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trans-coord/gnun provide.bg.html gnu/gnu-histor...


From: Yavor Doganov
Subject: trans-coord/gnun provide.bg.html gnu/gnu-histor...
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2008 20:25:13 +0000

CVSROOT:        /sources/trans-coord
Module name:    trans-coord
Changes by:     Yavor Doganov <yavor>   08/03/21 20:25:13

Modified files:
        gnun           : provide.bg.html 
        gnun/gnu       : gnu-history.bg.html 
                         initial-announcement.bg.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.bg.html why-gnu-linux.bg.html 
        gnun/philosophy: free-sw.bg.html why-free.bg.html 
Added files:
        gnun/philosophy/po: copyright-and-globalization.pot 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/provide.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot?cvsroot=trans-coord&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: provide.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/provide.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- provide.bg.html     20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000      1.3
+++ provide.bg.html     21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.4
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 <link href="/gnu.css" rel="stylesheet" />
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
 <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" />
-<meta name="author" content="Free Software Foundation, Inc" />
+<meta name="author" content="Фондация за свободен 
софтуер" />
 <meta name="features" content="WAI AA, XHTML, CSS, Semantic Markup, Tableless 
Design, Freedom" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Какво ново" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; />
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@
 <p>
 Моля, изпращайте доклади за счупени х
ипервръзки и други предложения относно 
 уеб-страниците на <a 
href="/people/webmeisters.html">уеб-екипа на GNU</a> до 
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+<a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-history.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/gnu-history.bg.html     20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000      1.5
+++ gnu/gnu-history.bg.html     21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.6
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Преглед на системата GNU - Проектът GNU - 
Фондация за свободен софтуер (ФСС)</title>
 
-<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free 
Software Foundation, History" />
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free 
Software Foundation, History, 
+ГНУ, Проектът GNU, ФСС, свободен софтуер, 
Фондация за свободен софтуер, 
+история" />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
 
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: 
/sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html    20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000      1.4
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html    21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.5
@@ -17,98 +17,105 @@
 
 <h3>Свободен „Юникс“!</h3>
 
-<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible 
-software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free<a 
-href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.  Contributions of time, 
-money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
-
-<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write 
-and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few 
-other things.  After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC, an Empire 
-game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things.  We hope to supply, 
-eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and 
-anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
-
-<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix.  
-We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience 
-with other operating systems.  In particular, we plan to have longer 
-filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, filename 
-completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and eventually a 
-Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary 
-Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and Lisp will be available as 
-system programming languages.  We will have network software based on MIT's 
-chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something 
-compatible with UUCP.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
-
-<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor, 
-now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked extensively on 
-compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the Incompatible 
-Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.  I pioneered 
-terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I have implemented 
-one crashproof file system and two window systems for Lisp machines.</p>
-
-<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
-
-<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must 
-share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good conscience sign a 
-nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.</p>
-
-<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, I 
-have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I 
-will be able to get along without any software that is not free.</p>
-
-
-<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
-
-<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.  
I'm 
-asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
-
-<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But we 
-could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is 
-that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had better be able 
-to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated cooling or 
-power.</p>
-
-<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of 
-some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such part-time 
-distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written 
-parts would not work together.  But for the particular task of replacing 
-Unix, this problem is absent.  Most interface specifications are fixed by 
-Unix compatibility.  If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it 
-will probably work with the rest of GNU.</p>
-
-<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or 
part 
-time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for whom knowing 
-they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view this as a way of 
-enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by 
-sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+<p>Започвайки от този Ден на 
благодарността, ще напиша цялостна 
софтуерна 
+система, съвместима с „Юникс“, наречена GNU 
(от GNU's Not Unix — GNU не е 
+„Юникс“), и ще я предоставя свободно<a 
href="#f1">(1)</a> на всеки, който 
+може да я използва.  Съдействие под формата 
на време, пари, програми и 
+оборудване е много необходимо.</p>
+
+<p>Като начало, GNU ще бъде ядро плюс всички 
инструменти, необходими за писане 
+и изпълняване на програми на Си: редактор, 
обвивка, компилатор на Си, 
+свързваща програма, асемблер и още някои 
неща.  След това ще добавим 
+програма за форматиране на текст, YACC<a 
+href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>, игра „Empire“, 
електронна таблица и 
+стотици други неща.  Надяваме се 
евентуално да осигурим всичко полезно, 
+което нормално идва с една система 
„Юникс“, и всичко останало — включително 
+документация в софтуерна и печатна 
форма.</p>
+
+<p>Върху GNU ще може да се изпълняват 
програми на „Юникс“, но системата няма да 
+е идентична с „Юникс“.  Ще направим 
подобрения които са удобни, на базата на 
+нашия опит с други операционни системи.  
По-точно, планираме да имаме дълги 
+имена на файлове, версии на файловете, 
устойчива на сривове файлова система, 
+може би автоматично допълване на файлове, 
поддръжка на екрани независимо от 
+терминала и евентуално система с прозорци, 
базирана на Лисп, чрез която 
+няколко програми на Лисп и обикновени 
програми на „Юникс“ да споделят 
+екран.  Си и Лисп ще бъдат налични като 
системни езици за програмиране.  Ще 
+имаме мрежов софтуер, базиран на протокола 
на МИТ „chaosnet“, далеч 
+превъзхождащ UUCP.  Може също да имаме и нещо 
съвместимо с UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Кой съм аз?</h3>
+
+<p>Аз съм Ричард Столман, изобретател на 
оригиналния доста имитиран редактор 
+EMACS, сега в Лабораторията по изкуствен 
интелект към МИТ.  Работил съм 
+интензивно върху компилатори, редактори, 
програми за изчистване на грешки, 
+командни интерпретатори, „Incompatible Timesharing 
System<a 
+href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>“ и операционната 
система „Lisp 
+Machine“.  Реализирал съм една надеждна 
файлова система и две прозоречни 
+системи за машини на Лисп.</p>
+
+<h3>Защо трябва да напиша GNU</h3>
+
+<p>Считам, че златното правило изисква ако х
аресвам една програма, да трябва да 
+я споделя с останалите, които я харесват.  
Не мога с чиста съвест да подпиша 
+споразумение за неразкриване или лицензно 
споразумение за софтуер.</p>
+
+<p>За да мога да продължа да използвам 
компютри без да нарушавам принципите си, 
+аз реших да направя колекция от свободен 
софтуер с достатъчно голям размер, 
+така че да мога да живея без да прибягвам 
до софтуер, който не е свободен.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Как може да допринесете</h3>
+
+<p>Моля производителите на компютри за 
дарения на машини и пари.  Моля 
+отделните хора за дарения на програми и 
работа.</p>
+
+<p>Един компютърен производител вече 
предложи да осигури машина.  Но ние бихме 
+могли да използваме повече.  Ако дарите 
машини, едно от последствията, които 
+може да очаквате, е че те ще работят с GNU 
съвсем отрано.  Би било добре 
+машината да може да функционира в жилищно 
помещение<a 
+href="#TransNote3"><sup>3</sup></a> и да не изисква сложно 
охлаждане или 
+захранване.</p>
+
+<p>Индивидуалните програмисти могат да 
допринесат, като напишат съвместим 
+дубликат на някой от инструментите на 
„Юникс“ и ми го предоставят.  За 
+повечето проекти, такава частична и 
разпределена работа би била изключително 
+трудна за координация — независимо 
написаните части не биха работили 
+заедно.  Но за специфичната задача за 
замяната на „Юникс“ този проблем не 
+съществува.  Повечето спецификации за 
интерфейси са фиксирани за 
+съвместимост с „Юникс“.  Ако всяка 
допринесена програма работи с останалата 
+част на „Юникс“, тя най-вероятно ще работи 
и с останалата част на GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Ако получа парични дарения, ще мога да 
наема няколко души на пълен или 
+непълен работен ден.  Заплатата няма да е 
висока, но аз ще търся хора, за 
+които чувството, че помагат на 
човечеството е също толкова важно, колкото 
и 
+парите.  Виждам това като начин да се 
позволи на посветените хора да отдадат 
+пълната си енергия за работа върху GNU, като 
им се спести нуждата да си 
+изкарват хляба по някакъв друг начин.</p>
 
 
-<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+<p>Свържете се с мен за повече информация.</p>
 
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br /> address@hidden</p>
+<p>Поща Arpanet:<br /> address@hidden</p>
 
 <p>Usenet:<br /> address@hidden<br /> address@hidden</p>
 
-<p>US Snail:<br /> Richard Stallman<br /> 166 Prospect St<br /> Cambridge, MA 
-02139</p>
+<p>Адрес:<br /> Ричард Столман<br /> ул. 
„Проспект“ 166<br /> Кембридж, 
+Масачузетс 02139</p>
 
 
-<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around &ldquo;free&rdquo;</h4>
+<h4 id="f1">Лош избор на думи около „free<a 
href="#TransNote4"><sup>4</sup></a>“</h4>
 
-<p>The wording here was careless.  The intention was that nobody would have to 
-pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the words don't make 
-this clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU 
-should always be distributed at little or no charge.  That was never the 
-intent.</p>
+<p>Използването на думите тук е по 
невнимание.  Намерението беше, че никой не 
+трябва да плаща за <b>разрешение</b> да 
използва системата GNU.  Но думите 
+не изясняват това и хората често ги 
интерпретират, че копия на GNU би 
+трябвало винаги да се разпространяват за 
малко пари или безплатно.  Такова 
+намерение никога не е имало.</p>
 
-<h3>Original message</h3>
+<h3>Оригинално писмо</h3>
 
-<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its original 
-form.</p>
+<p>За пълнота, възпроизведено по-долу е 
оригиналното писмо, в оригиналната му 
+форма.</p>
 
 <pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
 
@@ -217,7 +224,30 @@
 <div style="font-size: small;">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
- </div>
+<b>Бележки на преводача</b>:
+<ol>
+
+<li id="TransNote1">YACC е абревиатура на „Yet Another Compiler
+Compiler“, парсър-генератора на „Юникс“.  
Свободният заместител на GNU
+се нарича <a href="/software/bison/">Bison</a> — смех
отворна аналогия
+между животните „як“ и „бизон“.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote2">ITS, или „Несъвместима 
време-споделяща система“ е
+операционна система за компютри PDP-11, 
разработена от МИТ за
+собствени нужди.  Ричард Столман активно е 
участвал в разработката и
+усъвършенстването ѝ наред с други хакери 
от Лабораторията по изкуствен
+интелект към МИТ.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote3">В началото на 80-те години 
повечето компютри са
+били огромни специализирани машини, които 
са изисквали специално
+помещение и поддръжка.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote4">На англ. език използваният 
израз е „give it away
+free“, което може да се тълкува като 
„отдаване безплатно“, тъй като
+„free“ на английски език означава както 
„свободен“, така и
+„безплатен“.  В българския език това 
двусмислие не съществува.</li>
+
+</ol></div>
 </div>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
@@ -264,7 +294,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html   20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000      1.6
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html   21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.7
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 <title>Линукс и GNU - Проектът GNU - Фондация за 
свободен софтуер (ФСС)</title>
 
 <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, 
-Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix 
style operating system GNU, so that 
-computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they 
-use." />
+Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd, ГНУ, ФСС, 
Фондация за 
+свободен софтуер, Линукс, Емакс, Юникс, 
свободен софтуер, операционна 
+система, ядро на GNU, ХЪРД, GNU ХЪРД, Хърд" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="От 1983 г. насам 
разработваме свободната операционна 
система GNU (подобна на 
+„Юникс“), така че компютърните 
потребители да имат свободата да споделят 
и 
+подобряват софтуера, който използват." />
 <link rel="alternate" title="Какво ново" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
 <link rel="alternate" title="Нов свободен софтуер" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
 
@@ -260,11 +262,11 @@
 <div id="footer">
 
 <p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Моля, отправяйте въпроси относно ФСС и GNU 
по е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  Има и 
други начини за 
+<a href="/contact/">връзка</a> с ФСС.  <br /> Моля, 
изпращайте доклади за 
+счупени хипервръзки и други корекции или 
предложения на е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -296,7 +298,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html   20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000      1.4
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html   21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.5
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@
 <div id="footer">
 
 <p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Моля, отправяйте въпроси относно ФСС и GNU 
по е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  Има и 
други начини за 
+<a href="/contact/">връзка</a> с ФСС.  <br /> Моля, 
изпращайте доклади за 
+счупени хипервръзки и други корекции или 
предложения на е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/free-sw.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/free-sw.bg.html  20 Mar 2008 20:25:31 -0000      1.8
+++ philosophy/free-sw.bg.html  21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000      1.9
@@ -311,11 +311,11 @@
 <div id="footer">
 
 <p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Моля, отправяйте въпроси относно ФСС и GNU 
по е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  Има и 
други начини за 
+<a href="/contact/">връзка</a> с ФСС.  <br /> Моля, 
изпращайте доклади за 
+счупени хипервръзки и други корекции или 
предложения на е-поща: <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:31 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/why-free.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/why-free.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:31 -0000      1.4
+++ philosophy/why-free.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:13 -0000      1.5
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 свободен софтуер (ФСС)</title>
 
 <meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free 
Software Foundation, Why Software 
-Should Not Have Owners" />
+Should Not Have Owners, ГНУ, Проектът GNU, ФСС, свободен 
софтуер, Фондация 
+за свободен софтуер, Защо софтуерът не 
трябва да има собственици" />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
 
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Последно обновяване:
 
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:31 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:13 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot       21 Mar 2008 20:25:13 
-0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-03-21 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:3
+msgid ""
+"Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:6
+msgid "Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:9
+msgid ""
+"<i>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given at <abbr "
+"title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> in the "
+"Communications Form on Thursday, April 19, 2001 from 5:00pm - 7:00pm</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:15
+msgid ""
+"<b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman, is a "
+"legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in trying to find "
+"a respondent to share the podium with him was instructive.  One "
+"distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me that Stallman needs to be "
+"understood as a charismatic figure in a biblical parable &mdash; a kind of "
+"Old Testament anecdote-lesson.  &ldquo;Imagine,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;a "
+"Moses or a Jeremiah &mdash; better a Jeremiah.&rdquo; And I said, "
+"&ldquo;Well, that's very admirable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:25
+msgid ""
+"That sounds wonderful.  It confirms my sense of the kind of contribution he "
+"has made to the world.  Then why are you reluctant to share the podium with "
+"him?&rdquo; His answer: &ldquo;Like Jeremiah or Moses, he would simply "
+"overwhelm me.  I won't appear on the same panel him, but if you asked me to "
+"name five people alive in the world who have truly helped us all, Richard "
+"Stallman would be one of them.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:33
+msgid ""
+"<b>RICHARD STALLMAN</b>: I should [begin by explaining why I have refused to "
+"allow this Forum to be web cast], in case it wasn't clear fully what the "
+"issue is: The software they use for web broadcasting requires the user to "
+"download certain software in order to receive the broadcast.  That software "
+"is not free software.  It's available at zero price but only as an "
+"executable, which is a mysterious bunch of numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:40
+msgid ""
+"What it does is secret.  You can't study it; you can't change it; and you "
+"certainly can't publish it in your own modified version.  And those are "
+"among the freedoms that are essential in the definition of &ldquo;free "
+"software.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:45
+msgid ""
+"So if I am to be an honest advocate for free software, I can hardly go "
+"around giving speeches, then put pressure on people to use non-free "
+"software.  I'd be undermining my own cause.  And if I don't show that I take "
+"my principles seriously, I can't expect anybody else to take them seriously."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:51
+msgid ""
+"However, this speech is not about free software.  After I'd been working on "
+"the free software movement for several years and people started using some "
+"of the pieces of the GNU operating system, I began getting invited to give "
+"speeches [at which] &hellip; people started asking me: &ldquo;Well, how do "
+"the ideas about freedom for software users generalize to other kinds of "
+"things?&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:58
+msgid ""
+"And, of course, people asked silly questions like, &ldquo;Well, should "
+"hardware be free?&rdquo; &ldquo;Should this microphone be free?&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:62
+msgid ""
+"Well, what does that mean? Should you be free to copy it and change it? "
+"Well, as for changing it, if you buy the microphone, nobody is going to stop "
+"you from changing it.  And as for copying it, nobody has a microphone "
+"copier.  Outside of &ldquo;Star Trek,&rdquo; those things don't exist.  "
+"Maybe some day there'll be nanotechnological analyzers and assemblers, and "
+"it really will be possible to copy a physical object, and then these issues "
+"of whether you're free to do that will start being really important.  We'll "
+"see agribusiness companies trying to stop people from copying food, and that "
+"will become a major political issue, if that technological capability will "
+"ever exist.  I don't know if it will; it's just speculation at this point."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:74
+msgid ""
+"But for other kinds of information, you can raise the issue because any kind "
+"of information that can be stored on a computer, conceivably, can be copied "
+"and modified.  So the ethical issues of free software, the issues of a "
+"user's right to copy and modify software, are the same as such questions for "
+"other kinds of published information.  Now I'm not talking about private "
+"information, say, personal information, which is never meant to be available "
+"to the public at all.  I'm talking about the rights you should have if you "
+"get copies of published things where there's no attempt to keep them secret."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:84
+msgid ""
+"In order to explain my ideas on the subject, I'd like to review the history "
+"of the distribution of information and of copyright.  In the ancient world, "
+"books were written by hand with a pen, and anybody who knew how to read and "
+"write could copy a book about as efficiently as anybody else.  Now somebody "
+"who did it all day would probably learn to be somewhat better at it, but "
+"there was not a tremendous difference.  And because the copies were made one "
+"at a time, there was no great economy of scale.  Making ten copies took ten "
+"times as long as making one copy.  There was also nothing forcing "
+"centralization; a book could be copied anywhere."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:95
+msgid ""
+"Now because of this technology, because it didn't force copies to be "
+"identical, there wasn't in the ancient world the same total divide between "
+"copying a book and writing a book.  There are things in between that made "
+"sense.  They did understand the idea of an author.  They knew, say, that "
+"this play was written by Sophocles but in between writing a book and copying "
+"a book, there were other useful things you could do.  For instance, you "
+"could copy a part of a book, then write some new words, copy some more and "
+"write some new words and on and on.  This was called &ldquo;writing a "
+"commentary&rdquo; &mdash; that was a common thing to do &mdash; and these "
+"commentaries were appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:107
+msgid ""
+"You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other words, "
+"and copy a passage from another book and write some more and so on, and this "
+"was making a compendium.  Compendia were also very useful.  There are works "
+"that are lost but parts of them survived when they were quoted into other "
+"books that got to be more popular than the original.  Maybe they copied the "
+"most interesting parts, and so people made a lot of copies of these, but "
+"they didn't bother copying the original because it wasn't interesting "
+"enough."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:116
+msgid ""
+"Now as far as I can tell, there was no such thing as copyright in the "
+"ancient world.  Anyone who wanted to copy a book could copy the book.  Later "
+"on, the printing press was developed and books started to be copied on the "
+"printing press.  Now the printing press was not just a quantitative "
+"improvement in the ease of copying.  It affected different kinds of copying "
+"unevenly because it introduced an inherent economy of scale.  It was a lot "
+"of work to set the type and much less work to make many identical copies of "
+"the page.  So the result was that copying books tended to become a "
+"centralized, mass-production activity.  Copies of any given book would "
+"probably be made in only a few places."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:128
+msgid ""
+"It also meant that ordinary readers couldn't copy books efficiently.  Only "
+"if you had a printing press could you do that.  So it was an industrial "
+"activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:132
+msgid ""
+"Now for the first few centuries of printing, printed books did not totally "
+"replace hand-copying.  Hand-copied books were still made, sometimes by rich "
+"people and sometimes by poor people.  The rich people did this to get an "
+"especially beautiful copy that would show how rich they were, and poor "
+"people did it because maybe they didn't have enough money to buy a printed "
+"copy but they had the time to copy a book by hand.  As the song says, "
+"&ldquo;Time ain't money when all you got is time.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:141
+msgid ""
+"So hand-copying was still done to some extent.  I think it was in the 1800s "
+"that printing actually got to be cheap enough that even poor people could "
+"afford printed books if they were literate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:145
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright was developed along with the use of the printing press and "
+"given the technology of the printing press, it had the effect of an "
+"industrial regulation.  It didn't restrict what readers could do; it "
+"restricted what publishers and authors could do.  Copyright in England was "
+"initially a form of censorship.  You had to get government permission to "
+"publish the book.  But the idea has changed.  By the time of the "
+"U.S. Constitution, people came to a different idea of the purpose of "
+"copyright, and I think that that idea was accepted in England as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:155
+msgid ""
+"For the U.S. Constitution it was proposed that authors should be entitled to "
+"a copyright, a monopoly on copying their books.  This proposal was "
+"rejected.  Instead, a crucially different proposal was adopted which is "
+"that, for the sake of promoting progress, Congress could optionally "
+"establish a copyright system that would create these monopolies.  So the "
+"monopolies, according to the U.S. Constitution, do not exist for the sake of "
+"those who own them; they exist for the sake of promoting the progress of "
+"science.  The monopolies are handed out to authors as a way of modifying "
+"their behavior to get them to do something that serves the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:166
+msgid ""
+"So the goal is more written and published books which other people can then "
+"read.  And this is believed to contribute to increased literary activity, "
+"increased writing about science and other fields, and society then learns "
+"through this.  That's the purpose to be served.  The creation of private "
+"monopolies was a means to an end only, and the end is a public end."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:173
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright in the age of the printing press was fairly painless because "
+"it was an industrial regulation.  It restricted only the activities of "
+"publishers and authors.  Well, in some strict sense, the poor people who "
+"copied books by hand may have been infringing copyright, too.  But nobody "
+"ever tried to enforce copyright against them because it was understood as an "
+"industrial regulation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:180
+msgid ""
+"Copyright in the age of the printing press was also easy to enforce because "
+"it had to be enforced only where there was a publisher, and publishers, by "
+"their nature, make themselves known.  If you're trying to sell books, you've "
+"got to tell people where to come to buy them.  You don't have to go into "
+"everybody's house to enforce copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:186
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, copyright may have been a beneficial system in that context.  "
+"Copyright in the U.S. is considered by legal scholars as a trade, a bargain "
+"between the public and authors.  The public trades away some of its natural "
+"rights to make copies, and in exchange gets the benefit of more books' being "
+"written and published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:192
+msgid ""
+"Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make "
+"copies because they can only be efficiently made on printing presses &mdash; "
+"and most people don't own printing presses &mdash; the result is that the "
+"general public is trading away a freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom "
+"that is of no practical value.  So if you have something that is a byproduct "
+"of your life and it's useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it "
+"for something else of any value, you're gaining.  So that's why copyright "
+"may have been an advantageous trade for the public in that time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:202
+msgid ""
+"But the context is changing, and that has to change our ethical evaluation "
+"of copyright.  Now the basic principles of ethics are not changed by "
+"advances in technology; they're too fundamental to be touched by such "
+"contingencies.  But our decision about any specific question is a matter of "
+"the consequences of the alternatives available, and the consequences of a "
+"given choice may change when the context changes.  That is what is happening "
+"in the area of copyright law because the age of the printing press is coming "
+"to an end, giving way gradually to the age of the computer networks."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:212
+msgid ""
+"Computer networks and digital information technology are bringing us back to "
+"a world more like the ancient world where anyone who can read and use the "
+"information can also copy it and can make copies about as easily as anyone "
+"else could make them.  They are perfect copies and they're just as good as "
+"the copies anyone else could make.  So the centralization and economy of "
+"scale introduced by the printing press and similar technologies is going "
+"away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:220
+msgid ""
+"And this changing context changes the way copyright law works.  You see, "
+"copyright law no longer acts as an industrial regulation; it is now a "
+"Draconian restriction on a general public.  It used to be a restriction on "
+"publishers for the sake of authors.  Now, for practical purposes, it's a "
+"restriction on a public for the sake of publishers.  Copyright used to be "
+"fairly painless and uncontroversial.  It didn't restrict the general "
+"public.  Now that's not true.  If you have a computer, the publishers "
+"consider restricting you to be their highest priority.  Copyright was easy "
+"to enforce because it was a restriction only on publishers who were easy to "
+"find and what they published was easy to see.  Now the copyright is a "
+"restriction on each and everyone of you.  To enforce it requires "
+"surveillance &mdash; an intrusion &mdash; and harsh punishments, and we are "
+"seeing these being enacted into law in the U.S. and other countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:235
+msgid ""
+"And copyright used to be, arguably, an advantageous trade for the public to "
+"make because the public was trading away freedoms it couldn't exercise.  "
+"Well, now it can exercise these freedoms.  What do you do if you have been "
+"producing a byproduct which was of no use to you and you were in the habit "
+"of trading it away and then, all of a sudden, you discover a use for it? You "
+"can actually consume it, use it.  What do you do? You don't trade at all; "
+"you keep some.  And that's what the public would naturally want to do.  "
+"That's what the public does whenever it's given a chance to voice its "
+"preference; it keeps some of this freedom and exercises it.  Napster is a "
+"big example of that, the public deciding to exercise the freedom to copy "
+"instead of giving it up.  So the natural thing for us to do to make "
+"copyright law fit today's circumstances is to reduce the amount of copyright "
+"power that copyright owners get, to reduce the amount of restriction that "
+"they place on the public and to increase the freedom that the public "
+"retains."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:252
+msgid ""
+"But this is not what the publishers want to do.  What they want to do is "
+"exactly the opposite.  They wish to increase copyright powers to the point "
+"where they can remain firmly in control of all use of information.  This has "
+"led to laws that have given an unprecedented increase in the powers of "
+"copyright.  Freedoms that the public used to have in the age of the printing "
+"press are being taken away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:259
+msgid ""
+"For instance, let's look at e-books.  There's a tremendous amount of hype "
+"about e-books; you can hardly avoid it.  I took a flight in Brazil and in "
+"the in-flight magazine, there was an article saying that maybe it would take "
+"10 or 20 years before we all switched to e-books.  Clearly, this kind of "
+"campaign comes from somebody paying for it.  Now why are they doing that? I "
+"think I know.  The reason is that e-books are the opportunity to take away "
+"some of the residual freedoms that readers of printed books have always had "
+"and still have &mdash; the freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your "
+"friend or borrow it from the public library or sell a copy to a used "
+"bookstore or buy a copy anonymously, without putting a record in the "
+"database of who bought that particular book.  And maybe even the right to "
+"read it twice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:272
+msgid ""
+"These are freedoms that the publishers would like to take away, but they "
+"can't do this for printed books because that would be too obvious a "
+"power-grab and would raise an outcry. So they have found an indirect "
+"strategy: First, they obtain the legislation to take away these freedoms for "
+"e-books when there are no e-books; so there's no controversy.  There are no "
+"pre-existing users of e-books who are accustomed to their freedoms and will "
+"defend them.  That they obtained with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act "
+"in 1998.  Then they introduce e-books and gradually get everybody to switch "
+"from printed books to e-books and eventually the result is, readers have "
+"lost these freedoms without ever having an instant when those freedoms were "
+"being taken away and when they might have fought back to retain them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:285
+msgid ""
+"We see at the same time efforts to take away people's freedom in using other "
+"kinds of published works.  For instance, movies that are on DVDs are "
+"published in an encrypted format that used to be secret &mdash; it was meant "
+"to be secret &mdash; and the only way the movie companies would tell you the "
+"format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if you signed a contract to "
+"build certain restrictions into the player, with the result that the public "
+"would be stopped even from fully exercising their legal rights.  Then a few "
+"clever programmers in Europe figured out the format of DVDs and they wrote a "
+"free software package that would read a DVD.  This made it possible to use "
+"free software on top of the GNU+Linux operating system to watch the DVD that "
+"you had bought, which is a perfectly legitimate thing to do.  You ought to "
+"be able to do that with free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:299
+msgid ""
+"But the movie companies objected and they went to court.  You see, the movie "
+"companies used to make a lot of films where there was a mad scientist and "
+"somebody was saying, &ldquo;But, Doctor, there are some things Man was not "
+"meant to know.&rdquo; They must have watched their own films too much "
+"because they came to believe that the format of DVDs is something that Man "
+"was not meant to know.  And they obtained a ruling for total censorship of "
+"the software for playing DVDs.  Even making a link to a site where this "
+"information is legally available outside the U.S. has been prohibited.  An "
+"appeal has been made against this ruling.  I signed a friend-of-the-court "
+"brief in that appeal, I'm proud to say, although I'm playing a fairly small "
+"role in that particular battle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:312
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. government intervened directly on the other side.  This is not "
+"surprising when you consider why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act was "
+"passed in the first place.  The reason is the campaign finance system that "
+"we have in the U.S., which is essentially legalized bribery where the "
+"candidates are bought by business before they even get elected.  And, of "
+"course, they know who their master is &mdash; they know whom they're working "
+"for &mdash; and they pass the laws to give business more power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:321
+msgid ""
+"What will happen with that particular battle, we don't know.  But meanwhile "
+"Australia has passed a similar law and Europe is almost finished adopting "
+"one; so the plan is to leave no place on earth where this information can be "
+"made available to people.  But the U.S.  remains the world leader in trying "
+"to stop the public from distributing information that's been published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:328
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. though is not the first country to make a priority of this.  The "
+"Soviet Union treated it as very important.  There this unauthorized copying "
+"and re-distribution was known as Samizdat and to stamp it out, they "
+"developed a series of methods: First, guards watching every piece of copying "
+"equipment to check what people were copying to prevent forbidden copying.  "
+"Second, harsh punishments for anyone caught doing forbidden copying. You "
+"could be sent to Siberia.  Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to "
+"rat on their neighbors and co-workers to the information police.  Fourth, "
+"collective responsibility &mdash; You! You're going to watch that group! If "
+"I catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison.  So "
+"watch them hard.  And, fifth, propaganda, starting in childhood to convince "
+"everyone that only a horrible enemy of the people would ever do this "
+"forbidden copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:343
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. is using all of these measures now.  First, guards watching copying "
+"equipment.  Well, in copy stores, they have human guards to check what you "
+"copy.  But human guards to watch what you copy in your computer would be too "
+"expensive; human labor is too expensive.  So they have robot guards.  That's "
+"the purpose of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.  This software goes in "
+"your computer; it's the only way you can access certain data and it stops "
+"you from copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:351
+msgid ""
+"There's a plan now to introduce this software into every hard disk, so that "
+"there could be files on your hard disk that you can't even access except by "
+"getting permission from some network server to access the file.  And to "
+"bypass this software or even tell other people how to bypass it is a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:357
+msgid ""
+"Second, harsh punishments.  A few years ago, if you made copies of something "
+"and handed them out to your friends just to be helpful, this was not a "
+"crime; it had never been a crime in the U.S.  Then they made it a felony, so "
+"you could be put in prisons for years for sharing with your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:363
+msgid ""
+"Third, informers.  Well, you may have seen the ads on TV, the ads in the "
+"Boston subways asking people to rat on their co-workers to the information "
+"police, which officially is called the Software Publishers Association."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:368
+msgid ""
+"And fourth, collective responsibility.  In the U.S., this has been done by "
+"conscripting Internet service providers, making them legally responsible for "
+"everything their customers post.  The only way they can avoid always being "
+"held responsible is if they have an invariable procedure to disconnect or "
+"remove the information within two weeks after a complaint.  Just a few days "
+"ago, I heard that a clever protest site criticizing City Bank for some of "
+"its nasty policies was disconnected in this way.  Nowadays, you don't even "
+"get your day in court; your site just gets unplugged."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:378
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, propaganda, starting in childhood.  That's what the word "
+"&ldquo;pirate&rdquo; is used for.  If you'll think back a few years, the "
+"term &ldquo;pirate&rdquo; was formerly applied to publishers that didn't pay "
+"the author.  But now it's been turned completely around.  It's now applied "
+"to members of the public who escape from the control of the publisher.  It's "
+"being used to convince people that only a nasty enemy of the people would "
+"ever do this forbidden copying.  It says that &ldquo;sharing with your "
+"neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship.&rdquo; I hope that you "
+"don't agree with that and if you don't, I hope you will refuse to use the "
+"word in that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:389
+msgid ""
+"So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power.  In "
+"addition, they're also extending the length of time the copyright lasts.  "
+"The U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but "
+"the publishers want copyright to last forever.  However, getting a "
+"constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier "
+"way that achieves the same result.  Every 20 years they retroactively extend "
+"copyright by 20 years.  So the result is, at any given time, copyright "
+"nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally "
+"expire some day.  But that expiration will never be reached because every "
+"copyright will be extended by 20 years every 20 years; thus no work will "
+"ever go into the public domain again.  This has been called &ldquo;perpetual "
+"copyright on the installment plan.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:403
+msgid ""
+"The law in 1998 that extended copyright by 20 years is known as the "
+"&ldquo;Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act&rdquo; because one of the main "
+"sponsors of this law was Disney.  Disney realized that the copyright on "
+"Mickey Mouse was going to expire, and they don't want that to ever happen "
+"because they make a lot of money from that copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:410
+msgid ""
+"Now the original title of this talk was supposed to be &ldquo;Copyright and "
+"Globalization.&rdquo; If you look at globalization, what you see is that "
+"it's carried out by a number of policies which are done in the name of "
+"economic efficiency or so-called free-trade treaties, which really are "
+"designed to give business power over laws and policies.  They're not really "
+"about free trade.  They're about a transfer of power: removing the power to "
+"decide laws from the citizens of any country who might conceivably consider "
+"their own interests and giving that power to businesses who will not "
+"consider the interests of those citizens."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:421
+msgid ""
+"Democracy is the problem in their view, and these treaties are designed to "
+"put an end to the problem.  For instance, <abbr title=\"North American Free "
+"Trade Agreement\">NAFTA</abbr> actually contains provisions, I believe, "
+"allowing companies to sue another government to get rid of a law that they "
+"believe is interfering with their profits in the other country.  So foreign "
+"companies have more power than citizens of the country."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:429
+msgid ""
+"There are attempts being made to extend this beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>.  For "
+"instance, this is one of the goals of the so-called free trade area of the "
+"Americas, to extend this principle to all the countries in South America and "
+"the Caribbean as well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was "
+"intended to spread it to the whole world."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:436
+msgid ""
+"One thing we've seen in the '90s is that these treaties begin to impose "
+"copyright throughout the world, and in more powerful and restrictive ways.  "
+"These treaties are not free-trade treaties.  They're actually "
+"corporate-controlled trade treaties being used to give corporations control "
+"over world trade, in order to eliminate free trade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:443
+msgid ""
+"When the U.S. was a developing country in the 1800s, the U.S. did not "
+"recognize foreign copyrights.  This was a decision made carefully, and it "
+"was an intelligent decision.  It was acknowledged that for the U.S.  to "
+"recognize foreign copyrights would just be disadvantageous, that it would "
+"suck money out and wouldn't do much good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:449
+msgid ""
+"The same logic would apply today to developing countries but the U.S.  has "
+"sufficient power to force them to go against their interests.  Actually, "
+"it's a mistake to speak of the interests of countries in this context.  In "
+"fact, I'm sure that most of you have heard about the fallacy of trying to "
+"judge the public interest by adding up everybody's wealth.  If working "
+"Americans lost $1 billion and Bill Gates gained $2 billion, would Americans "
+"generally be better off? Would this be good for America? Or if you look only "
+"at the total, it looks like it's good.  However, this example really shows "
+"that the total is the wrong way to judge because Bill Gates really doesn't "
+"need another $2 billion, but the loss of the $1 billion by other people who "
+"don't have as much to start with might be painful.  Well, in a discussion "
+"about any of these trade treaties, when you hear people talk about the "
+"interests of this country or that country, what they're doing, within each "
+"country, is adding up everybody's income.  The rich people and the poor "
+"people are being added up.  So it's actually an excuse to apply that same "
+"fallacy to get you to ignore the effect on the distribution of wealth within "
+"the country and whether the treaty is going to make that more uneven, as it "
+"has done in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:469
+msgid ""
+"So it's really not the U.S. interest that is being served by enforcing "
+"copyright around the world.  It's the interests of certain business owners, "
+"many of whom are in the U.S. and some of whom are in other countries.  It "
+"doesn't, in any sense, serve the public interest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:474
+msgid ""
+"But what would make sense to do? If we believe in the goal of copyright "
+"stated, for instance in the U.S. Constitution, the goal of promoting "
+"progress, what would be intelligent policies to use in the age of the "
+"computer network? Clearly, instead of increasing copyright powers, we have "
+"to pull them back so as to give the general public a certain domain of "
+"freedom where they can make use of the benefits of digital technology, make "
+"use of their computer networks.  But how far should that go? That's an "
+"interesting question because I don't think we should necessarily abolish "
+"copyright totally.  The idea of trading some freedoms for more progress "
+"might still be an advantageous trade at a certain level, even if traditional "
+"copyright gives up too much freedom.  But in order to think about this "
+"intelligently, the first thing we have to recognize is, there's no reason to "
+"make it totally uniform.  There's no reason to insist on making the same "
+"deal for all kinds of work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:490
+msgid ""
+"In fact, that already isn't the case because there are a lot of exceptions "
+"for music.  Music is treated very differently under copyright law.  But the "
+"arbitrary insistence on uniformity is used by the publishers in a certain "
+"clever way.  They pick some peculiar special case and they make an argument "
+"that, in that special case, it would be advantageous to have this much "
+"copyright.  And then they say that for uniformity's sake, there has to be "
+"this much copyright for everything.  So, of course, they pick the special "
+"case where they can make the strongest argument, even if it's a rather rare "
+"special case and not really very important overall."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:501
+msgid ""
+"But maybe we should have that much copyright for that particular special "
+"case.  We don't have to pay the same price for everything we buy.  A "
+"thousand dollars for a new car might be a very good deal.  A thousand "
+"dollars for a container of milk is a horrible deal.  You wouldn't pay the "
+"special price for everything you buy in other areas of life.  Why do it "
+"here?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:508
+msgid ""
+"So we need to look at different kinds of works, and I'd like to propose a "
+"way of doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:511
+msgid ""
+"This includes recipes, computer programs, manuals and textbooks, reference "
+"works like dictionaries and encyclopedias.  For all these functional works, "
+"I believe that the issues are basically the same as they are for software "
+"and the same conclusions apply.  People should have the freedom even to "
+"publish a modified version because it's very useful to modify functional "
+"works.  People's needs are not all the same.  If I wrote this work to do the "
+"job I think needs doing, your idea as a job you want to do may be somewhat "
+"different.  So you want to modify this work to do what's good for you.  At "
+"that point, there may be other people who have similar needs to yours, and "
+"your modified version might be good for them.  Everybody who cooks knows "
+"this and has known this for hundreds of years.  It's normal to make copies "
+"of recipes and hand them out to other people, and it's also normal to change "
+"a recipe.  If you change the recipe and cook it for your friends and they "
+"like eating it, they might ask you, &ldquo;Could I have the recipe?&rdquo; "
+"Then maybe you'll write down your version and give them copies.  That is "
+"exactly the same thing that we much later started doing in the free-software "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:530
+msgid ""
+"So that's one class of work.  The second class of work is works whose "
+"purpose is to say what certain people think.  Talking about those people is "
+"their purpose.  This includes, say, memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific "
+"papers, offers to buy and sell, catalogues of goods for sale.  The whole "
+"point of those works is that they tell you what somebody thinks or what "
+"somebody saw or what somebody believes.  To modify them is to misrepresent "
+"the authors; so modifying these works is not a socially useful activity.  "
+"And so verbatim copying is the only thing that people really need to be "
+"allowed to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:540
+msgid ""
+"The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial verbatim "
+"copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are two different "
+"activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider the questions "
+"separately &mdash; the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying and the "
+"right to do commercial verbatim copying.  Well, it might be a good "
+"compromise policy to have copyright cover commercial verbatim copying but "
+"allow everyone the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying.  This way, "
+"the copyright on the commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified "
+"versions &mdash; only the author could approve a modified version &mdash; "
+"would still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the "
+"writing of these works, to whatever extent it does."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:553
+msgid ""
+"By allowing the non-commercial verbatim copying, it means the copyright no "
+"longer has to intrude into everybody's home.  It becomes an industrial "
+"regulation again, easy to enforce and painless, no longer requiring "
+"draconian punishments and informers for the sake of its enforcement.  So we "
+"get most of the benefit &mdash; and avoid most of the horror &mdash; of the "
+"current system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:560
+msgid ""
+"The third category of works is aesthetic or entertaining works, where the "
+"most important thing is just the sensation of looking at the work.  Now for "
+"these works, the issue of modification is a very difficult one because on "
+"the one hand, there is the idea that these works reflect the vision of an "
+"artist and to change them is to mess up that vision.  On the other hand, you "
+"have the fact that there is the folk process, where a sequence of people "
+"modifying a work can sometimes produce a result that is extremely rich.  "
+"Even when you have artists' producing the works, borrowing from previous "
+"works is often very useful.  Some of Shakespeare's plays used a story that "
+"was taken from some other play.  If today's copyright laws had been in "
+"effect back then, those plays would have been illegal.  So it's a hard "
+"question what we should do about publishing modified versions of an "
+"aesthetic or an artistic work, and we might have to look for further "
+"subdivisions of the category in order to solve this problem.  For example, "
+"maybe computer game scenarios should be treated one way; maybe everybody "
+"should be free to publish modified versions of them.  But perhaps a novel "
+"should be treated differently; perhaps for that, commercial publication "
+"should require an arrangement with the original author."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:581
+msgid ""
+"Now if commercial publication of these aesthetic works is covered by "
+"copyright, that will give most of the revenue stream that exists today to "
+"support the authors and musicians, to the limited extent that the present "
+"system supports them, because it does a very bad job.  So that might be a "
+"reasonable compromise, just as in the case of the works which represent "
+"certain people."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:588
+msgid ""
+"If we look ahead to the time when the age of the computer networks will have "
+"fully begun, when we're past this transitional stage, we can envision "
+"another way for the authors to get money for their work.  Imagine that we "
+"have a digital cash system that enables you to get money for your work.  "
+"Imagine that we have a digital cash system that enables you to send somebody "
+"else money through the Internet; this can be done in various ways using "
+"encryption, for instance.  And imagine that verbatim copying of all these "
+"aesthetic works is permitted.  But they're written in such a way that when "
+"you are playing one or reading one or watching one, a box appears on the "
+"side of your screen that says, &ldquo;Click here to send a dollar to the "
+"author,&rdquo; or the musician or whatever.  And it just sits there; it "
+"doesn't get in your way; it's on the side.  It doesn't interfere with you, "
+"but it's there, reminding you that it's a good thing to support the writers "
+"and the musicians."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:604
+msgid ""
+"So if you love the work that you're reading or listening to, eventually "
+"you're going to say, &ldquo;Why shouldn't I give these people a dollar? It's "
+"only a dollar.  What's that? I won't even miss it.&rdquo; And people will "
+"start sending a dollar.  The good thing about this is that it makes copying "
+"the ally of the authors and musicians.  When somebody e-mails a friend a "
+"copy, that friend might send a dollar, too.  If you really love it, you "
+"might send a dollar more than once and that dollar is more than they're "
+"going to get today if you buy the book or buy the CD because they get a tiny "
+"fraction of the sale.  The same publishers that are demanding total power "
+"over the public in the name of the authors and musicians are giving those "
+"authors and musicians the shaft all the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:617
+msgid ""
+"I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in &ldquo;Salon&rdquo; "
+"magazine, an article about pirates that plan to use musicians' work without "
+"paying them.  These pirates are the record companies that pay musicians 4% "
+"of the sales figures, on the average.  Of course, the very successful "
+"musicians have more clout.  They get more than 4% of their large sales "
+"figures, which means that the great run of musicians who have a record "
+"contract get less than 4% of their small sales figures."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:626
+msgid ""
+"Here's the way it works: The record company spends money on publicity and "
+"they consider this expenditure as an advance to the musicians, although the "
+"musicians never see it.  So nominally when you buy a CD, a certain fraction "
+"of that money is going to the musicians, but really it isn't.  Really, it's "
+"going to pay back the publicity expenses, and only if the musicians are very "
+"successful do they ever see any of that money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:634
+msgid ""
+"The musicians, of course, sign their record contracts because they hope "
+"they're going to be one of those few who strike it rich.  So essentially a "
+"rolling lottery is being offered to the musicians to tempt them.  Although "
+"they're good at music, they may not be good at careful, logical reasoning to "
+"see through this trap.  So they sign and then probably all they get is "
+"publicity.  Well, why don't we give them publicity in a different way, not "
+"through a system that's based on restricting the public and a system of the "
+"industrial complex that saddles us with lousy music that's easy to sell.  "
+"Instead, why not make the listener's natural impulse to share the music they "
+"love the ally of the musicians? If we have this box that appears in the "
+"player as a way to send a dollar to the musicians, then the computer "
+"networks could be the mechanism for giving the musicians this publicity, the "
+"same publicity which is all they get from record contracts now."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:649
+msgid ""
+"We have to recognize that the existing copyright system does a lousy job of "
+"supporting musicians, just as lousy as world trade does of raising living "
+"standards in the Philippines and China.  You have these enterprise zones "
+"where everyone works in a sweatshop and all of the products are made in "
+"sweatshops.  I knew that globalization was a very inefficient way of raising "
+"living standards of people overseas.  Say, an American is getting paid $20 "
+"an hour to make something and you give that job to a Mexican who is getting "
+"paid maybe six dollars a day, what has happened here is that you've taken a "
+"large amount of money away from an American worker, given a tiny fraction, "
+"like a few percents, to a Mexican worker and given back the rest to the "
+"company.  So if your goal is to raise the living standards of Mexican "
+"workers, this is a lousy way to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:663
+msgid ""
+"It's interesting to see how the same phenomenon is going on in the copyright "
+"industry, the same general idea.  In the name of these workers who certainly "
+"deserve something, you propose measures that give them a tiny bit and really "
+"mainly prop up the power of corporations to control our lives."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:669
+msgid ""
+"If you're trying to replace a very good system, you have to work very hard "
+"to come up with a better alternative.  If you know that the present system "
+"is lousy, it's not so hard to find a better alternative; the standard of "
+"comparison today is very low.  We must always remember that when we consider "
+"issues of copyright policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:675
+msgid ""
+"So I think I've said most of what I want to say.  I'd like to mention that "
+"tomorrow is Phone-In Sick Day in Canada.  Tomorrow is the beginning of a "
+"summit to finish negotiating the free trade area of the Americas to try to "
+"extend corporate power throughout additional countries, and a big protest is "
+"being planned for Quebec.  We've seen extreme methods being used to smash "
+"this protest.  A lot of Americans are being blocked from entering Canada "
+"through the border that they're supposed to be allowed to enter through at "
+"any time.  On the flimsiest of excuses, a wall has been built around the "
+"center of Quebec to be used as a fortress to keep protesters out.  We've "
+"seen a large number of different dirty tricks used against public protest "
+"against these treaties.  So whatever democracy remains to us after "
+"government powers have been taken away from democratically elected governors "
+"and given to businesses and to unelected international bodies, whatever is "
+"left after that may not survive the suppression of public protest against "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:692
+msgid ""
+"I've dedicated 17 years of my life to working on free software and allied "
+"issues.  I didn't do this because I think it's the most important political "
+"issue in the world.  I did it because it was the area where I saw I had to "
+"use my skills to do a lot of good.  But what's happened is that the general "
+"issues of politics have evolved, and the biggest political issue in the "
+"world today is resisting the tendency to give business power over the public "
+"and governments.  I see free software and the allied questions for other "
+"kinds of information that I've been discussing today as one part of that "
+"major issue.  So I've indirectly found myself working on that issue.  I hope "
+"I contribute something to the effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:704
+msgid "<b>RESPONSE</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:706
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: We'll turn to the audience for questions and comments in a "
+"moment.  But let me offer a brief general response.  It seems to me that the "
+"strongest and most important practical guidance that Stallman offers us has "
+"two key elements.  One is the recognition that old assumptions about "
+"copyright, old usages of copyright are inappropriate; they are challenged or "
+"undermined by the advent of the computer and computer networks.  That may be "
+"obvious, but it is essential."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:715
+msgid ""
+"Second is the recognition that the digital era requires us to reconsider how "
+"we distinguish and weigh forms of intellectual and creative labor.  Stallman "
+"is surely right that certain kinds of intellectual enterprises justify more "
+"copyright protection than others.  Trying to identify systematically these "
+"different kinds or levels of copyright protection seems to me a valuable way "
+"to engage with the problems for intellectual work posed by the advent of the "
+"computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:724
+msgid ""
+"But I think I detect another theme that lies beneath what Stallman has been "
+"saying and that isn't really directly about computers at all, but more "
+"broadly about questions of democratic authority and the power that "
+"government and corporations increasingly exercise over our lives.  This "
+"populist and anti-corporate side to Stallman's discourse is nourishing but "
+"also reductive, potentially simplifying.  And it is also perhaps overly "
+"idealistic.  For example, how would a novelist or a poet or a songwriter or "
+"a musician or the author of an academic textbook survive in this brave new "
+"world where people are encouraged but not required to pay authors.  In other "
+"words, it seems to me, the gap between existing practice and the visionary "
+"possibilities Stallman speculates about is still immensely wide."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:737
+msgid ""
+"So I'll conclude by asking if Stallman would like to expand a bit on certain "
+"aspects of his talk and, specifically, whether he has further thoughts about "
+"the way in which what we'll call &ldquo;traditional creators&rdquo; would be "
+"protected under his copyright system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:742
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: First of all, I have to point out that we shouldn't use the "
+"term &ldquo;protection&rdquo; to describe what copyright does.  Copyright "
+"restricts people.  The term &ldquo;protection&rdquo; is a propaganda term of "
+"the copyright-owning businesses.  The term &ldquo;protection&ldquo; means "
+"stopping something from being somehow destroyed.  Well, I don't think a song "
+"is destroyed if there are more copies of it being played more.  I don't "
+"think that a novel is destroyed if more people are reading copies of it, "
+"either.  So I won't use that word.  I think it leads people to identify with "
+"the wrong party."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:753
+msgid ""
+"Also, it's a very bad idea to think about intellectual property for two "
+"reasons: First, it prejudges the most fundamental question in the area which "
+"is: How should these things be treated and should they be treated as a kind "
+"of property? To use the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; to describe "
+"the area is to presuppose the answer is &ldquo;yes,&rdquo; that that's the "
+"way to treat things, not some other way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:761
+msgid ""
+"Second, it encourages over-generalization.  Intellectual property is a "
+"catch-all for several different legal systems with independent origins such "
+"as, copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and some other things as "
+"well.  They are almost completely different; they have nothing in common.  "
+"But people who hear the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; are led to "
+"a false picture where they imagine that there's a general principle of "
+"intellectual property that was applied to specific areas, so they assume "
+"that these various areas of the law are similar.  This leads not only to "
+"confused thinking about what is right to do, it leads people to fail to "
+"understand what the law actually says because they suppose that the "
+"copyright law and patent law and trademark law are similar, when, in fact, "
+"they are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:775
+msgid ""
+"So if you want to encourage careful thinking and clear understanding of what "
+"the law says, avoid the term &ldquo;intellectual property.&rdquo; Talk about "
+"copyrights.  Or talk about patents.  Or talk about trademarks or whichever "
+"subject you want to talk about.  But don't talk about intellectual "
+"property.  Opinion about intellectual property almost has to be a foolish "
+"one.  I don't have an opinion about intellectual property.  I have opinions "
+"about copyrights and patents and trademarks, and they're different.  I came "
+"to them through different thought processes because those systems of law are "
+"totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:786
+msgid "Anyway, I made that digression, but it's terribly important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:788
+msgid ""
+"So let me now get to the point.  Of course, we can't see now how well it "
+"would work, whether it would work to ask people to pay money voluntarily to "
+"the authors and musicians they love.  One thing that's obvious is that how "
+"well such a system would work is proportional to the number of people who "
+"are participating in the network, and that number, we know, is going to "
+"increase by an order of magnitude over a number of years.  If we tried it "
+"today, it might fail, and that wouldn't prove anything because with ten "
+"times as money people participating, it might work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:798
+msgid ""
+"The other thing is, we do not have this digital cash payment system; so we "
+"can't really try it today.  You could try to do something a little bit like "
+"it.  There are services you can sign up for where you can pay money to "
+"someone &mdash; things like Pay Pal.  But before you can pay anyone through "
+"Pay Pal, you have to go through a lot of rigmarole and give them personal "
+"information about you, and they collect records of whom you pay.  Can you "
+"trust them not to misuse that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:807
+msgid ""
+"So the dollar might not discourage you, but the trouble it takes to pay "
+"might discourage you.  The whole idea of this is that it should be as easy "
+"as falling off a log to pay when you get the urge, so that there's nothing "
+"to discourage you except the actual amount of money.  And if that's small "
+"enough, why should it discourage you.  We know, though, that fans can really "
+"love musicians, and we know that encouraging fans to copy and re-distribute "
+"the music has been done by some bands that were, and are, quite successful "
+"like the &ldquo;Grateful Dead.&rdquo; They didn't have any trouble making a "
+"living from their music because they encouraged fans to tape it and copy the "
+"tapes.  They didn't even lose their record sales."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:819
+msgid ""
+"We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age of the "
+"computer network, but it's not happening in a day.  People are still buying "
+"lots of records, and that will probably continue for many years &mdash; "
+"maybe forever.  As long as that continues, simply having copyrights that "
+"still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do about as good a job "
+"of supporting musicians as it does today.  Of course, that's not very good, "
+"but, at least, it won't get any worse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:828
+msgid "<b>DISCUSSION</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:830
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: [A comment and and question about free downloading and "
+"about Stephen King's attempt to market one of his novels serially over the "
+"web.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:834
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes, it's interesting to know what he did and what "
+"happened.  When I first heard about that, I was elated.  I thought, maybe he "
+"was taking a step towards a world that is not based on trying to maintain an "
+"iron grip on the public.  Then I saw that he had actually written to ask "
+"people to pay.  To explain what he did, he was publishing a novel as a "
+"serial, by installments, and he said, &ldquo;If I get enough money, I'll "
+"release more.&rdquo; But the request he wrote was hardly a request.  It "
+"brow-beat the reader.  It said, &ldquo;If you don't pay, then you're evil.  "
+"And if there are too many of you who are evil, then I'm just going to stop "
+"writing this.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:846
+msgid ""
+"Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending you "
+"money.  You've got to make them love you, not fear you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:849
+msgid ""
+"<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage "
+"&mdash; I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct &mdash; "
+"of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar "
+"or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude.  You had to type in "
+"your name and your e-mail address and some other information to get to "
+"download it and if that percentage of people was not reached after the first "
+"chapter, he said that he would not release another chapter.  It was very "
+"antagonistic to the public downloading it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:859
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Isn't the scheme where there's no copyright but people are "
+"asked to make voluntary donations open to abuse by people plagiarizing?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:863
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No.  That's not what I proposed.  Remember, I'm proposing "
+"that there should be copyright covering commercial distribution and "
+"permitting only verbatim re-distribution non-commercially.  So anyone who "
+"modified it to put in a pointer to his website, instead of a pointer to the "
+"real author's website, would still be infringing the copyright and could be "
+"sued exactly as he could be sued today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:870
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: I see.  So you're still imagining a world in which there is "
+"copyright?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:873
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes.  As I've said, for those kinds of works.  I'm not "
+"saying that everything should be permitted.  I'm proposing to reduce "
+"copyright powers, not abolish them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:877
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: I guess one question that occurred to me while you were "
+"speaking, Richard, and, again, now when you're responding here to this "
+"question is why you don't consider the ways in which the computer, itself, "
+"eliminates the middle men completely &mdash; in the way that Stephen King "
+"refused to do &mdash; and might establish a personal relationship."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:884
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation is "
+"one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:887
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: You think of that as not involving going through a "
+"publisher at all?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:890
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely not.  I hope it won't, you see, because the "
+"publishers exploit the authors terribly.  When you ask the publishers' "
+"representatives about this, they say, &ldquo;Well, yes, if an author or if a "
+"band doesn't want to go through us, they shouldn't be legally required to go "
+"through us.&rdquo; But, in fact, they're doing their utmost to set it up so "
+"that will not be feasible.  For instance, they're proposing restricted "
+"copying media formats and in order to publish in these formats, you'll have "
+"to go through the big publishers because they won't tell anyone else how to "
+"do it.  So they're hoping for a world where the players will play these "
+"formats, and in order to get anything that you can play on those players, "
+"it'll have to come through the publishers.  So, in fact, while there's no "
+"law against an author or a musician publishing directly, it won't be "
+"feasible.  There's also the lure of maybe hitting it rich.  They say, "
+"&ldquo;We'll publicize you and maybe you'll hit it as rich as the "
+"Beatles.&rdquo; Take your pick of some very successful group and, of course, "
+"only a tiny fraction of musicians are going to have that happen.  But they "
+"may be drawn by that into signing contracts that will lock them down "
+"forever."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:910
+msgid ""
+"Publishers tend to be very bad at respecting their contracts with authors.  "
+"For instance, book contracts typically have said that if a book goes out of "
+"print, the rights revert to the author, and publishers have generally not "
+"been very good about living up to that clause.  They often have to be "
+"forced.  Well, what they're starting to do now is use electronic publication "
+"as an excuse to say that it's never going out of print; so they never have "
+"to give the rights back.  Their idea is, when the author has no clout, get "
+"him to sign up and from then on, he has no power; it's only the publisher "
+"that has the power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:921
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Would it be good to have free licenses for various kinds of "
+"works that protect for every user the freedom to copy them in whatever is "
+"the appropriate way for that kind of work?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:925
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, people are working on this.  But for non-functional "
+"works, one thing doesn't substitute for another.  Let's look at a functional "
+"kind of work, say, a word processor.  Well, if somebody makes a free word "
+"processor, you can use that; you don't need the non-free word processors.  "
+"But I wouldn't say that one free song substitutes for all the non-free songs "
+"or that a one free novel substitutes for all the non-free novels.  For those "
+"kinds of works, it's different.  So what I think we simply have to do is to "
+"recognize that these laws do not deserve to be respected.  It's not wrong to "
+"share with your neighbor, and if anyone tries to tell you that you cannot "
+"share with your neighbor, you should not listen to him."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:937
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: With regard to the functional works, how do you, in your "
+"own thinking, balance out the need for abolishing the copyright with the "
+"need for economic incentives in order to have these functional works "
+"developed?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:942
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, what we see is, first of all, that this economic "
+"incentive is a lot less necessary than people have been supposing.  Look at "
+"the free software movement where we have over 100,000 part-time volunteers "
+"developing free software.  We also see that there are other ways to raise "
+"money for this which are not based on stopping the public from copying and "
+"modifying these works.  That's the interesting lesson of the free software "
+"movement.  Aside from the fact that it gives you a way you can use a "
+"computer and keep your freedom to share and cooperate with other people, it "
+"also shows us that this negative assumption that people would never do these "
+"things unless they are given special powers to force people to pay them is "
+"simply wrong.  A lot of people will do these things.  Then if you look at, "
+"say, the writing of monographs which serve as textbooks in many fields of "
+"science except for the ones that are very basic, the authors are not making "
+"money out of that.  We now have a free encyclopedia project which is, in "
+"fact, a commercial-free encyclopedia project, and it's making progress.  We "
+"had a project for a GNU encyclopedia but we merged it into the commercial "
+"project when they adopted our license.  In January, they switched to the "
+"GNU-free documentation license for all the articles in their encyclopedia.  "
+"So we said, &ldquo;Well, let's join forces with them and urge people to "
+"contribute to them.&rdquo; It's called &ldquo;NUPEDIA,&rdquo; and you can "
+"find a link to it, if you look at http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia.  So here "
+"we've extended the community development of a free base of useful knowledge "
+"from software to encyclopedia.  I'm pretty confident now that in all these "
+"areas of functional work, we don't need that economic incentive to the point "
+"where we have to mess up the use of these works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:971
+msgid "<b>THORBURN</b>: Well, what about the other two categories."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:973
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: For the other two classes of work, I don't know.  I don't "
+"know whether people will write some day novels without worrying about "
+"whether they make money from it.  In a post-scarcity society, I guess they "
+"would.  Maybe what we need to do in order to reach the post-scarcity society "
+"is to get rid of the corporate control over the economy and the laws.  So, "
+"in effect, it's a chicken-or-the-egg problem, you know.  Which do we do "
+"first? How do we get the world where people don't have to desperately get "
+"money except by removing the control by business? And how can we remove the "
+"control by business except &mdash; Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm "
+"trying to propose first a compromise copyright system and, second, the "
+"voluntary payment supported by a compromise copyright system as a way to "
+"provide a revenue stream to the people who write those works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:987
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: How would you really expect to implement this compromise "
+"copyright system under the chokehold of corporate interests on American "
+"politicians due to their campaign-finance system?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:991
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: It beats me.  I wish I knew.  It's a terribly hard "
+"problem.  If I knew how to solve that problem, I would solve it and nothing "
+"in the world could make me prouder."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:995
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>:.  How do you fight the corporate control? Because when you "
+"look at these sums of money going into corporate lobbying in the court case, "
+"it is tremendous.  I think the DECS case that you're talking about is "
+"costing something like a million-and-a-half dollars on the defense side.  "
+"Lord knows what it's costing on the corporate side.  Do you have any idea "
+"how to deal with these huge sums of money?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1002
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I have a suggestion.  If I were to suggest totally "
+"boycotting movies, I think people would ignore that suggestion.  They might "
+"consider it too radical.  So I would like to make a slightly different "
+"suggestion which comes to almost the same thing in the end, and that is, "
+"don't go to a movie unless you have some substantial reason to think it's "
+"good.  Now this will lead in practice to almost the same result as a total "
+"boycott of Hollywood movies.  In extension, it's almost the same but, in "
+"intention, it's very different.  Now I've noticed that many people go to "
+"movies for reasons that have nothing to do with whether they think the "
+"movies are good.  So if you change that, if you only go to a movie when you "
+"have some substantial reason to think it's good, you'll take away a lot of "
+"their money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1015
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: One way to understand all of this discourse today, I think, "
+"is to recognize that whenever radical, potentially transforming technologies "
+"appear in society, there's a struggle over who controls them.  We today are "
+"repeating what has happened in the past.  So from this angle, there may not "
+"be a reason for despair, or even pessimism, about what may occur in the "
+"longer run.  But, in the shorter term, struggles over the control of text "
+"and images, over all forms of information are likely to be painful and "
+"extensive.  For example, as a teacher of media, my access to images has been "
+"restricted in recent years in a way that had never been in place before.  If "
+"I write an essay in which I want to use still images, even from films, they "
+"are much harder to get permission to use, and the prices charged to use "
+"those still images are much higher &mdash; even when I make arguments about "
+"intellectual inquiry and the the legal category of &ldquo;fair use.&rdquo; "
+"So I think, in this moment of extended transformation, the longer-term "
+"prospects may, in fact, not be as disturbing as what's happening in the "
+"shorter term.  But in any case, we need to understand the whole of our "
+"contemporary experience as a renewed version of a struggle over the control "
+"of technological resources that is a recurring principle of Western society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1036
+msgid ""
+"It's also essential to understand that the history of older technologies is "
+"itself a complicated matter.  The impact of the printing press in Spain, for "
+"example, is radically different from its impact in England or in France."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1041
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One of the things that bothers me when I hear discussions "
+"of copyright is that often they start off with, &ldquo;We want a 180-degree "
+"change.  We want to do away with any sorts of control.&rdquo; It seems to me "
+"that part of what lay under the three categories that were suggested is an "
+"acknowledgement that there is some wisdom to copyright.  Some of the critics "
+"of the way copyright is going now believe that, in fact, it ought to be "
+"backed up and function much more like patent and trademarks in terms of its "
+"duration.  I wonder if our speaker would comment on that as a strategy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1051
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I agree that shortening the time span of copyright is a "
+"good idea.  There is absolutely no need in terms of encouraging publication "
+"for a possibility of copyrights' lasting as much as 150 years, which, in "
+"some cases, it can under present law.  Now the companies were saying that a "
+"75-year copyright on a work made for hire was not long enough to make "
+"possible the production of their works.  I'd like to challenge those "
+"companies to present projected balance sheets for 75 years from now to back "
+"up that contention.  What they really wanted was just to be able to extend "
+"the copyrights on the old works, so that they can continue restricting the "
+"use of them.  But how you can encourage greater production of works in the "
+"1920s by extending copyright today escapes me, unless they have a time "
+"machine somewhere.  Of course, in one of their movies, they had a time "
+"machine.  So maybe that's what affected their thinking."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1066
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Have you given thought to extending the concept of "
+"&ldquo;fair use,&rdquo; and are there any nuances there that you might care "
+"to lay out for us?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1070
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, the idea of giving everyone permission for "
+"non-commercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may be "
+"thought of as extending what fair use is.  It's bigger than what's fair use "
+"currently. If your idea is that the public trades away certain freedoms to "
+"get more progress, then you can draw the line at various, different places.  "
+"Which freedoms does the public trade away and which freedoms does the public "
+"keep?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1078
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: To extend the conversation for just a moment, in certain "
+"entertainment fields, we have the concept of a public presentation.  So, for "
+"example, copyright does not prevent us from singing Christmas carols "
+"seasonally but it prevents the public performance.  And I'm wondering if it "
+"might be useful to think about instead of expanding fair use to unlimited, "
+"non-commercial, verbatim copying, to something less than that but more than "
+"the present concept of fair use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1086
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I used to think that that might be enough, and then Napster "
+"convinced me otherwise because Napster is used by its users for "
+"non-commercial, verbatim re-distribution.  The Napster server, itself, is a "
+"commercial activity but the people who are actually putting things up are "
+"doing so non-commercially, and they could have done so on their websites "
+"just as easily.  The tremendous excitement about, interest in, and use of "
+"Napster shows that that's very useful.  So I'm convinced now that people "
+"should have the right to publicly non-commercially, re-distributed, verbatim "
+"copies of everything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1096
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One analogy that was recently suggested to me for the whole "
+"Napster question was the analogy of the public library.  I suppose some of "
+"you who have heard the Napster arguments have heard this analogy.  I'm "
+"wondering if you would comment on it.  The defenders of people who say "
+"Napster should continue and there shouldn't be restrictions on it sometimes "
+"say something like this: &ldquo;When folks go into the public library and "
+"borrow a book, they're not paying for it, and it can be borrowed dozens of "
+"times, hundreds of time, without any additional payment.  Why is Napster any "
+"different?&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1107
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's not exactly the same.  But it should be pointed "
+"out that the publishers want to transform public libraries into pay-per-use, "
+"retail outlets.  So they're against public libraries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1111
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Can these ideas about copyright suggest any ideas for "
+"certain issues about patent law such as making cheap, generic drugs for use "
+"in Africa?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1115
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, there's absolutely no similarity.  The issues of "
+"patents are totally different from the issues of copyrights.  The idea that "
+"they have something to do with each other is one of the unfortunate "
+"consequences of using the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; and "
+"encouraging people to try to lump these issues together because, as you've "
+"heard, I've been talking about issues in which the price of a copy is not "
+"the crucial thing.  But what's the crucial issue about making AIDS drugs for "
+"Africa? It's the price, nothing but the price."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1125
+msgid ""
+"Now the issue I've been talking about arises because digital information "
+"technology gives every user the ability to make copies.  Well, there's "
+"nothing giving us all the ability to make copies of medicines.  I don't have "
+"the ability to copy some medicine that I've got.  In fact, nobody does; "
+"that's not how they're made.  Those medicines can only be made in expensive "
+"factories and they are made in expensive centralized factories, whether "
+"they're generic drugs or imported from the U.S.  Either way, they're going "
+"to be made in a small number of factories, and the issues are simply how "
+"much do they cost and are they available at a price that people in Africa "
+"can afford."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1137
+msgid ""
+"So that's a tremendously important issue, but it's a totally different "
+"issue.  There's just one area where an issue arises with patents that is "
+"actually similar to these issues of freedom to copy, and that is in the area "
+"of agriculture.  Because there are certain patented things that can be "
+"copies, more or less &mdash; namely, living things.  They copy themselves "
+"when they reproduce.  It's not necessarily exact copying; they re-shuffle "
+"the genes.  But the fact is, farmers for millennia have been making use of "
+"this capacity of the living things they grow to copy themselves.  Farming "
+"is, basically, copying the things that you grew and you keep copying them "
+"every year.  When plant and animal varieties get patented, when genes are "
+"patented and used in them, the result is that farmers are being prohibited "
+"from doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1151
+msgid ""
+"There is a farmer in Canada who had a patented variety growing on his field "
+"and he said, &ldquo;I didn't do that deliberately.  The pollen blew, and the "
+"wind in those genes got into my stock of plants.&rdquo; And he was told that "
+"that doesn't matter; he has to destroy them anyway.  It was an extreme "
+"example of how much government can side with a monopolist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1158
+msgid ""
+"So I believe that, following the same principles that I apply to copying "
+"things on your computer, farmers should have an unquestioned right to save "
+"their seeds and breed their livestock.  Maybe you could have patents "
+"covering seed companies, but they shouldn't cover farmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1164
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: There's more to making a model successful than just the "
+"licensing.  Can you speak to that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1167
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely.  Well, you know, I don't know the answers.  But "
+"part of what I believe is crucial for developing free, functional "
+"information is idealism.  People have to recognize that it's important for "
+"this information to be free, that when the information is free, you can make "
+"full use of it.  When it's restricted, you can't.  You have to recognize "
+"that the non-free information is an attempt to divide them and keep them "
+"helpless and keep them down.  Then they can get the idea, &ldquo;Let's work "
+"together to produce the information we want to use, so that it's not under "
+"the control of some powerful person who can dictate to us what we can "
+"do.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1179
+msgid ""
+"This tremendously boosts it.  But I don't know how much it will work in "
+"various different areas, but I think that in the area of education, when "
+"you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done.  There are "
+"a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at prestigious "
+"universities &mdash; maybe they're in high-school; maybe they're in college "
+"&mdash; where they don't write and publish a lot of things and there's not a "
+"tremendous demand for them.  But a lot of them are smart.  A lot of them "
+"know their subjects well and they could write textbooks about lots of "
+"subjects and share them with the world and receive a tremendous amount of "
+"appreciation from the people who will have learned from them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1191
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed.  But the funny thing is, I do know "
+"the history of education.  That's what I do &mdash; educational, electronic "
+"media projects.  I couldn't find an example.  Do you know of one?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1196
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, I don't.  I started proposing this free encyclopedia "
+"and learning resource a couple of years ago, and I thought it would probably "
+"take a decade to get things rolling.  Now we already have an encyclopedia "
+"that is rolling.  So things are going faster than I hoped.  I think what's "
+"needed is for a few people to start writing some free textbooks.  Write one "
+"about whatever is your favorite subject or write a fraction of one.  Write a "
+"few chapters of one and challenge other people to write the rest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1205
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Actually what I was looking for is something even more than "
+"that.  What's important in your kind of structure is somebody that creates "
+"an infrastructure to which everybody else can contribute.  There isn't a K "
+"through 12 infrastructure out there in any place for a contribution for "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1211
+msgid ""
+"I can get information from lots of places but it's not released under free "
+"licenses, so I can't use it to make a free textbook."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1214
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Actually, copyright doesn't cover the facts.  It only "
+"covers the way it's written.  So you can learn a field from anywhere and "
+"then write a textbook, and you can make that textbook free, if you want."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1219
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: But I can't write by myself all the textbooks that a "
+"student needs going through school."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1222
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's true.  And I didn't write a whole, free "
+"operating system, either.  I wrote some pieces and invited other people to "
+"join me by writing other pieces.  So I set an example.  I said, &ldquo;I'm "
+"going in this direction.  Join me and we'll get there.&rdquo; And enough "
+"people joined in that we got there.  So if you think in terms of, how am I "
+"going to get this whole gigantic job done, it can be daunting.  So the point "
+"is, don't look at it that way.  Think in terms of taking a step and "
+"realizing that after you've taken a step, other people will take more steps "
+"and, together, it will get the job done eventually."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1233
+msgid ""
+"Assuming that humanity doesn't wipe itself out, the work we do today to "
+"produce the free educational infrastructure, the free learning resource for "
+"the world, that will be useful for as long as humanity exists.  If it takes "
+"20 years to get it done, so what? So don't think in terms of the size of the "
+"whole job.  Think in terms of the piece that you're going to do.  That will "
+"show people it can be done, and so others will do other pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1243
+msgid ""
+"This speech is published in <a href=\"/doc/book13.html\"><cite>Free "
+"Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard "
+"M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1249
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1256
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1266
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1273
+msgid "Copyright &copy; 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1275
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1276
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1283
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#.  timestamp start 
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1285
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1293
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""




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