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trans-coord/gnun copyleft/copyleft.html gnu/ini...
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From: |
Yavor Doganov |
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Subject: |
trans-coord/gnun copyleft/copyleft.html gnu/ini... |
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Date: |
Sun, 18 Oct 2009 18:10:11 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/trans-coord
Module name: trans-coord
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/10/18 18:10:10
Modified files:
gnun/copyleft : copyleft.html
gnun/gnu : initial-announcement.html why-gnu-linux.html
gnun/philosophy: why-free.html
Log message:
Automatic sync from the master www repository.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/copyleft/copyleft.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
Patches:
Index: copyleft/copyleft.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/copyleft/copyleft.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- copyleft/copyleft.html 2 Aug 2009 18:10:16 -0000 1.8
+++ copyleft/copyleft.html 18 Oct 2009 18:10:09 -0000 1.9
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
<h2>What is Copyleft?</h2>
<p>
-<em>Copyleft</em> is a general method for making a program or
-other work free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
+Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or
+other work) free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
program to be free as well.</p>
<p>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute
<a href="/prep/tasks.html">improvements</a> to
<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> get permission to
-do that. These programmers often work for companies or universities
+do so. These programmers often work for companies or universities
that would do almost anything to get more money. A programmer may
want to contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may
want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product.</p>
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we
add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives
everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's
-code <em>or any program derived from it</em> but only if the
+code, <em>or any program derived from it</em>, but only if the
distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms
become legally inseparable.</p>
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@
<p>
Copyleft is a way of using of the copyright on the program. It
doesn't mean abandoning the copyright; in fact, doing so would make
-copyleft impossible. The word “left” in
+copyleft impossible. The “left” in
“copyleft” is not a reference to the verb “to
-leave” — only to the direction which is the inverse of
+leave”—only to the direction which is the inverse of
“right”.</p>
<p>
@@ -121,18 +121,19 @@
<p>
Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
-easy to copy code between various different programs. Since they all
-have the same distribution terms, there is no need to think about
-whether the terms are compatible. The Lesser GPL includes a
-provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the ordinary
-GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the
-GPL.</p>
+easy to copy code between various different programs. When they all
+have the same distribution terms, there is no problem. The Lesser
+GPL, version 2, includes a provision that lets you alter the
+distribution terms to the ordinary GPL, so that you can copy code into
+another program covered by the GPL. Version 3 of the Lesser GPL is
+built as an exception added to GPL version 3, making the compatibility
+automatic.</p>
<p>
If you would like to copyleft your program with the GNU GPL or the GNU
LGPL, please see the <a href="/copyleft/gpl-howto.html">license
instructions page</a> for advice. Please note that you must use the entire
-text of our licenses, if you use one. Each is an integral whole, and
+text of the license you choose. Each is an integral whole, and
partial copies are not permitted.</p>
<p>
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2009/08/02 18:10:16 $
+$Date: 2009/10/18 18:10:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/initial-announcement.html 9 Sep 2009 18:10:08 -0000 1.7
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.html 18 Oct 2009 18:10:09 -0000 1.8
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
-<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, written by
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
27th 1983.</p>
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2009/09/09 18:10:08 $
+$Date: 2009/10/18 18:10:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.html 27 Aug 2009 18:10:10 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.html 18 Oct 2009 18:10:09 -0000 1.10
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>What's in a name?</h2>
+<h2>What's in a Name?</h2>
<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
<p>
Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of
what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A
-rose by any name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen,
+rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen,
people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it.
And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what
they are good for. If you call our operating system
@@ -28,10 +28,11 @@
it <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, that conveys
(though not in detail) an accurate idea.</p>
<p>
-But does this matter for our community? Is it important whether people
+Does this really matter for our community? Is it important whether people
know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people
who forget history are often condemned to repeat it. The Free World
-which has developed around <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> is
not secure; the problems that
+that has developed around <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
+is not guaranteed to survive; the problems that
led us to develop GNU are not completely eradicated, and they threaten
to come back.</p>
@@ -54,7 +55,8 @@
the job were done and it were time to relax. If only that were true!
But challenges abound, and this is no time to take the future for
granted. Our community's strength rests on commitment to freedom and
-cooperation. Using the name <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
is a way for people to remind
+cooperation. Using the name <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
+is a way for people to remind
themselves and inform others of these goals.</p>
<p>
@@ -62,26 +64,26 @@
much good work has been done in the name of Linux also. But the term
“Linux” has been associated ever since it was first coined
with a philosophy that does not make a commitment to the freedom to
-cooperate. As the name becomes used increasingly by business, we will
+cooperate. As the name is increasingly used by business, we will
have even more trouble making it connect with community spirit.</p>
<p>
A great challenge to the future of free software comes from the
tendency of the “Linux” distribution companies to add
-non-free software to <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
+nonfree software to <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
in the name of convenience and power. All the major commercial
-distribution developers do this; none produces a distribution that is
-entirely free. Most of them do not clearly identify the non-free
-packages in their distributions. Many even develop non-free software
+distribution developers do this; none limits itself to free software.
+Most of them do not clearly identify the nonfree
+packages in their distributions. Many even develop nonfree software
and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise
“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat”,
which give the user as much freedom as Microsoft Windows.</p>
<p>
-People justify adding non-free software in the name of the
+People try to justify adding nonfree software in the name of the
“popularity of Linux”—in effect, valuing popularity above
freedom. Sometimes this is openly admitted. For instance, Wired
-Magazine says Robert McMillan, editor of Linux Magazine, “feels
+Magazine said that Robert McMillan, editor of Linux Magazine, “feels
that the move toward open source software should be fueled by
technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's
<acronym title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</acronym> openly urged
@@ -93,47 +95,45 @@
-->
<p>
-Adding non-free software to the <a
+Adding nonfree software to the <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> system may increase the
popularity, if by popularity we mean the number of people using some
of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> in combination with
-non-free software. But at the same time, it implicitly encourages the
-community to accept non-free software as a good thing, and forget the
-goal of freedom. It is no use driving faster if you can't stay on the
+nonfree software. But at the same time, it implicitly encourages the
+community to accept nonfree software as a good thing, and forget the
+goal of freedom. It is not good to drive faster if you can't stay on the
road.</p>
<p>
-When the non-free “add-on” is a library or programming
+When the nonfree “add-on” is a library or programming
tool, it can become a trap for free software developers. When they
-write free software that depends on the non-free package, their
+write free software that depends on the nonfree package, their
software cannot be part of a completely free system. Motif and Qt
trapped large amounts of free software in this way in the past,
creating problems whose solutions took years. The Motif problem is
still not entirely solved, since LessTif needs some polishing (please
-volunteer!). Sun's non-free Java implementation is now having a
-similar effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>
-(Historical note: As of December 2006 Sun is in the middle
-of <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>rereleasing
-its Java platform under GNU GPL</a>.)</p>
+volunteer!). Later, Sun's nonfree Java implementation had a
+similar effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>,
+fortunately no longer active.</p>
<p>
If our community keeps moving in this direction, it could redirect the
-future of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> into a mosaic of
free and non-free components.
+future of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> into a mosaic of
free and nonfree components.
Five years from now, we will surely still have plenty of free
software; but if we are not careful, it will hardly be usable without
-the non-free software that users expect to find with it. If this
+the nonfree software that users expect to find with it. If this
happens, our campaign for freedom will have failed.</p>
<p>
If releasing free alternatives were simply a matter of programming,
solving future problems might become easier as our community's
-development resources increase. But we face obstacles which threaten to
+development resources increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to
make this harder: laws that prohibit free software. As software patents
mount up, and as laws like the <abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright
Act">DMCA</abbr> are used to prohibit the development of free software
for important jobs such as viewing a DVD or listening to a RealAudio
stream, we will find ourselves with no clear way to fight the patented
-and secret data formats except to <strong>reject the non-free programs
+and secret data formats except to <strong>reject the nonfree programs
that use them</strong>.</p>
<p>
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
remember the goal of freedom to cooperate. We can't expect a mere
desire for powerful, reliable software to motivate people to make
great efforts. We need the kind of determination that people have
-when they fight for their freedom and their community, determination
+when they fight for their freedom and their community—determination
to keep on for years and not give up.</p>
<p>
@@ -152,11 +152,12 @@
“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
“Linux” are typically full of ads for non-free software;
the companies that package “Linux” add non-free software
-to the system; other companies “support Linux” with
-non-free applications; the user groups for “Linux”
-typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main
-place people in our community are likely to come across the idea of
-freedom and determination is in the GNU Project.</p>
+to the system; other companies “support Linux” by
+developing nonfree applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups
+for “Linux” typically invite salesman to present those
+applications. The main place people in our community are likely to
+come across the idea of freedom and determination is in the GNU
+Project.</p>
<p>
But when people come across it, will they feel it relates to them?</p>
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@
<p>
-P.S. For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it
+PS: For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it
relates to this issue of naming, see
<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>.
For answers to other questions and arguments about this issue, see the
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2009/08/27 18:10:10 $
+$Date: 2009/10/18 18:10:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/why-free.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/why-free.html 6 Sep 2009 18:10:08 -0000 1.13
+++ philosophy/why-free.html 18 Oct 2009 18:10:10 -0000 1.14
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
use.</p>
<p>
-The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for mass
-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
-him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which?
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one?
The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
balance.</p>
@@ -190,13 +190,13 @@
<p>
But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
-It assumes that “production of software” is what we want,
+It assumes that <i>production of software</i> is what we want,
whether the software has owners or not.</p>
<p>
People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
-You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either free or
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or
for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
<p>
-And above all society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they
pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
@@ -246,11 +246,10 @@
than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
<p>
-For ten years now, free software developers have tried various methods
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods
of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
-rich; the median US family income, around $35k, proves to be
-enough incentive for many jobs that are less satisfying than
-programming.</p>
+rich; a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are
+less satisfying than programming.</p>
<p>
For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
@@ -275,25 +274,22 @@
<p>
Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
-Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees [when this article was
-written], estimates that about 15 per cent of its staff activity is
-free software development—a respectable percentage for a
-software company.</p>
-
-<p>
-Companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and Analog
-Devices have combined to fund the continued development of the free
-GNU compiler for the language C. Meanwhile, the GNU compiler for the
-Ada language is being funded by the US Air Force, which believes this
-is the most cost-effective way to get a high quality compiler.
-[Air Force funding ended some time ago; the GNU Ada Compiler
-is now in service, and its maintenance is funded commercially.]</p>
-
-<p>
-All these examples are small; the free software movement is still
-small, and still young. But the example of listener-supported radio
-in this country [the US] shows it's possible to support a large
-activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+In 1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that
+about 15 per cent of its staff activity was free software
+development—a respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas
+Instruments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued
+development of the GNU C compiler. Most GCC development is still done
+by paid developers. The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded
+in the 90s by the US Air Force, and continued since then by a company
+formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a
+large activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
<p>
As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
@@ -302,7 +298,7 @@
refuse. Cooperation is more important than copyright. But
underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society. A
person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
-this means saying “No” to proprietary software.</p>
+this means saying no to proprietary software.</p>
<p>
You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
@@ -349,7 +345,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994 Richard Stallman
+Copyright © 1994, 2008 Richard Stallman
<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
@@ -359,7 +355,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2009/09/06 18:10:08 $
+$Date: 2009/10/18 18:10:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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