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trans-coord/gnun/philosophy can-you-trust.bg.ht...
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
Subject: |
trans-coord/gnun/philosophy can-you-trust.bg.ht... |
Date: |
Fri, 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/trans-coord
Module name: trans-coord
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 10/01/15 19:25:10
Modified files:
gnun/philosophy: can-you-trust.bg.html java-trap.bg.html
schools.bg.html schools.ca.html schools.ru.html
software-literary-patents.bg.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/java-trap.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.ca.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.ru.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
Patches:
Index: can-you-trust.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- can-you-trust.bg.html 23 Oct 2009 18:25:16 -0000 1.9
+++ can-you-trust.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.10
@@ -27,27 +27,24 @@
СобÑÑвениÑеÑкиÑе пÑогÑами Ñа вклÑÑвали
злонамеÑена ÑÑнкÑионалноÑÑ Ð¸ пÑеди,
но Ñози план Ñе Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñави обÑопÑиеÑа.</p>
<p>
-Ð ÑамаÑа Ñи ÑÑÑноÑÑ ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñава да нÑмаÑе конÑÑол вÑÑÑ
Ñ
-Ñова какво Ñой пÑави â да не можеÑе да
ÑазÑÑаваÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ или да го
-пÑоменÑÑе. Ðе е ÑÑÑдваÑо, Ñе Ñ
иÑÑи
бизнеÑмени намиÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñини да Ñе
-вÑÐ·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑола, койÑо имаÑ, за да
ви поÑÑавÑÑ Ð² неизгодно
-положение. âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ Ñа пÑавили Ñова
неколкокÑаÑно: една Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑииÑе на
-âУиндоÑÑâ беÑе пÑоекÑиÑана да докладва
на âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ за вÑиÑки инÑÑалиÑани
-пÑогÑами на ваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¸Ñк; ÑкоÑоÑна
акÑÑализаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвÑÑзана ÑÑÑ âÑигÑÑноÑÑÑаâ
на
-Windows Media Player изиÑкваÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебиÑелиÑе да
Ñе ÑÑглаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
-огÑаниÑениÑ. Ðо âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ не Ñа
единÑÑвени â ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑподелÑне на
-мÑзика KaZaa е изгÑаден Ñака, Ñе
бизнеÑ-паÑÑнÑоÑиÑе на KaZaa да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-Ð½Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑавоÑо да Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑ
за нÑждиÑе на ÑеÑ
ниÑе клиенÑи.
-Тези злонамеÑени ÑÑнкÑии ÑеÑÑо Ñа Ñайни,
но доÑи и когаÑо веÑе знаеÑе за
-ÑÑÑ
, е ÑÑÑдно да ги пÑемаÑ
неÑе, ÑÑй каÑо
нÑмаÑе изÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´.</p>
-<p>
-РминалоÑо Ñова бÑÑ
а изолиÑани ÑлÑÑаи.
âÐовеÑеноÑо ползване на компÑÑÑиâ Ñе
-ги напÑави ÑиÑоко ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанени.
âÐÑедаÑелÑко ползване на компÑÑÑиâ е
-по-подÑ
одÑÑо наименование, ÑÑй каÑо планÑÑ
е изгÑаден Ñака, Ñе да Ñе ÑвеÑи,
-Ñе ваÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑно нÑма да ви
Ñе подÑинÑва. ÐÑÑÑноÑÑ, изгÑаден
-е Ñака, Ñе да пÑеÑÑÑанови използванеÑо на
компÑÑÑÑа ви каÑо компÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° обÑо
-ползване. ÐÑзможно е за вÑÑко извÑÑÑвано
дейÑÑвие да е необÑ
одимо изÑиÑно
-ÑазÑеÑение.</p>
+Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what it
+does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not surprising
+that clever businessmen find ways to use their control to put you at a
+disadvantage. Microsoft has done this several times: one version of Windows
+was designed to report to Microsoft all the software on your hard disk; a
+recent “security” upgrade in Windows Media Player required users
+to agree to new restrictions. But Microsoft is not alone: the KaZaa
+music-sharing software is designed so that KaZaa's business partner can rent
+out the use of your computer to its clients. These malicious features are
+often secret, but even once you know about them it is hard to remove them,
+since you don't have the source code.</p>
+<p>
+In the past, these were isolated incidents. “Trusted computing”
+would make the practice pervasive. “Treacherous computing” is a
+more appropriate name, because the plan is designed to make sure your
+computer will systematically disobey you. In fact, it is designed to stop
+your computer from functioning as a general-purpose computer. Every
+operation may require explicit permission.</p>
<p>
ТеÑ
ниÑеÑкаÑа пÑедпоÑÑавка за
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи е, Ñе
компÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñе ÑÑдÑÑжа ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво за
ÑиÑÑово ÑиÑÑиÑане и подпиÑ, а клÑÑовеÑе
@@ -60,16 +57,14 @@
новиÑе пÑавила Ð¾Ñ ÐнÑеÑнеÑ, ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
вÑзможноÑÑиÑе авÑомаÑиÑно Ñе ÑпÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð°
ÑÑнкÑиониÑаÑ.</p>
<p>
-РазбиÑа Ñе, ХоливÑд и звÑкозапиÑниÑе
компании планиÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° използваÑ
-пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи за
âDRMâ (Digital Restrictions Management
-или âЦиÑÑово ÑпÑавление на
огÑаниÑениÑÑаâ), Ñака Ñе изÑеглениÑе Ñилми
и
-мÑзика да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑзпÑоизвеждани
на един конкÑеÑен компÑÑÑÑ.
-СподелÑнеÑо Ñе бÑде напÑлно невÑзможно,
поне Ñо Ñе оÑнаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑазÑеÑениÑе
-лиÑно за Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñайлове, коиÑо Ñе полÑÑаваÑе
Ð¾Ñ Ñези компании. Ðие,
-поÑÑебиÑелиÑе, би ÑÑÑбвало да имаÑе
ÑвободаÑа и вÑзможноÑÑÑа да ÑподелÑÑе
-Ñези Ñайлове. (ÐодозиÑам, Ñе нÑкой Ñе
намеÑи наÑин да напÑави неÑиÑÑиÑани
-веÑÑии и да ги каÑи в мÑежаÑа, и да ги
ÑподелÑ, Ñака Ñе DRM нÑма напÑлно да
-ÑÑпее, но Ñова не е извинение за
ÑиÑÑемаÑа.)</p>
+Of course, Hollywood and the record companies plan to use treacherous
+computing for Digital Restrictions Management (DRM), so that downloaded
+videos and music can be played only on one specified computer. Sharing will
+be entirely impossible, at least using the authorized files that you would
+get from those companies. You, the public, ought to have both the freedom
+and the ability to share these things. (I expect that someone will find a
+way to produce unencrypted versions, and to upload and share them, so DRM
+will not entirely succeed, but that is no excuse for the system.)</p>
<p>
Това, Ñе ÑподелÑнеÑо Ñе бÑде невÑзможно е
доÑÑаÑÑÑно зле, но ÑÑава и оÑе
по-лоÑо. СÑÑеÑÑвÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ да Ñе
Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¸ ÑÑедÑÑва и за
@@ -113,24 +108,23 @@
полÑÑи новиÑе инÑÑÑÑкÑии. ÐаÑеÑо пиÑание
Ñе бÑде Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐºÑ Ð½Ð° залиÑаване в ÑÑил
â1984â. ÐÑзможно е доÑи вие ÑамиÑе да не
можеÑе да го пÑоÑеÑеÑе.</p>
<p>
-Ðоже да Ñи миÑлиÑе, Ñе е вÑзможно да
ÑазкÑиеÑе вÑедиÑе, коиÑо извÑÑÑва една
-пÑогÑама Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на
компÑÑÑи, да пÑоÑÑиÑе доколко
-зловÑедни Ñа Ñе и да ÑеÑиÑе дали да ги
пÑиемеÑе. Ще е глÑпаво и белег на
-огÑаниÑено миÑлене да пÑиемеÑе, но ÑмиÑÑла
е, Ñе ÑделкаÑа, коÑÑо ÑмÑÑаÑе, Ñе
-ÑÑе извÑÑÑили, нÑма да ÑÑае дÑлго. ÐогаÑо
запоÑнеÑе да завиÑиÑе Ð¾Ñ Ñази
-пÑогÑама, вие ÑÑе в пÑимкаÑа и Ñе го знаÑÑ;
Ñогава Ñе Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° пÑоменÑÑ
-ÑделкаÑа. ÐÑкои пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑно Ñе
Ñе обновÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ñе пÑавÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑо
-ÑазлиÑно, и нÑма да ви Ð´Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ да
Ñе обновÑваÑ.</p>
-<p>
-ÐÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе да избегнеÑе да бÑдеÑе
огÑаниÑавани Ð¾Ñ ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
-каÑо не го използваÑе. Ðко ползваÑе
GNU/ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ дÑÑга Ñвободна
-опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема, и ако избÑгваÑе да
инÑÑалиÑаÑе ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
-пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° неÑ, Ñогава вие опÑеделÑÑе
какво вÑÑÑи ваÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑ. Ðко
-една Ñвободна пÑогÑама има зловÑедни
ÑÑнкÑии, ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑноÑÑÑа Ñе
-ги пÑемаÑ
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ вие Ñе можеÑе да използваÑе
попÑавенаÑа веÑÑиÑ. Ðие биÑ
Ñе
-могли и да използваÑе Ñвободни пÑогÑами и
инÑÑÑÑменÑи на неÑвободни
-опеÑаÑионни ÑиÑÑеми. Това нÑма напÑлно да
ви даде Ñвобода, но много
-поÑÑебиÑели го пÑавÑÑ.</p>
+You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous-computing
+application does, study how painful they are, and decide whether to accept
+them. Even if you can find this out, it would be foolish to accept the
+deal, but you can't even expect the deal to stand still. Once you come to
+depend on using the program, you are hooked and they know it; then they can
+change the deal. Some applications will automatically download upgrades
+that will do something different—and they won't give you a choice
+about whether to upgrade.</p>
+<p>
+Today you can avoid being restricted by proprietary software by not using
+it. If you run GNU/Linux or another free operating system, and if you avoid
+installing proprietary applications on it, then you are in charge of what
+your computer does. If a free program has a malicious feature, other
+developers in the community will take it out, and you can use the corrected
+version. You can also run free application programs and tools on nonfree
+operating systems; this falls short of fully giving you freedom, but many
+users do it.</p>
<p>
ÐÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи
поÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð² ÑиÑк ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑванеÑо на Ñвободни
опеÑаÑионни ÑиÑÑеми и Ñвободни
пÑиложениÑ, заÑоÑо е вÑзможно изобÑо да не
@@ -143,49 +137,33 @@
на Ñакава ÑиÑÑема. Рако ÑазбеÑеÑе как да
го напÑавиÑе и кажеÑе на нÑкого,
Ñова би могло да е пÑеÑÑÑпление.</p>
<p>
-РСÑединениÑе ÑаÑи веÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑваÑ
законопÑоекÑи, коиÑо Ñе изиÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑиÑки
-компÑÑÑи да поддÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑкоÑо
ползване на компÑÑÑи и да забÑанÑÑ
-ÑвÑÑзванеÑо на ÑÑаÑи компÑÑÑи кÑм
ÐнÑеÑнеÑ. ÐаконÑÑ CBDTPA (ние го наÑиÑаме
-âÐонÑÑмиÑай, но не опиÑвай да
пÑогÑамиÑаÑ<sup><a
-href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>â) е един Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
. Ðо доÑи и
да не ви задÑлжаÑ
-законово да запоÑнеÑе да използваÑе
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи,
-наÑиÑкÑÑ Ð´Ð° го пÑиемеÑе може да бÑде
огÑомен. ÐÐ½ÐµÑ Ñ
оÑаÑа ÑеÑÑо използваÑ
-ÑоÑмаÑа на Word за комÑникиÑане, вÑпÑеки, Ñе
Ñова пÑедизвиква множеÑÑво
-пÑоблеми (вижÑе <a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">âÐожем да
-Ñложим кÑай на пÑикÑепениÑе Ñайлове вÑв
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° Wordâ</a>). Ðко маÑина на
-пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи може
да оÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑи Ñамо оÑ
-най-новаÑа веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Word, много поÑÑебиÑели
Ñе пÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÑм неÑ, ако Ñе
-пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ð»ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð° ÑоÑка на
еднокÑаÑно дейÑÑвие (или пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
-не). Ðа да Ñе пÑоÑивопоÑÑавим на
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи, ние
-ÑÑÑбва да Ñе обединим и да Ñе изпÑавим пÑед
Ñази ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо колекÑивен
-избоÑ.</p>
+There are proposals already for US laws that would require all computers to
+support treacherous computing, and to prohibit connecting old computers to
+the Internet. The CBDTPA (we call it the Consume But Don't Try Programming
+Act) is one of them. But even if they don't legally force you to switch to
+treacherous computing, the pressure to accept it may be enormous. Today
+people often use Word format for communication, although this causes several
+sorts of problems (see <a
+href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">“We Can Put an End to Word
+Attachments”</a>). If only a treacherous-computing machine can read
+the latest Word documents, many people will switch to it, if they view the
+situation only in terms of individual action (take it or leave it). To
+oppose treacherous computing, we must join together and confront the
+situation as a collective choice.</p>
<p>
Ðа повеÑе инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑно
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо използване на компÑÑÑи,
вижÑе <a
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>.</p>
<p>
-Ðа блокиÑанеÑо на пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване
на компÑÑÑи Ñе е необÑ
одимо
-оÑганизиÑанеÑо на голÑм бÑой Ñ
оÑа. Ðие
имаме нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑаÑа помоÑ! <a
-href="http://www.eff.org">ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° елекÑÑонни
гÑаниÑи (Electronic
-Frontier Foundation)</a> и <a
-href="http://www.publicknowledge.org">ÐбÑеÑÑвено знание (Public
-Knowledge)</a> водÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи,
-ÑÑÑо Ñака и ÑпонÑоÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ð°ÑиÑÑа за
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС) âÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð·Ð°
-ÑиÑÑова ÑеÑâ (Digital Speech Project). ÐолÑ, поÑеÑеÑе
Ñези Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑи, за
-да можеÑе да Ñе запиÑеÑе и да подкÑепиÑе
ÑÑÑ
наÑа ÑабоÑа.</p>
-<p>
-ÐиÑ
Ñе могли ÑÑÑо Ñака да помогнеÑе каÑо
пиÑеÑе на оÑделиÑе за вÑÑзка Ñ
-обÑеÑÑвеноÑÑÑа на âÐнÑелâ, âÐй Ðи Ðмâ,
âÐÐ¹Ñ Ðи/Ðомпакâ или на нÑкого, оÑ
-когоÑо ÑÑе Ñи кÑпили компÑÑÑÑ,
обÑÑнÑвайки, Ñе не иÑкаÑе да бÑдеÑе
-пÑинÑждавани да Ñи кÑпÑваÑе âдовеÑениâ
компÑÑÑÑни ÑиÑÑеми, Ñака Ñе не иÑкаÑе
-Ñе да пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ñакива. Това може да
доведе до надделÑване на ÑилаÑа на
-кÑпÑваÑиÑе. Ðко напÑавиÑе Ñова по ваÑа
иниÑиаÑива, Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿ÑаÑеÑе ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
-ваÑиÑе пиÑма на оÑганизаÑииÑе по-гоÑе.</p>
+To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens to
+organize. We need your help! Please support <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by Design</a>, the FSF's
+campaign against Digital Restrictions Management.</p>
<h3>ÐоÑлепиÑ</h3>
<ol>
<li>The computer security field uses the term “trusted computing”
in
-a different way — beware of confusion between the two meanings.
+a different way—beware of confusion between the two meanings.
</li>
<li>ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑва GNU Privacy Guard â
пÑогÑама, коÑÑо имплеменÑиÑа
ÑиÑÑиÑане Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑен клÑÑ Ð¸ ÑиÑÑово
подпиÑване, коиÑо можеÑе да използваÑе,
@@ -193,65 +171,65 @@
как GPG Ñе ÑазлиÑава Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑедаÑелÑкоÑо
ползване на компÑÑÑи и да Ñе види
какво пÑави едноÑо Ñолкова полезно, а
дÑÑгоÑо Ñолкова опаÑно.
<p>
-ÐогаÑо нÑкой използва GPG, за да ви изпÑаÑи
ÑиÑÑиÑан докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ вие
-използваÑе GPG за да го деÑиÑÑиÑаÑе,
ÑезÑлÑаÑÑÑ Ðµ неÑиÑÑиÑан докÑменÑ, койÑо
-вие можеÑе да ÑеÑеÑе, пÑепÑаÑаÑе, копиÑаÑе
или доÑи да го ÑиÑÑиÑаÑе оÑново,
-за да го изпÑаÑиÑе на нÑкой дÑÑг.
ÐÑиложение на пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на
-компÑÑÑи би ви позволило да пÑоÑеÑеÑе
дÑмиÑе на екÑана, но нÑма да ви
-позволи да напÑавиÑе неÑиÑÑиÑан докÑменÑ,
койÑо да можеÑе да използваÑе по
-дÑÑг наÑин. GPG, Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑен пакеÑ,
пÑави опÑииÑе по ÑигÑÑноÑÑÑа
-доÑÑÑпни за поÑÑебиÑелиÑе â Ñе го
използваÑ. ÐÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на
-компÑÑÑи е пÑоекÑиÑано да налага
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° поÑÑебиÑелиÑе â Ñо ги
-използва.</p></li>
+When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to
+decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward,
+copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
+treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the
+screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could
+use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features
+available to the users; <em>they</em> use <em>it</em>. Treacherous
+computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users; <em>it</em> uses
+<em>them</em>.</p></li>
<li>
ÐоддÑÑжниÑиÑе на пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване
на компÑÑÑи ÑеÑÑо ÑокÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ ÑеÑиÑе
Ñи вÑÑÑ
Ñ <a name="beneficial">благоÑвоÑниÑе
ползи</a>. Това, коеÑо казваÑ,
ÑеÑÑо е пÑавилно â но пÑоÑÑо не е важно.
<p>
-ÐакÑо и повеÑеÑо Ñ
аÑдÑеÑ, пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо
ползване на компÑÑÑи може да ÑлÑжи
-на Ñели, коиÑо не Ñа зловÑедни. Ðо Ñези
ÑпоÑÑеби Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе ÑеализиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
-дÑÑги наÑини, без пÑедаÑелÑки Ñ
аÑдÑеÑ.
ÐÑинÑипнаÑа Ñазлика за поÑÑебиÑелиÑе
-е оÑвÑаÑиÑелноÑо поÑледÑÑвие оÑ
пÑедаÑелÑкоÑо ползване на компÑÑÑи â
-ÑÑоÑÑжаванеÑо на компÑÑÑÑа ви да ÑабоÑи
ÑÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ.</p>
+Like most hardware, treacherous-computing hardware can be used for purposes
+which are not harmful. But these features can be implemented in other ways,
+without treacherous-computing hardware. The principal difference that
+treacherous computing makes for users is the nasty consequence: rigging your
+computer to work against you.</p>
<p>
Това, коеÑо Ñе казваÑ, е вÑÑно, какÑо и Ñова,
коеÑо аз казвам. СÑбеÑеÑе ги
заедно и какво полÑÑаваÑе? ÐÑедаÑелÑкоÑо
ползване на компÑÑÑи е план за
оÑнемане на ÑвободаÑа ви, каÑо Ñе
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелни ползи Ñамо за да ни
ÑазÑеÑÑ Ð¸ да забÑавим какво биÑ
ме
загÑбили.</p></li>
-<li>âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ âPalladiumâ каÑо
мÑÑка за ÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð¸ ÑвÑÑди, Ñе Ñова
-Ñе пÑедпазва Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑи, но Ñова ÑвÑÑдение
оÑевидно не е вÑÑно. Ðдна
-пÑезенÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Microsoft Research Ð¾Ñ Ð¼.окÑомвÑи 2002
г. глаÑи, Ñе една оÑ
-ÑпеÑиÑикаÑииÑе на Palladium е, Ñе
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑваÑиÑе опеÑаÑионни ÑиÑÑеми и
-пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñе пÑодÑÐ»Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑабоÑÑÑ.
СледоваÑелно, виÑÑÑиÑе Ñе пÑодÑлжаваÑ
-да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° пÑавÑÑ Ð²ÑиÑко Ñова, коеÑо могаÑ
и днеÑ.
-<p>
-ÐогаÑо âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ говоÑи за
âÑигÑÑноÑÑâ вÑв вÑÑзка Ñ Palladium, Ñе нÑмаÑ
-пÑедвид ÑмиÑÑла, коеÑо ние обикновено
влагаме в Ñази дÑма â заÑиÑа на ваÑаÑа
-маÑина Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑа, коиÑо не желаеÑе. Те имаÑ
пÑедвид заÑиÑа на инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа
-на ваÑаÑа маÑина Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, по наÑин,
по койÑо дÑÑгиÑе не желаÑÑ.
-Ðдна ÑÑÑаниÑа Ð¾Ñ Ñази пÑезенÑаÑиÑ
избÑоÑва нÑколко вида Ñайни, за коиÑо
-Palladium може да Ñе използва да ÑÑдÑÑжа,
вклÑÑиÑелно âÑайни Ð¾Ñ ÑÑеÑи лиÑаâ
-и âпоÑÑебиÑелÑки Ñайниâ â но ÑлагаÑ
âпоÑÑебиÑелÑки Ñайниâ в кавиÑки,
-оÑÑзнавайки Ñе Ñова е абÑÑÑдно в конÑекÑÑа
на Palladium.</p>
-<p>
-РпÑезенÑаÑиÑÑа ÑеÑÑо Ñе Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑги
понÑÑиÑ, коиÑо ÑеÑÑо аÑоÑииÑаме Ñ
-конÑекÑÑа на ÑигÑÑноÑÑÑа â Ñакива каÑо
âаÑакаâ, âзлонамеÑен кодâ, âизмамаâ,
-какÑо и âдовеÑенâ. Ðикое Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
не
ознаÑава Ñова, коеÑо ознаÑава ноÑмално.
-âÐÑакаâ не ознаÑава нÑкой, койÑо Ñе
опиÑва да ви навÑеди, а ознаÑава ваÑ,
-опиÑваÑи Ñе да копиÑаÑе мÑзика.
âÐлонамеÑен кодâ ознаÑава код, инÑÑалиÑан
-Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, за да пÑави неÑо, коеÑо дÑÑг не иÑка
ваÑаÑа маÑина да пÑави.
-âÐзмамаâ не ознаÑава нÑкой, коиÑо иÑка да
ви излÑже, а ознаÑава ваÑ,
-опиÑваÑи Ñе да излÑжеÑе Palladium. Ð Ñака
наÑаÑÑк.</p></li>
-
-<li>ÐÑедиÑно изÑвление Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на
Palladium глаÑеÑе, Ñе оÑновнаÑа
-пÑедпоÑÑавка е, Ñе койÑо е изÑабоÑил или
ÑÑбÑал инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа, ÑÑÑбва да има
-пÑлен конÑÑол над Ñова как вие Ñ
използваÑе. Това би ознаÑавало
-ÑеволÑÑионно пÑеобÑÑÑане на доÑегаÑниÑе
идеи за еÑика и за законоваÑа
-ÑиÑÑема, и би ÑÑздало безпÑеÑеденÑна
ÑиÑÑема за конÑÑол. СпеÑиÑиÑниÑе
-пÑоблеми на Ñези ÑиÑÑеми не Ñа ÑлÑÑайни â
Ñе Ñа ÑезÑлÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑновнаÑа Ñел.
-Това е ÑелÑа, коÑÑо ние ÑÑÑбва да
оÑблÑÑнем.</li>
+<li>Microsoft presents Palladium as a security measure, and claims that it will
+protect against viruses, but this claim is evidently false. A presentation
+by Microsoft Research in October 2002 stated that one of the specifications
+of Palladium is that existing operating systems and applications will
+continue to run; therefore, viruses will continue to be able to do all the
+things that they can do today.
+<p>
+When Microsoft employees speak of “security” in connection with
+Palladium, they do not mean what we normally mean by that word: protecting
+your machine from things you do not want. They mean protecting your copies
+of data on your machine from access by you in ways others do not want. A
+slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be
+used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user
+secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation
+marks, recognizing that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
+Palladium.</p>
+<p>
+The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
+associate with the context of security, such as “attack”,
+“malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as
+“trusted”. None of them means what it normally means.
+“Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means you
+trying to copy music. “Malicious code” means code installed by
+you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to do.
+“Spoofing” doesn't mean someone's fooling you, it means your
+fooling Palladium. And so on.</p></li>
+
+<li>A previous statement by the Palladium developers stated the basic premise
+that whoever developed or collected information should have total control of
+how you use it. This would represent a revolutionary overturn of past ideas
+of ethics and of the legal system, and create an unprecedented system of
+control. The specific problems of these systems are no accident; they
+result from the basic goal. It is the goal we must reject.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
@@ -322,7 +300,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/10/23 18:25:16 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -374,6 +352,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Traditional) -->
Index: java-trap.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/java-trap.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- java-trap.bg.html 2 Aug 2009 18:25:30 -0000 1.8
+++ java-trap.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.9
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Свободен, но в окови â âклопкаÑа на
Ðжаваâ</title>
+<title>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>Свободен, но в окови â âклопкаÑа на
Ðжаваâ</h2>
+<h2>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap</h2>
<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a></p>
<div class="announcement"><h3>ÐÑÑÑпиÑелна бележка</h3>
-<p>ÐÑез декемвÑи 2006 г., âСÑнâ веÑе Ñа
запоÑнали да <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">пÑеиздаваÑ
ÑвоÑÑа
-плаÑÑоÑма на Ðжава под GNU GPL</a>. ÐÑакваме, Ñе
когаÑо Ñази пÑомÑна на
-лиÑенза завÑÑÑи, Ðжава веÑе нÑма да
пÑедÑÑавлÑва клопка. ÐÑпÑеки Ñова, каÑо
-ÑÑло, опиÑаниÑÑ ÑÑк вÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ñе оÑÑане важен,
заÑоÑо вÑÑка неÑвободна
-библиоÑека или плаÑÑоÑма за пÑогÑамиÑане
може да пÑиÑини подобен пÑоблем.
-ТÑÑбва да Ñи вземем поÑка Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑÑа на
Ðжава, Ñака Ñе да избÑгваме дÑÑги
-клопки за в бÑдеÑе.</p>
+<p>Since this article was first published, Sun has <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html">relicensed</a>
+most of its Java platform under the GNU General Public License, and there is
+now a free Java development environment. Thus, the Java language is no
+longer a trap. Nonetheless, the general issue described here remains
+important, because any nonfree library or programming platform can cause a
+similar problem. We must learn a lesson from the history of Java, so we can
+avoid other traps in the future.</p>
<p>Please also see: <a href="javascript-trap.html">The Javascript Trap</a></p>
@@ -27,73 +27,64 @@
<p>12 апÑил 2004 г.</p>
<p>
- Ðко пÑогÑамаÑа ви е Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñо
ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑво е еÑиÑна.
-СÑÑеÑÑвÑва обаÑе една клопка, за коÑÑо
ÑÑÑбва да бÑдеÑе наÑÑек. ÐÑпÑеки Ñе
-Ñама по Ñебе Ñи е Ñвободна, пÑогÑамаÑа ви
може да бÑде огÑаниÑена оÑ
-неÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¹Ñо завиÑи. ТÑй
каÑо Ñози пÑоблем Ð´Ð½ÐµÑ Ðµ най-ÑÑко
-изÑазен пÑи пÑогÑамиÑе на Ðжава, наÑиÑаме
го âклопкаÑа на Ðжаваâ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Ðдна пÑогÑама е Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ако
поÑÑебиÑелиÑе Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÐµÐ¶Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделени
-ÑÑÑеÑÑвени Ñвободи. ÐÑÑбо казано, Ñе Ñа:
ÑвободаÑа да изпÑлнÑваÑ
-пÑогÑамаÑа, ÑвободаÑа да изÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸
пÑоменÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´, ÑвободаÑа да
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ двоиÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´, и
ÑвободаÑа да пÑбликÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñени
-веÑÑии. (ÐижÑе <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html</a>.)
-Ðали дадена пÑогÑама е Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
завиÑи изÑÑло Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑа, заложена в
-лиÑенза Ñ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Ðали обаÑе пÑогÑамаÑа може да бÑде
използвана в Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑвÑÑ, дали може да
-бÑде използвана Ð¾Ñ Ñ
оÑа, коиÑо Ñа ÑеÑени да
живеÑÑ Ð² Ñвобода, е по-Ñложен
-вÑпÑоÑ. Това не Ñе опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ñамо оÑ
лиÑенза на пÑогÑамаÑа, понеже ниÑо една
-пÑогÑама не ÑабоÑи в изолаÑиÑ. ÐÑÑка
пÑогÑама завиÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑги пÑогÑами.
-ÐапÑимеÑ, ако дадена пÑогÑама има нÑжда да
бÑде компилиÑана или
-инÑеÑпÑеÑиÑана, Ñо ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñи Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»Ð°ÑоÑ
или инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ. Ðко е
-компилиÑана до байÑкод, Ñо ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñи оÑ
инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° байÑкод. ÐÑвен
-Ñова, за да бÑде изпÑлнÑвана, пÑогÑамаÑа Ñе
нÑждае и Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки. СÑÑо
-Ñака пÑогÑамаÑа би могла да извиква дÑÑги
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелни пÑогÑами, коиÑо Ñе
-изпÑлнÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо оÑделни пÑоÑеÑи. ÐÑиÑки
Ñези пÑогÑами Ñа завиÑимоÑÑи.
-ÐавиÑимоÑÑиÑе може да Ñа необÑ
одими, за да
бÑде изобÑо изпÑлнена пÑогÑамаÑа,
-но може и да Ñа нÑжни Ñамо за да
ÑÑнкÑиониÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ñкои нейни вÑзможноÑÑи. Така
-или инаÑе, ÑÑлаÑа пÑогÑама или ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
не може да ÑабоÑи без
-завиÑимоÑÑиÑе.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Ðко нÑкои Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимоÑÑиÑе на пÑогÑамаÑа
Ñа неÑвободни, Ñо Ñова ознаÑава, Ñе
-ÑÑлаÑа пÑогÑама или ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ може да
бÑде изпÑлнена вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñлно
-Ñвободна ÑиÑÑема â ÑÑ Ðµ безполезна в
Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑвÑÑ. РазбиÑа Ñе, ние можем
-да ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑваме пÑогÑамаÑа и да
пÑиÑежаваме нейни ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑиниÑе
-Ñи, но Ð¾Ñ Ñова нÑма голÑма полза, Ñом не
можем да Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿ÑлнÑваме. Тази
-пÑогÑама е Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, но на
пÑакÑика е окована Ð¾Ñ ÑвоиÑе неÑвободни
-завиÑимоÑÑи.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Този пÑоблем може да вÑзникне Ñ Ð²Ñеки вид
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, на какÑвÑо и да е език за
-пÑогÑамиÑане. ÐапÑимеÑ, една Ñвободна
пÑогÑама, коÑÑо Ñе изпÑлнÑва Ñамо
-вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ Ð£Ð¸Ð½Ð´Ð¾ÑÑ, е оÑевидно
безполезна в Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑвÑÑ. Ðо
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ, койÑо Ñе изпÑлнÑва вÑÑÑ
Ñ
GNU/ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑо може да бÑде безполезен,
-ако завиÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑг неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ð
миналоÑо, ÐоÑÐ¸Ñ (пÑеди да имаме
-ÐеÑТиÑ) и библиоÑекаÑа âÐÑ Ñиâ (пÑеди
ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑавÑÑ
-Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ) бÑÑ
а оÑновниÑе пÑиÑини
за Ñози пÑоблем. ÐовеÑеÑо
-видеокаÑÑи Ñ ÑÑимеÑно ÑÑкоÑение ÑабоÑÑÑ
пÑлноÑÑнкÑионално Ñамо Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободни
-дÑайвеÑи, коеÑо ÑÑÑо води до Ñози пÑоблем.
Ðо Ð´Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновниÑÑ Ð¸Ð·ÑоÑник на
-пÑоблема е Ðжава, заÑоÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа, коиÑо
пиÑÐ°Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÑеÑÑо
-ÑÑвÑÑваÑ, Ñе Ðжава е ÑекÑи. ÐаÑлепени оÑ
пÑивлиÑанеÑо Ñи кÑм езика, Ñе
-пÑенебÑÐµÐ³Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑпÑоÑа ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимоÑÑиÑе и
Ñака Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð² âклопкаÑа на Ðжаваâ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- РеализаÑиÑÑа на Ðжава Ð¾Ñ âСÑнâ е
неÑвободна. СÑандаÑÑниÑе библиоÑеки на
-Ðжава ÑÑÑо Ñа неÑвободни. Ðие Ñазполагаме
ÑÑÑ Ñвободни ÑеализаÑии на Ðжава,
-каÑо напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">
компилаÑоÑа на GNU за
-Ðжава</a> (GCJ) и <a href="/software/classpath">GNU ÐлаÑпаÑ</a>
(GNU
-Classpath), но Ñе вÑе оÑе не поддÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñлно
вÑиÑки вÑзможноÑÑи. ÐÑе оÑе
-навакÑваме.
+ If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but there is
+a trap you must be on guard for. Your program, though in itself free, may be
+restricted by nonfree software that it depends on. Since the problem is most
+prominent today for Java programs, we call it the Java Trap.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ A program is free software if its users have certain crucial
+freedoms. Roughly speaking, they are: the freedom to run the program, the
+freedom to study and change the source, the freedom to redistribute the
+source and binaries, and the freedom to publish improved versions. (See <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)
+Whether any given program in source form is free software depends solely on
+the meaning of its license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Whether the program can be used in the Free World, used by people who mean
+to live in freedom, is a more complex question. This is not determined by
+the program's own license alone, because no program works in
+isolation. Every program depends on other programs. For instance, a program
+needs to be compiled or interpreted, so it depends on a compiler or
+interpreter. If compiled into byte code, it depends on a byte-code
+interpreter. Moreover, it needs libraries in order to run, and it may also
+invoke other separate programs that run in other processes. All of these
+programs are dependencies. Dependencies may be necessary for the program to
+run at all, or they may be necessary only for certain features. Either way,
+all or part of the program cannot operate without the dependencies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ If some of a program's dependencies are nonfree, this means that all or part
+of the program is unable to run in an entirely free system—it is
+unusable in the Free World. Sure, we could redistribute the program and have
+copies on our machines, but that's not much good if it won't run. That
+program is free software, but it is effectively shackled by its nonfree
+dependencies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ This problem can occur in any kind of software, in any language. For
+instance, a free program that only runs on Microsoft Windows is clearly
+useless in the Free World. But software that runs on GNU/Linux can also be
+useless if it depends on other nonfree software. In the past, Motif (before
+we had LessTif) and Qt (before its developers made it free software) were
+major causes of this problem. Most 3D video cards work fully only with
+nonfree drivers, which also cause this problem. But the major source of this
+problem today is Java, because people who write free software often feel
+Java is sexy. Blinded by their attraction to the language, they overlook the
+issue of dependencies and fall into the Java Trap.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Sun's implementation of Java is nonfree. The standard Java libraries are
+nonfree also. We do have free implementations of Java, such as the <a
+href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/">GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a
+href="/software/classpath">GNU Classpath</a>, but they don't support all the
+features yet. We are still catching up.
</p>
<p>
@@ -115,50 +106,49 @@
</p>
<p>
- âСÑнâ пÑодÑлжава да ÑазÑабоÑва
допÑлниÑелни âÑÑандаÑÑниâ библиоÑеки на
Ðжава
-и поÑÑи вÑиÑки Ñе Ñа неÑвободни. Рмного
ÑлÑÑаи, доÑи ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑÑа на
-библиоÑекаÑа пÑедÑÑавлÑва ÑÑÑговÑка
Ñайна, а поÑледниÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñенз на âСÑнâ за
-Ñези ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии забÑанÑва издаванеÑо на
непÑлни ÑеализаÑии на
-ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑÑа. (ÐижÑе напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ <a
+ Sun continues to develop additional “standard” Java libraries,
+and nearly all of them are nonfree; in many cases, even a library's
+specification is a trade secret, and Sun's latest license for these
+specifications prohibits release of anything less than a full implementation
+of the specification. (See <a
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf">http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf</a>
-и <a
-href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html">http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>).
+and <a
+href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html">http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>
+for examples).
</p>
<p>
- Ðа ÑаÑÑие, Ñози лиÑенз на ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑÑа
позволÑва издаванеÑо на нейна
-ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Така на
ÑÑеÑи лиÑа, полÑÑили
-библиоÑекаÑа, им е ÑазÑеÑено да Ñ Ð¿ÑоменÑÑ
и не Ñа задÑлжени да Ñе пÑидÑÑжаÑ
-кÑм ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑÑа. Ðо изиÑкванеÑо води
до забÑана на използванеÑо на
-ÑÑвмеÑÑен модел на ÑазÑабоÑка пÑи
пÑоизвежданеÑо на Ñвободна ÑеализаÑиÑ.
-ÐзползванеÑо на ÑакÑв модел би довело до
пÑбликÑване на незавÑÑÑени веÑÑии,
-коеÑо не е ÑазÑеÑено на Ñези, коиÑо Ñа Ñели
ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑÑа.
+ Fortunately, that specification license does permit releasing an
+implementation as free software; others who receive the library can be
+allowed to change it and are not required to adhere to the specification.
+But the requirement has the effect of prohibiting the use of a collaborative
+development model to produce the free implementation. Use of that model
+would entail publishing incomplete versions, something those who have read
+the spec are not allowed to do.
</p>
<p>
- РзоÑаÑа на ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±ÐµÑе невÑзможно да Ñе избегнаÑ
-завиÑимоÑÑиÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободни пÑогÑами.
ÐÑеди да имаме компилаÑоÑа на GNU за
-Си, вÑÑка пÑогÑама на Си (Ñвободна или не)
завиÑеÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободен компилаÑоÑ
-за Си. ÐÑеди да имаме библиоÑекаÑа на GNU за
Си, вÑÑка пÑогÑама завиÑеÑе оÑ
-неÑвободна библиоÑека за Си. ÐÑеди да
имаме ÐинÑкÑ, пÑÑвоÑо Ñвободно ÑдÑо,
-вÑÑка пÑогÑама завиÑеÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободно
ÑдÑо. ÐÑеди да имаме Bash, вÑеки
-ÑкÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð½Ð° обвивкаÑа ÑÑÑбваÑе да бÑде
инÑеÑпÑеÑиÑан Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободна обвивка.
-Ðе неизбежно пÑÑвиÑе ни пÑогÑами да бÑдаÑ
обÑеменени Ð¾Ñ Ñези завиÑимоÑÑи, но
-ние пÑиеÑ
ме Ñова, понеже поÑледваÑоÑо
оÑÑÑваване на Ñези пÑогÑами бе ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
-наÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½. ÐаÑаÑа голÑма Ñел â
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелна опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема GNU â
-вклÑÑваÑе Ñвободни замеÑÑиÑели на вÑиÑки
Ñези завиÑимоÑÑи. Ðко поÑÑигнеÑ
ме
-ÑелÑа Ñи, Ñогава вÑиÑки пÑогÑами биÑ
а били
оÑÑÑвани. Така и ÑÑана â ÑÑÑ
-ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU/ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑе можем да
изпÑлнÑваме Ñези пÑогÑами вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñвободни
-плаÑÑоÑми.
+ In the early days of the Free Software Movement, it was impossible to avoid
+depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C
+program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the
+GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had
+Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel.
+Before we had Bash, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
+shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered
+by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included
+rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating
+system, included free replacements for all those dependencies; if we reached
+the goal, all our programs would be rescued. Thus it happened: with the
+GNU/Linux system, we can now run these programs on free platforms.
</p>
<p>
- СиÑÑаÑиÑÑа Ð´Ð½ÐµÑ Ðµ ÑазлиÑна. Сега
Ñазполагаме Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñни Ñвободни опеÑаÑионни
-ÑиÑÑеми и много Ñвободни ÑÑедÑÑва за
пÑогÑамиÑане. ÐакваÑо и задаÑа да
-заÑ
ванеÑе, можеÑе да Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÑÑÑиÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ
Ñвободна плаÑÑоÑма â нÑма нÑжда да
-пÑиемаÑе неÑвободна завиÑимоÑÑ, даже доÑи
вÑеменно. ÐÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновнаÑа пÑиÑина,
-поÑади коÑÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð² клопкаÑа е,
Ñе не миÑлÑÑ Ð·Ð° неÑ. Ðай-леÑноÑо
-ÑеÑение на пÑоблема е да Ñе обÑÑни на Ñ
оÑаÑа да не Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð² клопкаÑа.
+ The situation is different today. We now have powerful free operating
+systems and many free programming tools. Whatever job you want to do, you
+can do it on a free platform; there is no need to accept a nonfree
+dependency even temporarily. The main reason people fall into the trap today
+is because they are not thinking about it. The easiest solution to the
+problem is to teach people to recognize it and not fall into it.
</p>
<p>
@@ -175,16 +165,14 @@
</p>
<p>
- ÐпиÑваме Ñе да оÑÑÑвем пÑогÑамиÑе на
Ðжава, коиÑо Ñа Ñ
ванаÑи в капана. Така
-Ñе, ако Ñ
аÑеÑваÑе езика Ðжава, каним ви да
помогнеÑе пÑи ÑазÑабоÑванеÑо на
-GNU ÐлаÑпаÑ. СÑÑо би било полезно
изпÑобванеÑо на пÑогÑамиÑе ви Ñ
-компилаÑоÑа GCJ и GNU ÐлаÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð¸ докладванеÑо
на вÑÑкакви пÑоблеми, на коиÑо
-ÑÑе Ñе наÑÑкнали пÑи веÑе ÑеализиÑаниÑе
клаÑове. ÐÑе пак, завÑÑÑванеÑо на
-GNU ÐлаÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ñе оÑнеме вÑеме â ако поÑÑоÑнно
пÑодÑÐ»Ð¶Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе добавÑÑ
-неÑвободни библиоÑеки, може винаги да ни
липÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледниÑе Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
. Така
-Ñе, Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸, не оковавайÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñи
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. ÐнеÑ, когаÑо пиÑеÑе
-Ñвободна пÑиложна пÑогÑама, пиÑеÑе Ñ Ñака,
Ñе Ð¾Ñ ÑамоÑо наÑало да Ñе
-изпÑлнÑва вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñвободни ÑÑедÑÑва.
+ We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java
+language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your
+programs with the the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any
+problems you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful.
+However, finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries
+continue to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't
+put your free software in shackles. When you write an application program
+today, write it to run on free facilities from the start.
</p>
<h3>ÐижÑе оÑе:</h3>
@@ -237,7 +225,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 18:25:30 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: schools.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- schools.bg.html 17 Oct 2009 18:25:13 -0000 1.14
+++ schools.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.15
@@ -2,59 +2,55 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐаÑо ÑÑилиÑаÑа ÑÑÑбва да Ñи ÑлÑжаÑ
изÑÑло ÑÑÑ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ
-GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>ÐаÑо ÑÑилиÑаÑа ÑÑÑбва да Ñи ÑлÑжаÑ
изÑÑло ÑÑÑ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</h2>
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a></p>
-<p>СÑÑеÑÑвÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñновни пÑиÑини, поÑади
коиÑо вÑиÑки компÑÑÑÑни поÑÑебиÑели
-ÑÑÑбва да наÑÑоÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.
Той им дава ÑвободаÑа да
-ÑпÑавлÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвениÑе Ñи компÑÑÑи. ÐÑи
ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, компÑÑÑÑÑÑ
-вÑÑÑи Ñова, коеÑо иÑка пÑиÑежаÑелÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, а не Ñова, коеÑо Ðие
-иÑкаÑе. СвободниÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÑÑÑо Ñака,
дава на поÑÑебиÑелиÑе ÑвободаÑа да
-Ñи Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾, да водÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑен живоÑ.
Така какÑо Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑиÑки, Ñези
-оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñа валидни и за ÑÑилиÑаÑа.</p>
-
-<p>Ðо има и оÑобени оÑнованиÑ, каÑаеÑи
ÑÑилиÑаÑа. Те Ñа пÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ñази
-ÑÑаÑиÑ. </p>
-
-<p>ÐаÑо наÑало, ÑвободниÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да
ÑпеÑÑи паÑи на ÑÑилиÑаÑа. ÐоÑи в
-най-богаÑиÑе дÑÑжави ÑÑедÑÑваÑа за
ÑÑилиÑаÑа Ñа недоÑÑаÑÑÑно. СвободниÑÑ
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð° на ÑÑилиÑаÑа, какÑо и на
дÑÑгиÑе поÑÑебиÑели, ÑвободаÑа да
-копиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑа. Така
ÑÑилиÑнаÑа ÑиÑÑема може да напÑави
-ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑиÑкиÑе Ñи налиÑни компÑÑÑи.
Това може да помогне за пÑемаÑ
ване
-на ÑиÑÑоваÑа баÑиеÑа<sup><a href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>
в бедниÑе
-дÑÑжави.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸ важна, Ñази оÑевидна пÑиÑина е
ÑвÑÑде повÑÑÑ
ноÑÑна. ÐÑвен Ñова,
-ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° оÑÑÑÑанÑÑ Ñози мÑ
-недоÑÑаÑÑк каÑо даÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑилиÑаÑа.
(ÐнимавайÑе! Ðа ÑÑилиÑе, пÑиело
-Ñази оÑеÑÑа, може да Ñе наложи да плаÑи за
бÑдеÑи нови веÑÑии.) ÐаÑова нека
-Ñазгледаме по-ÑÑÑеÑÑвениÑе пÑиÑини.</p>
-
-<p>УÑилиÑеÑо ÑÑÑбва да пÑеподава на
вÑзпиÑаниÑиÑе Ñи наÑин на живоÑ, койÑо е
-полезен за обÑеÑÑвоÑо каÑо ÑÑло. То ÑÑÑбва
да наÑÑÑÑава ÑпоÑÑебаÑа на
-Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñака какÑо наÑÑÑÑава
ÑеÑиклиÑанеÑо. Ðко ÑÑилиÑаÑа
-обÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑаÑиÑе на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñо
ÑÑаÑиÑе Ñе Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
-и Ñлед каÑо Ñе дипломиÑаÑ. Това Ñе помогне
на обÑеÑÑвоÑо каÑо ÑÑло да Ñе
-ÑпаÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑподÑÑвоÑо (и измамиÑе) на
мегакоÑпоÑаÑииÑе. Тези коÑпоÑаÑии
-пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñни моÑÑÑи на ÑÑилиÑаÑа,
водени Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑ, поÑади
-койÑо ÑÑÑÑневиÑе компании
ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñни ÑигаÑи â за да
-пÑиÑÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑаÑа <a href="#1">(1)</a>.
ÐоÑпоÑаÑииÑе нÑма да пÑодÑÐ»Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-пÑавÑÑ ÑÑÑговÑки оÑÑÑÑпки на Ñези ÑÑениÑи,
Ñлед каÑо поÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ñе
-дипломиÑаÑ.</p>
-
-<p>СвободниÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð° вÑзможноÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑаÑиÑе да ÑазÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñой
-ÑÑнкÑиониÑа. ÐогаÑо ÑÑениÑиÑе навлÑÐ·Ð°Ñ Ð²
ÑноÑеÑкиÑе Ñи години, нÑкои Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
-жадÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° наÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑиÑко за ÑвоÑÑа
компÑÑÑÑна ÑиÑÑема и Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ð
-именно Ñова е вÑзÑаÑÑÑа, в коÑÑо бÑдеÑиÑе
добÑи пÑогÑамиÑÑи ÑÑÑбва да го
-ÑÑоÑÑÑ. Ðа да Ñе наÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° пиÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÑÑениÑиÑе ÑÑÑбва да изÑеÑаÑ
-и напиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ код. Ðажно е да ÑеÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸
ÑазбиÑÐ°Ñ Ñеални пÑогÑами, каквиÑо
-Ñ
оÑаÑа наиÑÑина ползваÑ. УÑениÑиÑе Ñе
бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ»ÑÑиÑелно лÑбопиÑни да
-ÑзнаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð° на пÑогÑамиÑе, коиÑо ползваÑ
вÑекидневно.</p>
+<p>There are general reasons why all computer users should insist on free
+software: it gives users the freedom to control their own
+computers—with proprietary software, the computer does what the
+software owner wants it to do, not what the user wants it to do. Free
+software also gives users the freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead
+an upright life. These reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this article is to state additional reasons that apply
+specifically to education.</p>
+
+<p>First, free software can save schools money. Free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software, so the
+school system can make copies for all the computers they have. In poor
+countries, this can help close the digital divide.</p>
+
+<p>This obvious reason, while important in practical terms, is rather
+shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason by
+donating copies to the schools. (Warning: a school that accepts such an
+offer may have to pay for upgrades later.) So let's look at the deeper
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of a strong,
+capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They should promote the
+use of free software just as they promote recycling. If schools teach
+students free software, then the students will tend to use free software
+after they graduate. This will help society as a whole escape from being
+dominated (and gouged) by megacorporations.</p>
+
+<p>What schools should refuse to do is teach dependence. Those corporations
+offer free samples to schools for the same reason tobacco companies
+distribute free cigarettes to minors: to get children addicted <a
+href="#1">(1)</a>. They will not give discounts to these students once
+they've grown up and graduated.</p>
+
+<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some students,
+on reaching their teens, want to learn everything there is to know about
+their computer and its software. They are intensely curious to read the
+source code of the programs that they use every day. To learn to write good
+code, students need to read lots of code and write lots of code. They need
+to read and understand real programs that people really use. Only free
+software permits this.</p>
<p>СобÑÑвениÑеÑкиÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑ
вÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑÑÑ
наÑа жажда за знаниÑ, оÑвÑÑÑа им:
âÐнаниеÑо, коеÑо желаеÑе, е Ñайна â
ÑÑенеÑо е забÑанено!â СвободниÑÑ
@@ -66,16 +62,19 @@
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñе позволÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвоиÑе ÑÑениÑи,
добÑи в пÑогÑамиÑанеÑо, да
напÑеднаÑ.</p>
-<p>СледваÑаÑа пÑиÑина да Ñе ползва Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð² ÑÑилиÑаÑа е оÑе
-по-ÑÑÑеÑÑвена. ÐÑакваме ÑÑилиÑаÑа да
обÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑаÑиÑе на оÑновни ÑакÑи и
-полезни ÑмениÑ. Ðо Ñова не е единÑÑвенаÑа
им задаÑа. ÐÑновнаÑа миÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
-ÑÑилиÑаÑа е да ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ñ
оÑаÑа да бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñи
гÑаждани и добÑи Ñ
оÑа â да даваÑ
-помоÑÑа Ñи на нÑждаеÑиÑе Ñе. РоблаÑÑÑа на
компÑÑÑиÑе Ñова ознаÑава да ги
-наÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑподелÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑеÑа. ÐÑновниÑе
ÑÑилиÑа най-напÑед ÑÑÑбва да кажаÑ
-на ÑÑениÑиÑе Ñи: âÐко донеÑеÑе ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð²
ÑÑилиÑе, ÑÑÑбва да го ÑподелиÑе Ñ
-дÑÑгиÑе деÑа.â ÐÑÑеÑÑвено, ÑÑилиÑеÑо
ÑÑÑбва да вÑÑÑи Ñова, коеÑо
-пÑоповÑдва: вÑеки ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо инÑÑалиÑа
ÑÑÑбва да може да бÑде копиÑан оÑ
-ÑÑениÑиÑе, да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° го занеÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐºÑÑи и
ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑваÑ.</p>
+<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
+education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
+skills, but that is not their whole job. The most fundamental job of schools
+is to teach good citizenship, which includes the habit of helping others. In
+the area of computing, this means teaching people to share software.
+Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell their pupils, “If
+you bring software to school, you must share it with the other students.
+And you must show the source code to the class, in case someone wants to
+learn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: all the software
+installed by the school should be available for students to copy, take home,
+and redistribute further.</p>
<p>ÐбÑÑаванеÑо на ÑÑаÑиÑе да ползваÑ
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ да ÑÑаÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð² обÑноÑÑÑа
на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ добÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑейÑки
ÑÑок. То ÑÑÑо им дава модел на
@@ -128,11 +127,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2003 РиÑаÑд СÑолман
-<br />
-ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за
-вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо
на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
-бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 2003, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted without royalty in any
+medium provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -152,7 +149,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/10/17 18:25:13 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: schools.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- schools.ca.html 17 Oct 2009 18:25:13 -0000 1.8
+++ schools.ca.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.9
@@ -2,60 +2,55 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Per què les escoles han d'usar exclusivament programari lliure -
-Projecte GNU - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>Per què les escoles han d'usar exclusivament programari lliure</h2>
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
<p>per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p>
-<p>Existeixen diverses raons per les quals tots els usuaris d'ordinadors
-haurien d'usar programari lliure. Aquest, proporciona als usuaris la
-llibertat de controlar els seus propis ordinadors. En canvi, amb el
-programari privatiu, l'ordinador fa el que l'amo del programari vol que
-faci, no el que l'usuari vol. També facilita als usuaris la llibertat
-de poder cooperar entre ells, estant tranquils amb la seva
-consciència. Això és així tant per als usuaris
-com per a les escoles.</p>
-
-<p>Però hi ha raons especials per a les escoles. Aquestes raons
-són el tema principal d'aquest article. </p>
-
-<p>Primer, el programari lliure pot ajudar les escoles a estalviar diners. Fins
-i tot en els països rics, les escoles tenen pocs recursos
-econòmics. El programari lliure proporciona a les escoles, com a
-altres usuaris, la llibertat de copiar i redistribuir el programari, de tal
-manera que l'administració educativa pot fer còpies per a tots
-els ordinadors de totes les escoles. Als països pobres, això pot
-ajudar a disminuir l'anomenada fractura digital.</p>
-
-<p>Aquesta raó òbvia, encara que important, és la
-més superficial. I els creadors de programari privatiu poden eliminar
-aquest desavantatge regalant còpies a les escoles (alerta: una escola
-que accepta aquesta oferta pot haver de pagar per actualitzacions en el
-futur!). Així que, vegem les raons més profundes.</p>
-
-<p>L'escola ha d'ensenyar als estudiants estils de vida que beneficiïn
-tota la societat. Ha de promoure l'ús del programari lliure
-així com promou el reciclatge. Si les escoles ensenyen programari
-lliure, els estudiants l'usaran més tard en deixar
-l'escola. Això permetrà la societat escapar del domini (i
-abús) de les grans empreses. Aquestes empreses ofereixen mostres
-gratuïtes a les escoles per la mateixa raó que les companyies
-tabaqueres distribueixen cigarrets gratuïtament: per tenir nins i
-adolescents addictes <a href="#1">(1)</a>. No faran descomptes a aquests
-estudiants quan creixin i deixin l'escola.</p>
-
-<p>El programari lliure permet a l'estudiant aprendre com treballa el
-programari. Quan els estudiants arriben a l'adolescència, alguns
-d'ells volen saber tot el que es necessita saber sobre el seu sistema
-operatiu i els seus programes. Aquesta és l'edat en la qual
-l'al·lot/a que ha de ser bon programador ha d'aprendre a
-programar. Per aprendre a escriure bon programari, els estudiants necessiten
-llegir-ne i escriure'n molt. Necessiten llegir i entendre programes reals
-que la gent veritablement usa. Tendran molta curiositat per llegir el codi
-font dels programes que utilitzen.</p>
+<p>There are general reasons why all computer users should insist on free
+software: it gives users the freedom to control their own
+computers—with proprietary software, the computer does what the
+software owner wants it to do, not what the user wants it to do. Free
+software also gives users the freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead
+an upright life. These reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this article is to state additional reasons that apply
+specifically to education.</p>
+
+<p>First, free software can save schools money. Free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software, so the
+school system can make copies for all the computers they have. In poor
+countries, this can help close the digital divide.</p>
+
+<p>This obvious reason, while important in practical terms, is rather
+shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason by
+donating copies to the schools. (Warning: a school that accepts such an
+offer may have to pay for upgrades later.) So let's look at the deeper
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of a strong,
+capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They should promote the
+use of free software just as they promote recycling. If schools teach
+students free software, then the students will tend to use free software
+after they graduate. This will help society as a whole escape from being
+dominated (and gouged) by megacorporations.</p>
+
+<p>What schools should refuse to do is teach dependence. Those corporations
+offer free samples to schools for the same reason tobacco companies
+distribute free cigarettes to minors: to get children addicted <a
+href="#1">(1)</a>. They will not give discounts to these students once
+they've grown up and graduated.</p>
+
+<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some students,
+on reaching their teens, want to learn everything there is to know about
+their computer and its software. They are intensely curious to read the
+source code of the programs that they use every day. To learn to write good
+code, students need to read lots of code and write lots of code. They need
+to read and understand real programs that people really use. Only free
+software permits this.</p>
<p>El programari privatiu rebutja les seves ànsies de coneixement: diu
"el coneixement que cerques és un secret, aprendre està
@@ -67,18 +62,19 @@
que usin programari lliure permetran millorar als alumnes més dotats
per la programació.</p>
-<p>La següent raó és encara més profunda. Esperam que
-les escoles ensenyin als estudiants els fets bàsics i habilitats
-útils, però aquesta no és tota la seva tasca. La
-missió fonamental de les escoles és ensenyar la gent a ser
-bons ciutadans i bons veïns, a saber cooperar amb els altres que
-necessiten de la seva ajuda. En l'àmbit informàtic,
-això significa ensenyar-los a compartir programari. Les escoles
-primàries, sobretot, han de dir-los: "Si duus programari a l'escola,
-has de compartir-lo amb els companys". Per descomptat, l'escola ha de
-practicar allò que predica: tot el programari instal·lat per
-l'escola ha d'estar disponible perquè sigui copiat pels estudiants,
-per dur a casa i després ser redistribuït.</p>
+<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
+education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
+skills, but that is not their whole job. The most fundamental job of schools
+is to teach good citizenship, which includes the habit of helping others. In
+the area of computing, this means teaching people to share software.
+Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell their pupils, “If
+you bring software to school, you must share it with the other students.
+And you must show the source code to the class, in case someone wants to
+learn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: all the software
+installed by the school should be available for students to copy, take home,
+and redistribute further.</p>
<p>Ensenyar als estudiants a usar programari lliure i a participar en la
comunitat del programari lliure és una lliçó
@@ -119,9 +115,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2003 Richard Stallman <br /> Es permet realitzar i
-distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en qualsevol medi sense
-pagament de drets, sempre que hi aparegui aquesta nota.
+Copyright © 2003, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted without royalty in any
+medium provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -133,7 +129,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/10/17 18:25:13 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: schools.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/schools.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- schools.ru.html 17 Oct 2009 18:25:13 -0000 1.9
+++ schools.ru.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.10
@@ -2,66 +2,55 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñколам непÑеменно нÑжно
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñколам непÑеменно нÑжно
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение</h2>
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑоллмен (Richard
Stallman)</a></p>
-<p>СÑеди пÑиÑин Ñого, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñе
полÑзоваÑели компÑÑÑеÑов должнÑ
наÑÑойÑиво
-ÑÑебоваÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение, еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñие обоÑнованиÑ,
-пÑименимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей.
Свободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение даеÑ
-полÑзоваÑелÑм пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ ÑпÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑми компÑÑÑеÑами. Ð
-компÑÑÑеÑÑ, Ñ ÑÑÑановленнÑм пÑопÑиеÑаÑнÑм
пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением делаÑÑ
-Ñо, ÑÑо ÑоздаÑели ÑÑого пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло Ñделано,
-а не Ñо, ÑÑо ÐÑ ÑÑебÑеÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло
Ñделано. Свободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение не оÑбиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей
волÑноÑÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ
-дÑÑгом, не ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ñ
Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑной жизни. ÐÑи
пÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñкол Ñак же как
-и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñбого дÑÑгого полÑзоваÑелÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Ðо говоÑÑ Ð¾ Ñколе, нÑжно оÑобо вÑделиÑÑ
дополниÑелÑнÑе пÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзованиÑ
-Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
пÑимениÑелÑно именно к Ñколам. ÐÑо и
-ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñемой ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи. </p>
-
-<p>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑбеÑеÑÑ ÑколÑнÑе
-денÑги. Ðаже в богаÑейÑиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
ÑколÑ
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² денежнÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑваÑ
.
-Свободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение даÑÑ
Ñколам (наÑавне Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими
-полÑзоваÑелÑми) ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение,
-поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ð½ÑжнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° вÑе компÑÑÑеÑÑ, имеÑÑиеÑÑ Ð²
-Ñколе. РбеднÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
пÑименение
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
-ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð½ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑового
неÑавенÑÑва.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑа оÑÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина не ÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо,
ÑÑо она важна, в какой-Ñо меÑе
-повеÑÑ
ноÑÑна. РазÑабоÑÑики
пÑопÑиеÑаÑного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
могÑÑ
-ÑÑÑÑаниÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ
Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑовÑми копиÑми длÑ
Ñкол. (ÐÑÑоÑожно! Школа, коÑоÑаÑ
-пÑинÑла Ñакой подаÑок, вполне возможно в
бÑдÑÑем бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÑнÑждена заплаÑиÑÑ
-на Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ.) Так ÑÑо поиÑем более
-ÑеÑÑÑзнÑе пÑиÑинÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Школа должна пÑиÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑеников к обÑазÑ
жизни, коÑоÑÑй бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·ÐµÐ½
-обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð² Ñелом. Школа должна
пÑопагандиÑоваÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение Ñак же как пеÑеÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÑÑоÑа.
ÐÑли Ñкола пÑиÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑеника к
-ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑпеÑениÑ, Ñо
ÐµÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑкники бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑ
-полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммнÑм
обеÑпеÑением. ÐÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
-ÑÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑколÑзнÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (и
обманÑваниÑ) мегакоÑпоÑаÑиÑми. ÐÑи
-коÑпоÑаÑии пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑнÑе обÑазÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñкол по Ñем же пÑиÑинам, ÑÑо и
-ÑабаÑнÑе компании ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
беÑплаÑнÑе ÑигаÑеÑÑ<a name="top1"
-href="#1">(1)</a> (в РоÑÑии аналогом бÑÐ´ÐµÑ -
беÑплаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð° оÑ
-наÑкоÑоÑговÑа) — вовлеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑей. Ðни не
дадÑÑ Ñкидок ÑÑим ÑколÑникам,
-когда они вÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ законÑаÑ
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Свободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение даÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑимÑÑ ÑзнаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
-пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐзÑоÑлеÑ, ÑаÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑей
заÑ
оÑÐµÑ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑное пÑо
-иÑ
компÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð¸ пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
. ÐÑо ÑоÑ
возÑаÑÑ, когда ÑеловекÑ, коÑоÑÑй
-Ñ
оÑÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑкÑÑнÑм пÑогÑаммиÑÑом,
ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑо. ÐÐ»Ñ Ñого,
-ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение каÑеÑÑвенно, ÑÑаÑимÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¾
-пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑÑ
кодов, и напиÑаÑÑ
болÑÑое колиÑеÑÑво Ñвоего кода.
-Таким деÑÑм необÑ
одимо ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸ понимаÑÑ
наÑÑоÑÑие пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
-ÑеалÑно иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑми. РдеÑи Ñ
болÑÑим инÑеÑеÑом бÑдÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð´
-пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе они Ñами иÑполÑзÑÑÑ
ежедневно.</p>
+<p>There are general reasons why all computer users should insist on free
+software: it gives users the freedom to control their own
+computers—with proprietary software, the computer does what the
+software owner wants it to do, not what the user wants it to do. Free
+software also gives users the freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead
+an upright life. These reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this article is to state additional reasons that apply
+specifically to education.</p>
+
+<p>First, free software can save schools money. Free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software, so the
+school system can make copies for all the computers they have. In poor
+countries, this can help close the digital divide.</p>
+
+<p>This obvious reason, while important in practical terms, is rather
+shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason by
+donating copies to the schools. (Warning: a school that accepts such an
+offer may have to pay for upgrades later.) So let's look at the deeper
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of a strong,
+capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They should promote the
+use of free software just as they promote recycling. If schools teach
+students free software, then the students will tend to use free software
+after they graduate. This will help society as a whole escape from being
+dominated (and gouged) by megacorporations.</p>
+
+<p>What schools should refuse to do is teach dependence. Those corporations
+offer free samples to schools for the same reason tobacco companies
+distribute free cigarettes to minors: to get children addicted <a
+href="#1">(1)</a>. They will not give discounts to these students once
+they've grown up and graduated.</p>
+
+<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some students,
+on reaching their teens, want to learn everything there is to know about
+their computer and its software. They are intensely curious to read the
+source code of the programs that they use every day. To learn to write good
+code, students need to read lots of code and write lots of code. They need
+to read and understand real programs that people really use. Only free
+software permits this.</p>
<p>ÐÑопÑиеÑаÑное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
оÑвеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ð¶Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹, говоÑÑ:
“Ðнание, коÑоÑое Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ð¸Ñе, — ÑÑо
ÑекÑеÑ! ÐзÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
@@ -74,17 +63,19 @@
коÑоÑÑе иÑполÑзÑÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение, полÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð² подаÑок
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑденÑов.</p>
-<p>СледÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина иÑполÑзоваÑÑ
Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение - даже
-более ÑеÑÑезнаÑ. ÐÑ ÑаÑÑÑиÑÑваем, ÑÑо
ÑÐºÐ¾Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÑей оÑновнÑм ÑакÑам и
-полезнÑм навÑкам, но ÑÑо не вÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑабоÑа.
Ðаиболее коÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñкол -
-ÑÑо ÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей бÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑими гÑажданами и
Ñ
оÑоÑими ÑоÑедÑми - ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ
-Ñ Ñеми, кÑо нÑждаеÑÑÑ Ð² иÑ
помоÑи. Ð ÑÑеÑе
компÑÑÑеÑов ÑÑо ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑÑ
-иÑ
делиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением. Ð
наÑалÑной Ñколе ÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
-говоÑиÑÑ Ñвоим ÑÑеникам: “еÑли ÑÑ
пÑÐ¸Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑколÑ, Ñо ÑÑ
-обÑзан поделиÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими деÑÑми”.
ÐонеÑно, Ñкола Ñама должна
-пÑакÑиковаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо она пÑоповедÑеÑ: вÑе
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение,
-ÑÑÑановленнÑй в Ñколе, должно бÑÑÑ
доÑÑÑпно ÑÑаÑимÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ,
-иÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ð°, и далÑнейÑего
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ.</p>
+<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
+education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
+skills, but that is not their whole job. The most fundamental job of schools
+is to teach good citizenship, which includes the habit of helping others. In
+the area of computing, this means teaching people to share software.
+Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell their pupils, “If
+you bring software to school, you must share it with the other students.
+And you must show the source code to the class, in case someone wants to
+learn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: all the software
+installed by the school should be available for students to copy, take home,
+and redistribute further.</p>
<p>ÐÑиÑÑение ÑÑаÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¸ÑполÑзоваÑÑ
Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, и
ÑÑаÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð² ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — ÑÑо
@@ -126,11 +117,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2003 Richard Stallman
-<br />
-РазÑеÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñловное копиÑование и
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи Ñеликом на
-лÑбом ноÑиÑеле, без какиÑ
-либо гоноÑаÑов,
пÑи ÑÑловии ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого
-замеÑаниÑ.
+Copyright © 2003, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted without royalty in any
+medium provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -143,7 +132,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено
-$Date: 2009/10/17 18:25:13 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software-literary-patents.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- software-literary-patents.bg.html 10 Aug 2009 18:25:07 -0000 1.4
+++ software-literary-patents.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 19:25:10 -0000 1.5
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
<p>Ð¾Ñ <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a></strong></p>
<p>
-<em>A version of this article was first published in <cite>The
-Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 20, 2005. It focused on the proposed
-European software patent directive.</em></p>
+<em>The first version of this article was published in the
+<cite>Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 20, 2005. It focused on the
+proposed European software patent directive.</em></p>
<p>
When politicians consider the question of software patents, they are usually
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
Industry in France, how France would vote on the issue of software patents,
Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of copyright law, praising
Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of copyright. (The misleading term
-<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> “intellectual property”</a>,
-promotes this confusion—one reason it should never be used.)
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> “intellectual property”</a>
+promotes this confusion—one of the reasons it should never be used.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Consider the novel, Les Misérables, which Hugo wrote. Since he wrote
-it, the copyright belonged only to him—nobody else. He did not have
-to fear that some stranger could sue him for copyright infringement and
-win. That was impossible, because copyright covers only the details of a
-work of authorship, not the ideas embodied in them, and it only restricts
-copying. Hugo had not copied Les Misérables, so he was not in danger
-from copyright.
+Consider Victor Hugo's novel, <cite> Les Misérables</cite>. Since he
+wrote it, the copyright belonged only to him. He did not have to fear that
+some stranger could sue him for copyright infringement and win. That was
+impossible, because copyright covers only the details of a work of
+authorship, not the ideas embodied in them, and it only restricts copying.
+Hugo had not copied <cite>Les Misérables</cite>, so he was not in
+danger from copyright.
</p>
<p>
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@
</ul>
<p>
-If such a patent had existed in 1862 when Les Misérables was
-published, the novel would have conflicted with all three claims, since all
-these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could have
-been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have been
+If such a patent had existed in 1862 when <cite>Les Misérables</cite>
+was published, the novel would have conflicted with all three claims, since
+all these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could
+have been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have been
prohibited—in effect, censored—by the patent holder.
</p>
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@
</ul>
<p>
-Les Misérables would have been prohibited by that patent too, because
-this description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And here's
-another hypothetical patent:
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite> would have been prohibited by that patent
+too, because this description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And
+here's another hypothetical patent:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -112,10 +112,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Ð ÑÑиÑе опиÑани паÑенÑа обÑ
ваÑаÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑÑа на един геÑой Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ Ñоман. Те
-Ñе пÑепокÑиваÑ, но не Ñа абÑолÑÑно еднакви.
ÐаÑова и Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° важаÑ
-едновÑеменно â и ÑÑиÑе ÑобÑÑвеника на
паÑенÑи биÑ
а могли да ÑÑдÑÑ ÐикÑоÑ
-Юго. ÐÑеки един Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
би могÑл да забÑани
пÑбликÑванеÑо на âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ.
+All three patents would cover, and prohibit, the life story of this one
+character. They overlap, but they do not precisely duplicate each other, so
+they could all be valid simultaneously; all three patent holders could have
+sued Victor Hugo. Any one of them could have prohibited publication of
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -141,16 +142,15 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐÑÑги облаÑÑи Ð¾Ñ âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ ÑÑÑо биÑ
а
могли да Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ пÑокобаÑа на
-паÑенÑиÑе. ÐапÑимеÑ, може да е ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑвал
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ðµ на
-Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвено опиÑание на биÑкаÑа пÑи
ÐаÑеÑло, или паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½ÐµÑо на
-паÑижки жаÑгон в Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенаÑа пÑоза.
ÐÑе две ÑÑдебни дела. Ð
-дейÑÑвиÑелноÑÑ Ð½Ñма кÑай бÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑазлиÑниÑе паÑенÑи, коиÑо биÑ
а били
-пÑиложими пÑи ÑÑдебни дела ÑÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑвоÑба каÑо âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ. ÐÑиÑки
-ÑобÑÑвениÑи на паÑенÑи биÑ
а казали, Ñе
заÑлÑÐ¶Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð³Ñада за лиÑеÑаÑÑÑниÑ
-пÑогÑеÑ, поÑÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸Ñе, коиÑо Ñе Ñа
паÑенÑовали. Ðо Ñова Ñа
-пÑепÑÑÑÑвиÑ, коиÑо не биÑ
а донеÑли
пÑогÑеÑ, единÑÑвено биÑ
а ÑпÑвали
-ÑазвиÑиеÑо на лиÑеÑаÑÑÑаÑа.
+Other aspects of <cite>Les Misérables</cite> could also have run
+afoul of patents. For instance, there could have been a patent on a
+fictionalized portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on using
+Parisian slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there is no limit
+to the number of different patents that might have been applicable for suing
+the author of a work such as <cite>Les Misérables</cite>. All the
+patent holders would say they deserved a reward for the literary progress
+that their patented ideas represent, but these obstacles would not promote
+progress in literature, they would only obstruct it.
</p>
<p>
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@
</p>
<ul>
- <li>ÐÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване, поÑÑÑоен в
повеÑÑвоваÑелна ÑоÑма, койÑо пÑодÑлжава на
-много ÑÑÑаниÑи.</li>
+ <li>A communication process structured with narration that continues
through
+many pages.</li>
<li>ÐовеÑÑвоваÑелна ÑоÑма, наподобÑваÑа
на моменÑи мÑзикална ÑÑга или
импÑовизаÑиÑ.</li>
<li>ÐнÑÑига, ÑазвиваÑа Ñе около
пÑоÑивопоÑÑавÑнеÑо на опÑеделени геÑои,
каÑо
@@ -196,8 +196,9 @@
kernel of the GNU/Linux operating system, found 283 different US software
patents that seemed to cover it. That is to say, each of these 283
different patents forbids some computational process found somewhere in the
-thousands of pages of source code of Linux. And Linux was less than one
-percent of the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+thousands of pages of source code of Linux. At the time, Linux was around
+one percent of the whole GNU/Linux system. How many patents might there be
+that a distributor of the whole system could be sued under?</p>
<p>
The way to prevent software patents from bollixing software development is
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Richard Stallman
</p>
<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/10 18:25:07 $
+$Date: 2010/01/15 19:25:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
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