
<LI><A HREF="http://www.tecon.ru/soft/gfdlrus.htm";>Russian</a> translation of
the GFDL
<LI>Spanish
translations of the GFDL :
(<A HREF="http://www.geocities.com/larteaga/gnu/gfdl.html";>1</a>)
(<A HREF="http://gugs.sindominio.net/gnu-gpl/fdl-es.html";>2</a>)
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
</UL>
<P>
If you make a translation of the GNU GFDL, it should follow the guidelines for
making
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations">translations of the GPL</A>.
<BR>
Please also let
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></A>
know!
<P>
<HR>
<H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>
<HR>
[
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
<A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">English</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">French</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.de.html">German</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.es.html">Spanish</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.id.html">Indonesian</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.ja.html">Japanese</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.pl.html">Polish</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.pt.html">Portuguese</A>
| <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.ru.html">Russian</A>
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
]
<P>
Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
<P>
FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
Other <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</A> the FSF.
<P>
Comments on these web pages to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
send other questions to
<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
<P>
Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA
<P>
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
<P>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
$Date: 2001/11/05 19:30:59 $ $Author: lmiguel $
<!-- timestamp end -->
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