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trans-coord/gnun provide.bg.html gnu/gnu-histor...
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
Subject: |
trans-coord/gnun provide.bg.html gnu/gnu-histor... |
Date: |
Fri, 21 Mar 2008 20:25:13 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/trans-coord
Module name: trans-coord
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 08/03/21 20:25:13
Modified files:
gnun : provide.bg.html
gnun/gnu : gnu-history.bg.html
initial-announcement.bg.html
linux-and-gnu.bg.html why-gnu-linux.bg.html
gnun/philosophy: free-sw.bg.html why-free.bg.html
Added files:
gnun/philosophy/po: copyright-and-globalization.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/provide.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.bg.html?cvsroot=trans-coord&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot?cvsroot=trans-coord&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: provide.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/provide.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- provide.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000 1.3
+++ provide.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.4
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<link href="/gnu.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" />
-<meta name="author" content="Free Software Foundation, Inc" />
+<meta name="author" content="ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ" />
<meta name="features" content="WAI AA, XHTML, CSS, Semantic Markup, Tableless
Design, Freedom" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Ðакво ново"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@
<p>
ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑно
Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑиÑе на <a
href="/people/webmeisters.html">Ñеб-екипа на GNU</a> до
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-history.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/gnu-history.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/gnu-history.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.6
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ÐÑеглед на ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU -
ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
-<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History" />
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History,
+ÐÐУ, ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU, ФСС, Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ,
ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ,
+иÑÑоÑиÑ" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.5
@@ -17,98 +17,105 @@
<h3>Свободен âЮникÑâ!</h3>
-<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible
-software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free<a
-href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time,
-money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
-
-<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write
-and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few
-other things. After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC, an Empire
-game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things. We hope to supply,
-eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and
-anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
-
-<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix.
-We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience
-with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer
-filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, filename
-completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and eventually a
-Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary
-Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as
-system programming languages. We will have network software based on MIT's
-chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP. We may also have something
-compatible with UUCP.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
-
-<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor,
-now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked extensively on
-compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the Incompatible
-Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system. I pioneered
-terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I have implemented
-one crashproof file system and two window systems for Lisp machines.</p>
-
-<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
-
-<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must
-share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good conscience sign a
-nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.</p>
-
-<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, I
-have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
-will be able to get along without any software that is not free.</p>
-
-
-<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
-
-<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
I'm
-asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
-
-<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But we
-could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is
-that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had better be able
-to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated cooling or
-power.</p>
-
-<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of
-some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such part-time
-distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written
-parts would not work together. But for the particular task of replacing
-Unix, this problem is absent. Most interface specifications are fixed by
-Unix compatibility. If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it
-will probably work with the rest of GNU.</p>
-
-<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
part
-time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for whom knowing
-they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view this as a way of
-enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by
-sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+<p>ÐапоÑвайки Ð¾Ñ Ñози Ðен на
благодаÑноÑÑÑа, Ñе напиÑа ÑÑлоÑÑна
ÑоÑÑÑеÑна
+ÑиÑÑема, ÑÑвмеÑÑима Ñ âЮникÑâ, наÑеÑена GNU
(Ð¾Ñ GNU's Not Unix â GNU не е
+âЮникÑâ), и Ñе Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ñвободно<a
href="#f1">(1)</a> на вÑеки, койÑо
+може да Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°. СÑдейÑÑвие под ÑоÑмаÑа
на вÑеме, паÑи, пÑогÑами и
+обоÑÑдване е много необÑ
одимо.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑо наÑало, GNU Ñе бÑде ÑдÑо плÑÑ Ð²ÑиÑки
инÑÑÑÑменÑи, необÑ
одими за пиÑане
+и изпÑлнÑване на пÑогÑами на Си: ÑедакÑоÑ,
обвивка, компилаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° Си,
+ÑвÑÑзваÑа пÑогÑама, аÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸ оÑе нÑкои
неÑа. След Ñова Ñе добавим
+пÑогÑама за ÑоÑмаÑиÑане на ÑекÑÑ, YACC<a
+href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>, игÑа âEmpireâ,
елекÑÑонна ÑаблиÑа и
+ÑÑоÑиÑи дÑÑги неÑа. ÐадÑваме Ñе
евенÑÑално да оÑигÑÑим вÑиÑко полезно,
+коеÑо ноÑмално идва Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑема
âЮникÑâ, и вÑиÑко оÑÑанало â вклÑÑиÑелно
+докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑоÑÑÑеÑна и пеÑаÑна
ÑоÑма.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ
Ñ GNU Ñе може да Ñе изпÑлнÑваÑ
пÑогÑами на âЮникÑâ, но ÑиÑÑемаÑа нÑма да
+е иденÑиÑна Ñ âЮникÑâ. Ще напÑавим
подобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо Ñа Ñдобни, на базаÑа на
+наÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑги опеÑаÑионни ÑиÑÑеми.
Ðо-ÑоÑно, планиÑаме да имаме дÑлги
+имена на Ñайлове, веÑÑии на ÑайловеÑе,
ÑÑÑойÑива на ÑÑивове Ñайлова ÑиÑÑема,
+може би авÑомаÑиÑно допÑлване на Ñайлове,
поддÑÑжка на екÑани незавиÑимо оÑ
+ÑеÑминала и евенÑÑално ÑиÑÑема Ñ Ð¿ÑозоÑÑи,
базиÑана на ÐиÑп, ÑÑез коÑÑо
+нÑколко пÑогÑами на ÐиÑп и обикновени
пÑогÑами на âЮникÑâ да ÑподелÑÑ
+екÑан. Си и ÐиÑп Ñе бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ñни каÑо
ÑиÑÑемни езиÑи за пÑогÑамиÑане. Ще
+имаме мÑежов ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, базиÑан на пÑоÑокола
на ÐÐТ âchaosnetâ, далеÑ
+пÑевÑзÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ UUCP. Ðоже ÑÑÑо да имаме и неÑо
ÑÑвмеÑÑимо Ñ UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Ðой ÑÑм аз?</h3>
+
+<p>Ðз ÑÑм РиÑаÑд СÑолман, изобÑеÑаÑел на
оÑÐ¸Ð³Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑа имиÑиÑан ÑедакÑоÑ
+EMACS, Ñега в ÐабоÑаÑоÑиÑÑа по изкÑÑÑвен
инÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐºÑ ÐºÑм ÐÐТ. РабоÑил ÑÑм
+инÑензивно вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»Ð°ÑоÑи, ÑедакÑоÑи,
пÑогÑами за изÑиÑÑване на гÑеÑки,
+командни инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑи, âIncompatible Timesharing
System<a
+href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>â и опеÑаÑионнаÑа
ÑиÑÑема âLisp
+Machineâ. РеализиÑал ÑÑм една надеждна
Ñайлова ÑиÑÑема и две пÑозоÑеÑни
+ÑиÑÑеми за маÑини на ÐиÑп.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐаÑо ÑÑÑбва да напиÑа GNU</h3>
+
+<p>СÑиÑам, Ñе злаÑноÑо пÑавило изиÑква ако Ñ
аÑеÑвам една пÑогÑама, да ÑÑÑбва да
+Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналиÑе, коиÑо Ñ Ñ
аÑеÑваÑ.
Ðе мога Ñ ÑиÑÑа ÑÑвеÑÑ Ð´Ð° подпиÑа
+ÑпоÑазÑмение за неÑазкÑиване или лиÑензно
ÑпоÑазÑмение за ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа да мога да пÑодÑлжа да използвам
компÑÑÑи без да наÑÑÑавам пÑинÑипиÑе Ñи,
+аз ÑеÑиÑ
да напÑÐ°Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑÑно голÑм ÑазмеÑ,
+Ñака Ñе да мога да Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· да пÑибÑгвам
до ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо не е Ñвободен.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Ðак може да допÑинеÑеÑе</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелиÑе на компÑÑÑи за
даÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° маÑини и паÑи. ÐолÑ
+оÑделниÑе Ñ
оÑа за даÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑами и
ÑабоÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин компÑÑÑÑен пÑоизводиÑел веÑе
пÑедложи да оÑигÑÑи маÑина. Ðо ние биÑ
ме
+могли да използваме повеÑе. Ðко даÑиÑе
маÑини, едно Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑвиÑÑа, коиÑо
+може да оÑакваÑе, е Ñе Ñе Ñе ÑабоÑÑÑ Ñ GNU
ÑÑвÑем оÑÑано. Ðи било добÑе
+маÑинаÑа да може да ÑÑнкÑиониÑа в жилиÑно
помеÑение<a
+href="#TransNote3"><sup>3</sup></a> и да не изиÑква Ñложно
оÑ
лаждане или
+заÑ
Ñанване.</p>
+
+<p>ÐндивидÑалниÑе пÑогÑамиÑÑи Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
допÑинеÑаÑ, каÑо напиÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑвмеÑÑим
+дÑÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° нÑкой Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÑÑменÑиÑе на
âЮникÑâ и ми го пÑедоÑÑавÑÑ. Ðа
+повеÑеÑо пÑоекÑи, Ñакава ÑаÑÑиÑна и
ÑазпÑеделена ÑабоÑа би била изклÑÑиÑелно
+ÑÑÑдна за кооÑдинаÑÐ¸Ñ â незавиÑимо
напиÑаниÑе ÑаÑÑи не биÑ
а ÑабоÑили
+заедно. Ðо за ÑпеÑиÑиÑнаÑа задаÑа за
замÑнаÑа на âЮникÑâ Ñози пÑоблем не
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва. ÐовеÑеÑо ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии за
инÑеÑÑейÑи Ñа ÑикÑиÑани за
+ÑÑвмеÑÑимоÑÑ Ñ âЮникÑâ. Ðко вÑÑка
допÑинеÑена пÑогÑама ÑабоÑи Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналаÑа
+ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° âЮникÑâ, ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹-веÑоÑÑно Ñе ÑабоÑи
и Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналаÑа ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Ðко полÑÑа паÑиÑни даÑениÑ, Ñе мога да
наема нÑколко дÑÑи на пÑлен или
+непÑлен ÑабоÑен ден. ÐаплаÑаÑа нÑма да е
виÑока, но аз Ñе ÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑа, за
+коиÑо ÑÑвÑÑвоÑо, Ñе Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑовеÑеÑÑвоÑо е ÑÑÑо Ñолкова важно, колкоÑо
и
+паÑиÑе. Ðиждам Ñова каÑо наÑин да Ñе
позволи на поÑвеÑениÑе Ñ
оÑа да оÑдадаÑ
+пÑлнаÑа Ñи енеÑÐ³Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑабоÑа вÑÑÑ
Ñ GNU, каÑо
им Ñе ÑпеÑÑи нÑждаÑа да Ñи
+изкаÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñ
лÑба по нÑкакÑв дÑÑг наÑин.</p>
-<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+<p>СвÑÑжеÑе Ñе Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ за повеÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑ.</p>
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br /> address@hidden</p>
+<p>ÐоÑа Arpanet:<br /> address@hidden</p>
<p>Usenet:<br /> address@hidden<br /> address@hidden</p>
-<p>US Snail:<br /> Richard Stallman<br /> 166 Prospect St<br /> Cambridge, MA
-02139</p>
+<p>ÐдÑеÑ:<br /> РиÑаÑд СÑолман<br /> Ñл.
âÐÑоÑпекÑâ 166<br /> ÐембÑидж,
+ÐаÑаÑÑзеÑÑ 02139</p>
-<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+<h4 id="f1">ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑми около âfree<a
href="#TransNote4"><sup>4</sup></a>â</h4>
-<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would have to
-pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the words don't make
-this clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU
-should always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never the
-intent.</p>
+<p>ÐзползванеÑо на дÑмиÑе ÑÑк е по
невнимание. ÐамеÑениеÑо беÑе, Ñе никой не
+ÑÑÑбва да плаÑа за <b>ÑазÑеÑение</b> да
използва ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU. Ðо дÑмиÑе
+не изÑÑнÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñова и Ñ
оÑаÑа ÑеÑÑо ги
инÑеÑпÑеÑиÑаÑ, Ñе ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° GNU би
+ÑÑÑбвало винаги да Ñе ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°
малко паÑи или безплаÑно. Такова
+намеÑение никога не е имало.</p>
-<h3>Original message</h3>
+<h3>ÐÑигинално пиÑмо</h3>
-<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its original
-form.</p>
+<p>Ðа пÑлноÑа, вÑзпÑоизведено по-Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ðµ
оÑигиналноÑо пиÑмо, в оÑигиналнаÑа мÑ
+ÑоÑма.</p>
<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
@@ -217,7 +224,30 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
- </div>
+<b>Ðележки на пÑеводаÑа</b>:
+<ol>
+
+<li id="TransNote1">YACC е абÑевиаÑÑÑа на âYet Another Compiler
+Compilerâ, паÑÑÑÑ-генеÑаÑоÑа на âЮникÑâ.
СвободниÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑÑиÑел на GNU
+Ñе наÑиÑа <a href="/software/bison/">Bison</a> â ÑмеÑ
оÑвоÑна аналогиÑ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑниÑе âÑкâ и âбизонâ.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote2">ITS, или âÐеÑÑвмеÑÑима
вÑеме-ÑподелÑÑа ÑиÑÑемаâ е
+опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема за компÑÑÑи PDP-11,
ÑазÑабоÑена Ð¾Ñ ÐÐТ за
+ÑобÑÑвени нÑжди. РиÑаÑд СÑолман акÑивно е
ÑÑаÑÑвал в ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа и
+ÑÑÑвÑÑÑенÑÑванеÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñед Ñ Ð´ÑÑги Ñ
акеÑи
Ð¾Ñ ÐабоÑаÑоÑиÑÑа по изкÑÑÑвен
+инÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐºÑ ÐºÑм ÐÐТ.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote3">РнаÑалоÑо на 80-Ñе години
повеÑеÑо компÑÑÑи Ñа
+били огÑомни ÑпеÑиализиÑани маÑини, коиÑо
Ñа изиÑквали ÑпеÑиално
+помеÑение и поддÑÑжка.</li>
+
+<li id="TransNote4">Ðа англ. език използваниÑÑ
изÑаз е âgive it away
+freeâ, коеÑо може да Ñе ÑÑлкÑва каÑо
âоÑдаване безплаÑноâ, ÑÑй каÑо
+âfreeâ на английÑки език ознаÑава какÑо
âÑвободенâ, Ñака и
+âбезплаÑенâ. РбÑлгаÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ðº Ñова
двÑÑмиÑлие не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва.</li>
+
+</ol></div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
@@ -264,7 +294,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000 1.6
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.7
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
<title>ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ GNU - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software,
-Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that
-computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they
-use." />
+Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd, ÐÐУ, ФСС,
ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
+Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÐинÑкÑ, ÐмакÑ, ЮникÑ,
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, опеÑаÑионна
+ÑиÑÑема, ÑдÑо на GNU, ХЪРÐ, GNU ХЪРÐ, Ð¥ÑÑд" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="ÐÑ 1983 г. наÑам
ÑазÑабоÑваме ÑвободнаÑа опеÑаÑионна
ÑиÑÑема GNU (подобна на
+âЮникÑâ), Ñака Ñе компÑÑÑÑниÑе
поÑÑебиÑели да Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑвободаÑа да ÑподелÑÑ
и
+подобÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, койÑо използваÑ." />
<link rel="alternate" title="Ðакво ново"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
<link rel="alternate" title="Ðов Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
@@ -260,11 +262,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
+<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
+ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -296,7 +298,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:30 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.5
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
+<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
+ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:30 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/free-sw.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:31 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/free-sw.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:12 -0000 1.9
@@ -311,11 +311,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
+<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
+ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:31 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/why-free.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/trans-coord/trans-coord/gnun/philosophy/why-free.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/why-free.bg.html 20 Mar 2008 20:25:31 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/why-free.bg.html 21 Mar 2008 20:25:13 -0000 1.5
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, Why Software
-Should Not Have Owners" />
+Should Not Have Owners, ÐÐУ, ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU, ФСС, Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ФондаÑиÑ
+за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÐаÑо ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑÑÑбва да има ÑобÑÑвениÑи" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/03/20 20:25:31 $
+$Date: 2008/03/21 20:25:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.pot 21 Mar 2008 20:25:13
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-03-21 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:3
+msgid ""
+"Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:6
+msgid "Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:9
+msgid ""
+"<i>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given at <abbr "
+"title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> in the "
+"Communications Form on Thursday, April 19, 2001 from 5:00pm - 7:00pm</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:15
+msgid ""
+"<b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman, is a "
+"legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in trying to find "
+"a respondent to share the podium with him was instructive. One "
+"distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me that Stallman needs to be "
+"understood as a charismatic figure in a biblical parable — a kind of "
+"Old Testament anecdote-lesson. “Imagine,” he said, “a "
+"Moses or a Jeremiah — better a Jeremiah.” And I said, "
+"“Well, that's very admirable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:25
+msgid ""
+"That sounds wonderful. It confirms my sense of the kind of contribution he "
+"has made to the world. Then why are you reluctant to share the podium with "
+"him?” His answer: “Like Jeremiah or Moses, he would simply "
+"overwhelm me. I won't appear on the same panel him, but if you asked me to "
+"name five people alive in the world who have truly helped us all, Richard "
+"Stallman would be one of them.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:33
+msgid ""
+"<b>RICHARD STALLMAN</b>: I should [begin by explaining why I have refused to "
+"allow this Forum to be web cast], in case it wasn't clear fully what the "
+"issue is: The software they use for web broadcasting requires the user to "
+"download certain software in order to receive the broadcast. That software "
+"is not free software. It's available at zero price but only as an "
+"executable, which is a mysterious bunch of numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:40
+msgid ""
+"What it does is secret. You can't study it; you can't change it; and you "
+"certainly can't publish it in your own modified version. And those are "
+"among the freedoms that are essential in the definition of “free "
+"software.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:45
+msgid ""
+"So if I am to be an honest advocate for free software, I can hardly go "
+"around giving speeches, then put pressure on people to use non-free "
+"software. I'd be undermining my own cause. And if I don't show that I take "
+"my principles seriously, I can't expect anybody else to take them seriously."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:51
+msgid ""
+"However, this speech is not about free software. After I'd been working on "
+"the free software movement for several years and people started using some "
+"of the pieces of the GNU operating system, I began getting invited to give "
+"speeches [at which] … people started asking me: “Well, how do "
+"the ideas about freedom for software users generalize to other kinds of "
+"things?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:58
+msgid ""
+"And, of course, people asked silly questions like, “Well, should "
+"hardware be free?” “Should this microphone be free?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:62
+msgid ""
+"Well, what does that mean? Should you be free to copy it and change it? "
+"Well, as for changing it, if you buy the microphone, nobody is going to stop "
+"you from changing it. And as for copying it, nobody has a microphone "
+"copier. Outside of “Star Trek,” those things don't exist. "
+"Maybe some day there'll be nanotechnological analyzers and assemblers, and "
+"it really will be possible to copy a physical object, and then these issues "
+"of whether you're free to do that will start being really important. We'll "
+"see agribusiness companies trying to stop people from copying food, and that "
+"will become a major political issue, if that technological capability will "
+"ever exist. I don't know if it will; it's just speculation at this point."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:74
+msgid ""
+"But for other kinds of information, you can raise the issue because any kind "
+"of information that can be stored on a computer, conceivably, can be copied "
+"and modified. So the ethical issues of free software, the issues of a "
+"user's right to copy and modify software, are the same as such questions for "
+"other kinds of published information. Now I'm not talking about private "
+"information, say, personal information, which is never meant to be available "
+"to the public at all. I'm talking about the rights you should have if you "
+"get copies of published things where there's no attempt to keep them secret."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:84
+msgid ""
+"In order to explain my ideas on the subject, I'd like to review the history "
+"of the distribution of information and of copyright. In the ancient world, "
+"books were written by hand with a pen, and anybody who knew how to read and "
+"write could copy a book about as efficiently as anybody else. Now somebody "
+"who did it all day would probably learn to be somewhat better at it, but "
+"there was not a tremendous difference. And because the copies were made one "
+"at a time, there was no great economy of scale. Making ten copies took ten "
+"times as long as making one copy. There was also nothing forcing "
+"centralization; a book could be copied anywhere."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:95
+msgid ""
+"Now because of this technology, because it didn't force copies to be "
+"identical, there wasn't in the ancient world the same total divide between "
+"copying a book and writing a book. There are things in between that made "
+"sense. They did understand the idea of an author. They knew, say, that "
+"this play was written by Sophocles but in between writing a book and copying "
+"a book, there were other useful things you could do. For instance, you "
+"could copy a part of a book, then write some new words, copy some more and "
+"write some new words and on and on. This was called “writing a "
+"commentary” — that was a common thing to do — and these "
+"commentaries were appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:107
+msgid ""
+"You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other words, "
+"and copy a passage from another book and write some more and so on, and this "
+"was making a compendium. Compendia were also very useful. There are works "
+"that are lost but parts of them survived when they were quoted into other "
+"books that got to be more popular than the original. Maybe they copied the "
+"most interesting parts, and so people made a lot of copies of these, but "
+"they didn't bother copying the original because it wasn't interesting "
+"enough."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:116
+msgid ""
+"Now as far as I can tell, there was no such thing as copyright in the "
+"ancient world. Anyone who wanted to copy a book could copy the book. Later "
+"on, the printing press was developed and books started to be copied on the "
+"printing press. Now the printing press was not just a quantitative "
+"improvement in the ease of copying. It affected different kinds of copying "
+"unevenly because it introduced an inherent economy of scale. It was a lot "
+"of work to set the type and much less work to make many identical copies of "
+"the page. So the result was that copying books tended to become a "
+"centralized, mass-production activity. Copies of any given book would "
+"probably be made in only a few places."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:128
+msgid ""
+"It also meant that ordinary readers couldn't copy books efficiently. Only "
+"if you had a printing press could you do that. So it was an industrial "
+"activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:132
+msgid ""
+"Now for the first few centuries of printing, printed books did not totally "
+"replace hand-copying. Hand-copied books were still made, sometimes by rich "
+"people and sometimes by poor people. The rich people did this to get an "
+"especially beautiful copy that would show how rich they were, and poor "
+"people did it because maybe they didn't have enough money to buy a printed "
+"copy but they had the time to copy a book by hand. As the song says, "
+"“Time ain't money when all you got is time.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:141
+msgid ""
+"So hand-copying was still done to some extent. I think it was in the 1800s "
+"that printing actually got to be cheap enough that even poor people could "
+"afford printed books if they were literate."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:145
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright was developed along with the use of the printing press and "
+"given the technology of the printing press, it had the effect of an "
+"industrial regulation. It didn't restrict what readers could do; it "
+"restricted what publishers and authors could do. Copyright in England was "
+"initially a form of censorship. You had to get government permission to "
+"publish the book. But the idea has changed. By the time of the "
+"U.S. Constitution, people came to a different idea of the purpose of "
+"copyright, and I think that that idea was accepted in England as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:155
+msgid ""
+"For the U.S. Constitution it was proposed that authors should be entitled to "
+"a copyright, a monopoly on copying their books. This proposal was "
+"rejected. Instead, a crucially different proposal was adopted which is "
+"that, for the sake of promoting progress, Congress could optionally "
+"establish a copyright system that would create these monopolies. So the "
+"monopolies, according to the U.S. Constitution, do not exist for the sake of "
+"those who own them; they exist for the sake of promoting the progress of "
+"science. The monopolies are handed out to authors as a way of modifying "
+"their behavior to get them to do something that serves the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:166
+msgid ""
+"So the goal is more written and published books which other people can then "
+"read. And this is believed to contribute to increased literary activity, "
+"increased writing about science and other fields, and society then learns "
+"through this. That's the purpose to be served. The creation of private "
+"monopolies was a means to an end only, and the end is a public end."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:173
+msgid ""
+"Now copyright in the age of the printing press was fairly painless because "
+"it was an industrial regulation. It restricted only the activities of "
+"publishers and authors. Well, in some strict sense, the poor people who "
+"copied books by hand may have been infringing copyright, too. But nobody "
+"ever tried to enforce copyright against them because it was understood as an "
+"industrial regulation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:180
+msgid ""
+"Copyright in the age of the printing press was also easy to enforce because "
+"it had to be enforced only where there was a publisher, and publishers, by "
+"their nature, make themselves known. If you're trying to sell books, you've "
+"got to tell people where to come to buy them. You don't have to go into "
+"everybody's house to enforce copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:186
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, copyright may have been a beneficial system in that context. "
+"Copyright in the U.S. is considered by legal scholars as a trade, a bargain "
+"between the public and authors. The public trades away some of its natural "
+"rights to make copies, and in exchange gets the benefit of more books' being "
+"written and published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:192
+msgid ""
+"Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make "
+"copies because they can only be efficiently made on printing presses — "
+"and most people don't own printing presses — the result is that the "
+"general public is trading away a freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom "
+"that is of no practical value. So if you have something that is a byproduct "
+"of your life and it's useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it "
+"for something else of any value, you're gaining. So that's why copyright "
+"may have been an advantageous trade for the public in that time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:202
+msgid ""
+"But the context is changing, and that has to change our ethical evaluation "
+"of copyright. Now the basic principles of ethics are not changed by "
+"advances in technology; they're too fundamental to be touched by such "
+"contingencies. But our decision about any specific question is a matter of "
+"the consequences of the alternatives available, and the consequences of a "
+"given choice may change when the context changes. That is what is happening "
+"in the area of copyright law because the age of the printing press is coming "
+"to an end, giving way gradually to the age of the computer networks."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:212
+msgid ""
+"Computer networks and digital information technology are bringing us back to "
+"a world more like the ancient world where anyone who can read and use the "
+"information can also copy it and can make copies about as easily as anyone "
+"else could make them. They are perfect copies and they're just as good as "
+"the copies anyone else could make. So the centralization and economy of "
+"scale introduced by the printing press and similar technologies is going "
+"away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:220
+msgid ""
+"And this changing context changes the way copyright law works. You see, "
+"copyright law no longer acts as an industrial regulation; it is now a "
+"Draconian restriction on a general public. It used to be a restriction on "
+"publishers for the sake of authors. Now, for practical purposes, it's a "
+"restriction on a public for the sake of publishers. Copyright used to be "
+"fairly painless and uncontroversial. It didn't restrict the general "
+"public. Now that's not true. If you have a computer, the publishers "
+"consider restricting you to be their highest priority. Copyright was easy "
+"to enforce because it was a restriction only on publishers who were easy to "
+"find and what they published was easy to see. Now the copyright is a "
+"restriction on each and everyone of you. To enforce it requires "
+"surveillance — an intrusion — and harsh punishments, and we are "
+"seeing these being enacted into law in the U.S. and other countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:235
+msgid ""
+"And copyright used to be, arguably, an advantageous trade for the public to "
+"make because the public was trading away freedoms it couldn't exercise. "
+"Well, now it can exercise these freedoms. What do you do if you have been "
+"producing a byproduct which was of no use to you and you were in the habit "
+"of trading it away and then, all of a sudden, you discover a use for it? You "
+"can actually consume it, use it. What do you do? You don't trade at all; "
+"you keep some. And that's what the public would naturally want to do. "
+"That's what the public does whenever it's given a chance to voice its "
+"preference; it keeps some of this freedom and exercises it. Napster is a "
+"big example of that, the public deciding to exercise the freedom to copy "
+"instead of giving it up. So the natural thing for us to do to make "
+"copyright law fit today's circumstances is to reduce the amount of copyright "
+"power that copyright owners get, to reduce the amount of restriction that "
+"they place on the public and to increase the freedom that the public "
+"retains."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:252
+msgid ""
+"But this is not what the publishers want to do. What they want to do is "
+"exactly the opposite. They wish to increase copyright powers to the point "
+"where they can remain firmly in control of all use of information. This has "
+"led to laws that have given an unprecedented increase in the powers of "
+"copyright. Freedoms that the public used to have in the age of the printing "
+"press are being taken away."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:259
+msgid ""
+"For instance, let's look at e-books. There's a tremendous amount of hype "
+"about e-books; you can hardly avoid it. I took a flight in Brazil and in "
+"the in-flight magazine, there was an article saying that maybe it would take "
+"10 or 20 years before we all switched to e-books. Clearly, this kind of "
+"campaign comes from somebody paying for it. Now why are they doing that? I "
+"think I know. The reason is that e-books are the opportunity to take away "
+"some of the residual freedoms that readers of printed books have always had "
+"and still have — the freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your "
+"friend or borrow it from the public library or sell a copy to a used "
+"bookstore or buy a copy anonymously, without putting a record in the "
+"database of who bought that particular book. And maybe even the right to "
+"read it twice."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:272
+msgid ""
+"These are freedoms that the publishers would like to take away, but they "
+"can't do this for printed books because that would be too obvious a "
+"power-grab and would raise an outcry. So they have found an indirect "
+"strategy: First, they obtain the legislation to take away these freedoms for "
+"e-books when there are no e-books; so there's no controversy. There are no "
+"pre-existing users of e-books who are accustomed to their freedoms and will "
+"defend them. That they obtained with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act "
+"in 1998. Then they introduce e-books and gradually get everybody to switch "
+"from printed books to e-books and eventually the result is, readers have "
+"lost these freedoms without ever having an instant when those freedoms were "
+"being taken away and when they might have fought back to retain them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:285
+msgid ""
+"We see at the same time efforts to take away people's freedom in using other "
+"kinds of published works. For instance, movies that are on DVDs are "
+"published in an encrypted format that used to be secret — it was meant "
+"to be secret — and the only way the movie companies would tell you the "
+"format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if you signed a contract to "
+"build certain restrictions into the player, with the result that the public "
+"would be stopped even from fully exercising their legal rights. Then a few "
+"clever programmers in Europe figured out the format of DVDs and they wrote a "
+"free software package that would read a DVD. This made it possible to use "
+"free software on top of the GNU+Linux operating system to watch the DVD that "
+"you had bought, which is a perfectly legitimate thing to do. You ought to "
+"be able to do that with free software."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:299
+msgid ""
+"But the movie companies objected and they went to court. You see, the movie "
+"companies used to make a lot of films where there was a mad scientist and "
+"somebody was saying, “But, Doctor, there are some things Man was not "
+"meant to know.” They must have watched their own films too much "
+"because they came to believe that the format of DVDs is something that Man "
+"was not meant to know. And they obtained a ruling for total censorship of "
+"the software for playing DVDs. Even making a link to a site where this "
+"information is legally available outside the U.S. has been prohibited. An "
+"appeal has been made against this ruling. I signed a friend-of-the-court "
+"brief in that appeal, I'm proud to say, although I'm playing a fairly small "
+"role in that particular battle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:312
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. government intervened directly on the other side. This is not "
+"surprising when you consider why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act was "
+"passed in the first place. The reason is the campaign finance system that "
+"we have in the U.S., which is essentially legalized bribery where the "
+"candidates are bought by business before they even get elected. And, of "
+"course, they know who their master is — they know whom they're working "
+"for — and they pass the laws to give business more power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:321
+msgid ""
+"What will happen with that particular battle, we don't know. But meanwhile "
+"Australia has passed a similar law and Europe is almost finished adopting "
+"one; so the plan is to leave no place on earth where this information can be "
+"made available to people. But the U.S. remains the world leader in trying "
+"to stop the public from distributing information that's been published."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:328
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. though is not the first country to make a priority of this. The "
+"Soviet Union treated it as very important. There this unauthorized copying "
+"and re-distribution was known as Samizdat and to stamp it out, they "
+"developed a series of methods: First, guards watching every piece of copying "
+"equipment to check what people were copying to prevent forbidden copying. "
+"Second, harsh punishments for anyone caught doing forbidden copying. You "
+"could be sent to Siberia. Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to "
+"rat on their neighbors and co-workers to the information police. Fourth, "
+"collective responsibility — You! You're going to watch that group! If "
+"I catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison. So "
+"watch them hard. And, fifth, propaganda, starting in childhood to convince "
+"everyone that only a horrible enemy of the people would ever do this "
+"forbidden copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:343
+msgid ""
+"The U.S. is using all of these measures now. First, guards watching copying "
+"equipment. Well, in copy stores, they have human guards to check what you "
+"copy. But human guards to watch what you copy in your computer would be too "
+"expensive; human labor is too expensive. So they have robot guards. That's "
+"the purpose of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This software goes in "
+"your computer; it's the only way you can access certain data and it stops "
+"you from copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:351
+msgid ""
+"There's a plan now to introduce this software into every hard disk, so that "
+"there could be files on your hard disk that you can't even access except by "
+"getting permission from some network server to access the file. And to "
+"bypass this software or even tell other people how to bypass it is a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:357
+msgid ""
+"Second, harsh punishments. A few years ago, if you made copies of something "
+"and handed them out to your friends just to be helpful, this was not a "
+"crime; it had never been a crime in the U.S. Then they made it a felony, so "
+"you could be put in prisons for years for sharing with your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:363
+msgid ""
+"Third, informers. Well, you may have seen the ads on TV, the ads in the "
+"Boston subways asking people to rat on their co-workers to the information "
+"police, which officially is called the Software Publishers Association."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:368
+msgid ""
+"And fourth, collective responsibility. In the U.S., this has been done by "
+"conscripting Internet service providers, making them legally responsible for "
+"everything their customers post. The only way they can avoid always being "
+"held responsible is if they have an invariable procedure to disconnect or "
+"remove the information within two weeks after a complaint. Just a few days "
+"ago, I heard that a clever protest site criticizing City Bank for some of "
+"its nasty policies was disconnected in this way. Nowadays, you don't even "
+"get your day in court; your site just gets unplugged."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:378
+msgid ""
+"And, finally, propaganda, starting in childhood. That's what the word "
+"“pirate” is used for. If you'll think back a few years, the "
+"term “pirate” was formerly applied to publishers that didn't pay "
+"the author. But now it's been turned completely around. It's now applied "
+"to members of the public who escape from the control of the publisher. It's "
+"being used to convince people that only a nasty enemy of the people would "
+"ever do this forbidden copying. It says that “sharing with your "
+"neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship.” I hope that you "
+"don't agree with that and if you don't, I hope you will refuse to use the "
+"word in that way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:389
+msgid ""
+"So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power. In "
+"addition, they're also extending the length of time the copyright lasts. "
+"The U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but "
+"the publishers want copyright to last forever. However, getting a "
+"constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier "
+"way that achieves the same result. Every 20 years they retroactively extend "
+"copyright by 20 years. So the result is, at any given time, copyright "
+"nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally "
+"expire some day. But that expiration will never be reached because every "
+"copyright will be extended by 20 years every 20 years; thus no work will "
+"ever go into the public domain again. This has been called “perpetual "
+"copyright on the installment plan.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:403
+msgid ""
+"The law in 1998 that extended copyright by 20 years is known as the "
+"“Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act” because one of the main "
+"sponsors of this law was Disney. Disney realized that the copyright on "
+"Mickey Mouse was going to expire, and they don't want that to ever happen "
+"because they make a lot of money from that copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:410
+msgid ""
+"Now the original title of this talk was supposed to be “Copyright and "
+"Globalization.” If you look at globalization, what you see is that "
+"it's carried out by a number of policies which are done in the name of "
+"economic efficiency or so-called free-trade treaties, which really are "
+"designed to give business power over laws and policies. They're not really "
+"about free trade. They're about a transfer of power: removing the power to "
+"decide laws from the citizens of any country who might conceivably consider "
+"their own interests and giving that power to businesses who will not "
+"consider the interests of those citizens."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:421
+msgid ""
+"Democracy is the problem in their view, and these treaties are designed to "
+"put an end to the problem. For instance, <abbr title=\"North American Free "
+"Trade Agreement\">NAFTA</abbr> actually contains provisions, I believe, "
+"allowing companies to sue another government to get rid of a law that they "
+"believe is interfering with their profits in the other country. So foreign "
+"companies have more power than citizens of the country."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:429
+msgid ""
+"There are attempts being made to extend this beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>. For "
+"instance, this is one of the goals of the so-called free trade area of the "
+"Americas, to extend this principle to all the countries in South America and "
+"the Caribbean as well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was "
+"intended to spread it to the whole world."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:436
+msgid ""
+"One thing we've seen in the '90s is that these treaties begin to impose "
+"copyright throughout the world, and in more powerful and restrictive ways. "
+"These treaties are not free-trade treaties. They're actually "
+"corporate-controlled trade treaties being used to give corporations control "
+"over world trade, in order to eliminate free trade."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:443
+msgid ""
+"When the U.S. was a developing country in the 1800s, the U.S. did not "
+"recognize foreign copyrights. This was a decision made carefully, and it "
+"was an intelligent decision. It was acknowledged that for the U.S. to "
+"recognize foreign copyrights would just be disadvantageous, that it would "
+"suck money out and wouldn't do much good."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:449
+msgid ""
+"The same logic would apply today to developing countries but the U.S. has "
+"sufficient power to force them to go against their interests. Actually, "
+"it's a mistake to speak of the interests of countries in this context. In "
+"fact, I'm sure that most of you have heard about the fallacy of trying to "
+"judge the public interest by adding up everybody's wealth. If working "
+"Americans lost $1 billion and Bill Gates gained $2 billion, would Americans "
+"generally be better off? Would this be good for America? Or if you look only "
+"at the total, it looks like it's good. However, this example really shows "
+"that the total is the wrong way to judge because Bill Gates really doesn't "
+"need another $2 billion, but the loss of the $1 billion by other people who "
+"don't have as much to start with might be painful. Well, in a discussion "
+"about any of these trade treaties, when you hear people talk about the "
+"interests of this country or that country, what they're doing, within each "
+"country, is adding up everybody's income. The rich people and the poor "
+"people are being added up. So it's actually an excuse to apply that same "
+"fallacy to get you to ignore the effect on the distribution of wealth within "
+"the country and whether the treaty is going to make that more uneven, as it "
+"has done in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:469
+msgid ""
+"So it's really not the U.S. interest that is being served by enforcing "
+"copyright around the world. It's the interests of certain business owners, "
+"many of whom are in the U.S. and some of whom are in other countries. It "
+"doesn't, in any sense, serve the public interest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:474
+msgid ""
+"But what would make sense to do? If we believe in the goal of copyright "
+"stated, for instance in the U.S. Constitution, the goal of promoting "
+"progress, what would be intelligent policies to use in the age of the "
+"computer network? Clearly, instead of increasing copyright powers, we have "
+"to pull them back so as to give the general public a certain domain of "
+"freedom where they can make use of the benefits of digital technology, make "
+"use of their computer networks. But how far should that go? That's an "
+"interesting question because I don't think we should necessarily abolish "
+"copyright totally. The idea of trading some freedoms for more progress "
+"might still be an advantageous trade at a certain level, even if traditional "
+"copyright gives up too much freedom. But in order to think about this "
+"intelligently, the first thing we have to recognize is, there's no reason to "
+"make it totally uniform. There's no reason to insist on making the same "
+"deal for all kinds of work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:490
+msgid ""
+"In fact, that already isn't the case because there are a lot of exceptions "
+"for music. Music is treated very differently under copyright law. But the "
+"arbitrary insistence on uniformity is used by the publishers in a certain "
+"clever way. They pick some peculiar special case and they make an argument "
+"that, in that special case, it would be advantageous to have this much "
+"copyright. And then they say that for uniformity's sake, there has to be "
+"this much copyright for everything. So, of course, they pick the special "
+"case where they can make the strongest argument, even if it's a rather rare "
+"special case and not really very important overall."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:501
+msgid ""
+"But maybe we should have that much copyright for that particular special "
+"case. We don't have to pay the same price for everything we buy. A "
+"thousand dollars for a new car might be a very good deal. A thousand "
+"dollars for a container of milk is a horrible deal. You wouldn't pay the "
+"special price for everything you buy in other areas of life. Why do it "
+"here?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:508
+msgid ""
+"So we need to look at different kinds of works, and I'd like to propose a "
+"way of doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:511
+msgid ""
+"This includes recipes, computer programs, manuals and textbooks, reference "
+"works like dictionaries and encyclopedias. For all these functional works, "
+"I believe that the issues are basically the same as they are for software "
+"and the same conclusions apply. People should have the freedom even to "
+"publish a modified version because it's very useful to modify functional "
+"works. People's needs are not all the same. If I wrote this work to do the "
+"job I think needs doing, your idea as a job you want to do may be somewhat "
+"different. So you want to modify this work to do what's good for you. At "
+"that point, there may be other people who have similar needs to yours, and "
+"your modified version might be good for them. Everybody who cooks knows "
+"this and has known this for hundreds of years. It's normal to make copies "
+"of recipes and hand them out to other people, and it's also normal to change "
+"a recipe. If you change the recipe and cook it for your friends and they "
+"like eating it, they might ask you, “Could I have the recipe?” "
+"Then maybe you'll write down your version and give them copies. That is "
+"exactly the same thing that we much later started doing in the free-software "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:530
+msgid ""
+"So that's one class of work. The second class of work is works whose "
+"purpose is to say what certain people think. Talking about those people is "
+"their purpose. This includes, say, memoirs, essays of opinion, scientific "
+"papers, offers to buy and sell, catalogues of goods for sale. The whole "
+"point of those works is that they tell you what somebody thinks or what "
+"somebody saw or what somebody believes. To modify them is to misrepresent "
+"the authors; so modifying these works is not a socially useful activity. "
+"And so verbatim copying is the only thing that people really need to be "
+"allowed to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:540
+msgid ""
+"The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial verbatim "
+"copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are two different "
+"activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider the questions "
+"separately — the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying and the "
+"right to do commercial verbatim copying. Well, it might be a good "
+"compromise policy to have copyright cover commercial verbatim copying but "
+"allow everyone the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying. This way, "
+"the copyright on the commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified "
+"versions — only the author could approve a modified version — "
+"would still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the "
+"writing of these works, to whatever extent it does."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:553
+msgid ""
+"By allowing the non-commercial verbatim copying, it means the copyright no "
+"longer has to intrude into everybody's home. It becomes an industrial "
+"regulation again, easy to enforce and painless, no longer requiring "
+"draconian punishments and informers for the sake of its enforcement. So we "
+"get most of the benefit — and avoid most of the horror — of the "
+"current system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:560
+msgid ""
+"The third category of works is aesthetic or entertaining works, where the "
+"most important thing is just the sensation of looking at the work. Now for "
+"these works, the issue of modification is a very difficult one because on "
+"the one hand, there is the idea that these works reflect the vision of an "
+"artist and to change them is to mess up that vision. On the other hand, you "
+"have the fact that there is the folk process, where a sequence of people "
+"modifying a work can sometimes produce a result that is extremely rich. "
+"Even when you have artists' producing the works, borrowing from previous "
+"works is often very useful. Some of Shakespeare's plays used a story that "
+"was taken from some other play. If today's copyright laws had been in "
+"effect back then, those plays would have been illegal. So it's a hard "
+"question what we should do about publishing modified versions of an "
+"aesthetic or an artistic work, and we might have to look for further "
+"subdivisions of the category in order to solve this problem. For example, "
+"maybe computer game scenarios should be treated one way; maybe everybody "
+"should be free to publish modified versions of them. But perhaps a novel "
+"should be treated differently; perhaps for that, commercial publication "
+"should require an arrangement with the original author."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:581
+msgid ""
+"Now if commercial publication of these aesthetic works is covered by "
+"copyright, that will give most of the revenue stream that exists today to "
+"support the authors and musicians, to the limited extent that the present "
+"system supports them, because it does a very bad job. So that might be a "
+"reasonable compromise, just as in the case of the works which represent "
+"certain people."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:588
+msgid ""
+"If we look ahead to the time when the age of the computer networks will have "
+"fully begun, when we're past this transitional stage, we can envision "
+"another way for the authors to get money for their work. Imagine that we "
+"have a digital cash system that enables you to get money for your work. "
+"Imagine that we have a digital cash system that enables you to send somebody "
+"else money through the Internet; this can be done in various ways using "
+"encryption, for instance. And imagine that verbatim copying of all these "
+"aesthetic works is permitted. But they're written in such a way that when "
+"you are playing one or reading one or watching one, a box appears on the "
+"side of your screen that says, “Click here to send a dollar to the "
+"author,” or the musician or whatever. And it just sits there; it "
+"doesn't get in your way; it's on the side. It doesn't interfere with you, "
+"but it's there, reminding you that it's a good thing to support the writers "
+"and the musicians."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:604
+msgid ""
+"So if you love the work that you're reading or listening to, eventually "
+"you're going to say, “Why shouldn't I give these people a dollar? It's "
+"only a dollar. What's that? I won't even miss it.” And people will "
+"start sending a dollar. The good thing about this is that it makes copying "
+"the ally of the authors and musicians. When somebody e-mails a friend a "
+"copy, that friend might send a dollar, too. If you really love it, you "
+"might send a dollar more than once and that dollar is more than they're "
+"going to get today if you buy the book or buy the CD because they get a tiny "
+"fraction of the sale. The same publishers that are demanding total power "
+"over the public in the name of the authors and musicians are giving those "
+"authors and musicians the shaft all the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:617
+msgid ""
+"I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in “Salon” "
+"magazine, an article about pirates that plan to use musicians' work without "
+"paying them. These pirates are the record companies that pay musicians 4% "
+"of the sales figures, on the average. Of course, the very successful "
+"musicians have more clout. They get more than 4% of their large sales "
+"figures, which means that the great run of musicians who have a record "
+"contract get less than 4% of their small sales figures."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:626
+msgid ""
+"Here's the way it works: The record company spends money on publicity and "
+"they consider this expenditure as an advance to the musicians, although the "
+"musicians never see it. So nominally when you buy a CD, a certain fraction "
+"of that money is going to the musicians, but really it isn't. Really, it's "
+"going to pay back the publicity expenses, and only if the musicians are very "
+"successful do they ever see any of that money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:634
+msgid ""
+"The musicians, of course, sign their record contracts because they hope "
+"they're going to be one of those few who strike it rich. So essentially a "
+"rolling lottery is being offered to the musicians to tempt them. Although "
+"they're good at music, they may not be good at careful, logical reasoning to "
+"see through this trap. So they sign and then probably all they get is "
+"publicity. Well, why don't we give them publicity in a different way, not "
+"through a system that's based on restricting the public and a system of the "
+"industrial complex that saddles us with lousy music that's easy to sell. "
+"Instead, why not make the listener's natural impulse to share the music they "
+"love the ally of the musicians? If we have this box that appears in the "
+"player as a way to send a dollar to the musicians, then the computer "
+"networks could be the mechanism for giving the musicians this publicity, the "
+"same publicity which is all they get from record contracts now."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:649
+msgid ""
+"We have to recognize that the existing copyright system does a lousy job of "
+"supporting musicians, just as lousy as world trade does of raising living "
+"standards in the Philippines and China. You have these enterprise zones "
+"where everyone works in a sweatshop and all of the products are made in "
+"sweatshops. I knew that globalization was a very inefficient way of raising "
+"living standards of people overseas. Say, an American is getting paid $20 "
+"an hour to make something and you give that job to a Mexican who is getting "
+"paid maybe six dollars a day, what has happened here is that you've taken a "
+"large amount of money away from an American worker, given a tiny fraction, "
+"like a few percents, to a Mexican worker and given back the rest to the "
+"company. So if your goal is to raise the living standards of Mexican "
+"workers, this is a lousy way to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:663
+msgid ""
+"It's interesting to see how the same phenomenon is going on in the copyright "
+"industry, the same general idea. In the name of these workers who certainly "
+"deserve something, you propose measures that give them a tiny bit and really "
+"mainly prop up the power of corporations to control our lives."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:669
+msgid ""
+"If you're trying to replace a very good system, you have to work very hard "
+"to come up with a better alternative. If you know that the present system "
+"is lousy, it's not so hard to find a better alternative; the standard of "
+"comparison today is very low. We must always remember that when we consider "
+"issues of copyright policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:675
+msgid ""
+"So I think I've said most of what I want to say. I'd like to mention that "
+"tomorrow is Phone-In Sick Day in Canada. Tomorrow is the beginning of a "
+"summit to finish negotiating the free trade area of the Americas to try to "
+"extend corporate power throughout additional countries, and a big protest is "
+"being planned for Quebec. We've seen extreme methods being used to smash "
+"this protest. A lot of Americans are being blocked from entering Canada "
+"through the border that they're supposed to be allowed to enter through at "
+"any time. On the flimsiest of excuses, a wall has been built around the "
+"center of Quebec to be used as a fortress to keep protesters out. We've "
+"seen a large number of different dirty tricks used against public protest "
+"against these treaties. So whatever democracy remains to us after "
+"government powers have been taken away from democratically elected governors "
+"and given to businesses and to unelected international bodies, whatever is "
+"left after that may not survive the suppression of public protest against "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:692
+msgid ""
+"I've dedicated 17 years of my life to working on free software and allied "
+"issues. I didn't do this because I think it's the most important political "
+"issue in the world. I did it because it was the area where I saw I had to "
+"use my skills to do a lot of good. But what's happened is that the general "
+"issues of politics have evolved, and the biggest political issue in the "
+"world today is resisting the tendency to give business power over the public "
+"and governments. I see free software and the allied questions for other "
+"kinds of information that I've been discussing today as one part of that "
+"major issue. So I've indirectly found myself working on that issue. I hope "
+"I contribute something to the effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:704
+msgid "<b>RESPONSE</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:706
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: We'll turn to the audience for questions and comments in a "
+"moment. But let me offer a brief general response. It seems to me that the "
+"strongest and most important practical guidance that Stallman offers us has "
+"two key elements. One is the recognition that old assumptions about "
+"copyright, old usages of copyright are inappropriate; they are challenged or "
+"undermined by the advent of the computer and computer networks. That may be "
+"obvious, but it is essential."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:715
+msgid ""
+"Second is the recognition that the digital era requires us to reconsider how "
+"we distinguish and weigh forms of intellectual and creative labor. Stallman "
+"is surely right that certain kinds of intellectual enterprises justify more "
+"copyright protection than others. Trying to identify systematically these "
+"different kinds or levels of copyright protection seems to me a valuable way "
+"to engage with the problems for intellectual work posed by the advent of the "
+"computer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:724
+msgid ""
+"But I think I detect another theme that lies beneath what Stallman has been "
+"saying and that isn't really directly about computers at all, but more "
+"broadly about questions of democratic authority and the power that "
+"government and corporations increasingly exercise over our lives. This "
+"populist and anti-corporate side to Stallman's discourse is nourishing but "
+"also reductive, potentially simplifying. And it is also perhaps overly "
+"idealistic. For example, how would a novelist or a poet or a songwriter or "
+"a musician or the author of an academic textbook survive in this brave new "
+"world where people are encouraged but not required to pay authors. In other "
+"words, it seems to me, the gap between existing practice and the visionary "
+"possibilities Stallman speculates about is still immensely wide."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:737
+msgid ""
+"So I'll conclude by asking if Stallman would like to expand a bit on certain "
+"aspects of his talk and, specifically, whether he has further thoughts about "
+"the way in which what we'll call “traditional creators” would be "
+"protected under his copyright system."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:742
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: First of all, I have to point out that we shouldn't use the "
+"term “protection” to describe what copyright does. Copyright "
+"restricts people. The term “protection” is a propaganda term of "
+"the copyright-owning businesses. The term “protection“ means "
+"stopping something from being somehow destroyed. Well, I don't think a song "
+"is destroyed if there are more copies of it being played more. I don't "
+"think that a novel is destroyed if more people are reading copies of it, "
+"either. So I won't use that word. I think it leads people to identify with "
+"the wrong party."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:753
+msgid ""
+"Also, it's a very bad idea to think about intellectual property for two "
+"reasons: First, it prejudges the most fundamental question in the area which "
+"is: How should these things be treated and should they be treated as a kind "
+"of property? To use the term “intellectual property” to describe "
+"the area is to presuppose the answer is “yes,” that that's the "
+"way to treat things, not some other way."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:761
+msgid ""
+"Second, it encourages over-generalization. Intellectual property is a "
+"catch-all for several different legal systems with independent origins such "
+"as, copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and some other things as "
+"well. They are almost completely different; they have nothing in common. "
+"But people who hear the term “intellectual property” are led to "
+"a false picture where they imagine that there's a general principle of "
+"intellectual property that was applied to specific areas, so they assume "
+"that these various areas of the law are similar. This leads not only to "
+"confused thinking about what is right to do, it leads people to fail to "
+"understand what the law actually says because they suppose that the "
+"copyright law and patent law and trademark law are similar, when, in fact, "
+"they are totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:775
+msgid ""
+"So if you want to encourage careful thinking and clear understanding of what "
+"the law says, avoid the term “intellectual property.” Talk about "
+"copyrights. Or talk about patents. Or talk about trademarks or whichever "
+"subject you want to talk about. But don't talk about intellectual "
+"property. Opinion about intellectual property almost has to be a foolish "
+"one. I don't have an opinion about intellectual property. I have opinions "
+"about copyrights and patents and trademarks, and they're different. I came "
+"to them through different thought processes because those systems of law are "
+"totally different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:786
+msgid "Anyway, I made that digression, but it's terribly important."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:788
+msgid ""
+"So let me now get to the point. Of course, we can't see now how well it "
+"would work, whether it would work to ask people to pay money voluntarily to "
+"the authors and musicians they love. One thing that's obvious is that how "
+"well such a system would work is proportional to the number of people who "
+"are participating in the network, and that number, we know, is going to "
+"increase by an order of magnitude over a number of years. If we tried it "
+"today, it might fail, and that wouldn't prove anything because with ten "
+"times as money people participating, it might work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:798
+msgid ""
+"The other thing is, we do not have this digital cash payment system; so we "
+"can't really try it today. You could try to do something a little bit like "
+"it. There are services you can sign up for where you can pay money to "
+"someone — things like Pay Pal. But before you can pay anyone through "
+"Pay Pal, you have to go through a lot of rigmarole and give them personal "
+"information about you, and they collect records of whom you pay. Can you "
+"trust them not to misuse that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:807
+msgid ""
+"So the dollar might not discourage you, but the trouble it takes to pay "
+"might discourage you. The whole idea of this is that it should be as easy "
+"as falling off a log to pay when you get the urge, so that there's nothing "
+"to discourage you except the actual amount of money. And if that's small "
+"enough, why should it discourage you. We know, though, that fans can really "
+"love musicians, and we know that encouraging fans to copy and re-distribute "
+"the music has been done by some bands that were, and are, quite successful "
+"like the “Grateful Dead.” They didn't have any trouble making a "
+"living from their music because they encouraged fans to tape it and copy the "
+"tapes. They didn't even lose their record sales."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:819
+msgid ""
+"We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age of the "
+"computer network, but it's not happening in a day. People are still buying "
+"lots of records, and that will probably continue for many years — "
+"maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having copyrights that "
+"still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do about as good a job "
+"of supporting musicians as it does today. Of course, that's not very good, "
+"but, at least, it won't get any worse."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:828
+msgid "<b>DISCUSSION</b>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:830
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: [A comment and and question about free downloading and "
+"about Stephen King's attempt to market one of his novels serially over the "
+"web.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:834
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes, it's interesting to know what he did and what "
+"happened. When I first heard about that, I was elated. I thought, maybe he "
+"was taking a step towards a world that is not based on trying to maintain an "
+"iron grip on the public. Then I saw that he had actually written to ask "
+"people to pay. To explain what he did, he was publishing a novel as a "
+"serial, by installments, and he said, “If I get enough money, I'll "
+"release more.” But the request he wrote was hardly a request. It "
+"brow-beat the reader. It said, “If you don't pay, then you're evil. "
+"And if there are too many of you who are evil, then I'm just going to stop "
+"writing this.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:846
+msgid ""
+"Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending you "
+"money. You've got to make them love you, not fear you."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:849
+msgid ""
+"<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage "
+"— I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct — "
+"of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar "
+"or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude. You had to type in "
+"your name and your e-mail address and some other information to get to "
+"download it and if that percentage of people was not reached after the first "
+"chapter, he said that he would not release another chapter. It was very "
+"antagonistic to the public downloading it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:859
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Isn't the scheme where there's no copyright but people are "
+"asked to make voluntary donations open to abuse by people plagiarizing?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:863
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No. That's not what I proposed. Remember, I'm proposing "
+"that there should be copyright covering commercial distribution and "
+"permitting only verbatim re-distribution non-commercially. So anyone who "
+"modified it to put in a pointer to his website, instead of a pointer to the "
+"real author's website, would still be infringing the copyright and could be "
+"sued exactly as he could be sued today."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:870
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: I see. So you're still imagining a world in which there is "
+"copyright?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:873
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes. As I've said, for those kinds of works. I'm not "
+"saying that everything should be permitted. I'm proposing to reduce "
+"copyright powers, not abolish them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:877
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: I guess one question that occurred to me while you were "
+"speaking, Richard, and, again, now when you're responding here to this "
+"question is why you don't consider the ways in which the computer, itself, "
+"eliminates the middle men completely — in the way that Stephen King "
+"refused to do — and might establish a personal relationship."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:884
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation is "
+"one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:887
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: You think of that as not involving going through a "
+"publisher at all?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:890
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely not. I hope it won't, you see, because the "
+"publishers exploit the authors terribly. When you ask the publishers' "
+"representatives about this, they say, “Well, yes, if an author or if a "
+"band doesn't want to go through us, they shouldn't be legally required to go "
+"through us.” But, in fact, they're doing their utmost to set it up so "
+"that will not be feasible. For instance, they're proposing restricted "
+"copying media formats and in order to publish in these formats, you'll have "
+"to go through the big publishers because they won't tell anyone else how to "
+"do it. So they're hoping for a world where the players will play these "
+"formats, and in order to get anything that you can play on those players, "
+"it'll have to come through the publishers. So, in fact, while there's no "
+"law against an author or a musician publishing directly, it won't be "
+"feasible. There's also the lure of maybe hitting it rich. They say, "
+"“We'll publicize you and maybe you'll hit it as rich as the "
+"Beatles.” Take your pick of some very successful group and, of course, "
+"only a tiny fraction of musicians are going to have that happen. But they "
+"may be drawn by that into signing contracts that will lock them down "
+"forever."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:910
+msgid ""
+"Publishers tend to be very bad at respecting their contracts with authors. "
+"For instance, book contracts typically have said that if a book goes out of "
+"print, the rights revert to the author, and publishers have generally not "
+"been very good about living up to that clause. They often have to be "
+"forced. Well, what they're starting to do now is use electronic publication "
+"as an excuse to say that it's never going out of print; so they never have "
+"to give the rights back. Their idea is, when the author has no clout, get "
+"him to sign up and from then on, he has no power; it's only the publisher "
+"that has the power."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:921
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Would it be good to have free licenses for various kinds of "
+"works that protect for every user the freedom to copy them in whatever is "
+"the appropriate way for that kind of work?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:925
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, people are working on this. But for non-functional "
+"works, one thing doesn't substitute for another. Let's look at a functional "
+"kind of work, say, a word processor. Well, if somebody makes a free word "
+"processor, you can use that; you don't need the non-free word processors. "
+"But I wouldn't say that one free song substitutes for all the non-free songs "
+"or that a one free novel substitutes for all the non-free novels. For those "
+"kinds of works, it's different. So what I think we simply have to do is to "
+"recognize that these laws do not deserve to be respected. It's not wrong to "
+"share with your neighbor, and if anyone tries to tell you that you cannot "
+"share with your neighbor, you should not listen to him."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:937
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: With regard to the functional works, how do you, in your "
+"own thinking, balance out the need for abolishing the copyright with the "
+"need for economic incentives in order to have these functional works "
+"developed?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:942
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, what we see is, first of all, that this economic "
+"incentive is a lot less necessary than people have been supposing. Look at "
+"the free software movement where we have over 100,000 part-time volunteers "
+"developing free software. We also see that there are other ways to raise "
+"money for this which are not based on stopping the public from copying and "
+"modifying these works. That's the interesting lesson of the free software "
+"movement. Aside from the fact that it gives you a way you can use a "
+"computer and keep your freedom to share and cooperate with other people, it "
+"also shows us that this negative assumption that people would never do these "
+"things unless they are given special powers to force people to pay them is "
+"simply wrong. A lot of people will do these things. Then if you look at, "
+"say, the writing of monographs which serve as textbooks in many fields of "
+"science except for the ones that are very basic, the authors are not making "
+"money out of that. We now have a free encyclopedia project which is, in "
+"fact, a commercial-free encyclopedia project, and it's making progress. We "
+"had a project for a GNU encyclopedia but we merged it into the commercial "
+"project when they adopted our license. In January, they switched to the "
+"GNU-free documentation license for all the articles in their encyclopedia. "
+"So we said, “Well, let's join forces with them and urge people to "
+"contribute to them.” It's called “NUPEDIA,” and you can "
+"find a link to it, if you look at http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia. So here "
+"we've extended the community development of a free base of useful knowledge "
+"from software to encyclopedia. I'm pretty confident now that in all these "
+"areas of functional work, we don't need that economic incentive to the point "
+"where we have to mess up the use of these works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:971
+msgid "<b>THORBURN</b>: Well, what about the other two categories."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:973
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: For the other two classes of work, I don't know. I don't "
+"know whether people will write some day novels without worrying about "
+"whether they make money from it. In a post-scarcity society, I guess they "
+"would. Maybe what we need to do in order to reach the post-scarcity society "
+"is to get rid of the corporate control over the economy and the laws. So, "
+"in effect, it's a chicken-or-the-egg problem, you know. Which do we do "
+"first? How do we get the world where people don't have to desperately get "
+"money except by removing the control by business? And how can we remove the "
+"control by business except — Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm "
+"trying to propose first a compromise copyright system and, second, the "
+"voluntary payment supported by a compromise copyright system as a way to "
+"provide a revenue stream to the people who write those works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:987
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: How would you really expect to implement this compromise "
+"copyright system under the chokehold of corporate interests on American "
+"politicians due to their campaign-finance system?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:991
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: It beats me. I wish I knew. It's a terribly hard "
+"problem. If I knew how to solve that problem, I would solve it and nothing "
+"in the world could make me prouder."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:995
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>:. How do you fight the corporate control? Because when you "
+"look at these sums of money going into corporate lobbying in the court case, "
+"it is tremendous. I think the DECS case that you're talking about is "
+"costing something like a million-and-a-half dollars on the defense side. "
+"Lord knows what it's costing on the corporate side. Do you have any idea "
+"how to deal with these huge sums of money?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1002
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I have a suggestion. If I were to suggest totally "
+"boycotting movies, I think people would ignore that suggestion. They might "
+"consider it too radical. So I would like to make a slightly different "
+"suggestion which comes to almost the same thing in the end, and that is, "
+"don't go to a movie unless you have some substantial reason to think it's "
+"good. Now this will lead in practice to almost the same result as a total "
+"boycott of Hollywood movies. In extension, it's almost the same but, in "
+"intention, it's very different. Now I've noticed that many people go to "
+"movies for reasons that have nothing to do with whether they think the "
+"movies are good. So if you change that, if you only go to a movie when you "
+"have some substantial reason to think it's good, you'll take away a lot of "
+"their money."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1015
+msgid ""
+"<b>THORBURN</b>: One way to understand all of this discourse today, I think, "
+"is to recognize that whenever radical, potentially transforming technologies "
+"appear in society, there's a struggle over who controls them. We today are "
+"repeating what has happened in the past. So from this angle, there may not "
+"be a reason for despair, or even pessimism, about what may occur in the "
+"longer run. But, in the shorter term, struggles over the control of text "
+"and images, over all forms of information are likely to be painful and "
+"extensive. For example, as a teacher of media, my access to images has been "
+"restricted in recent years in a way that had never been in place before. If "
+"I write an essay in which I want to use still images, even from films, they "
+"are much harder to get permission to use, and the prices charged to use "
+"those still images are much higher — even when I make arguments about "
+"intellectual inquiry and the the legal category of “fair use.” "
+"So I think, in this moment of extended transformation, the longer-term "
+"prospects may, in fact, not be as disturbing as what's happening in the "
+"shorter term. But in any case, we need to understand the whole of our "
+"contemporary experience as a renewed version of a struggle over the control "
+"of technological resources that is a recurring principle of Western society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1036
+msgid ""
+"It's also essential to understand that the history of older technologies is "
+"itself a complicated matter. The impact of the printing press in Spain, for "
+"example, is radically different from its impact in England or in France."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1041
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One of the things that bothers me when I hear discussions "
+"of copyright is that often they start off with, “We want a 180-degree "
+"change. We want to do away with any sorts of control.” It seems to me "
+"that part of what lay under the three categories that were suggested is an "
+"acknowledgement that there is some wisdom to copyright. Some of the critics "
+"of the way copyright is going now believe that, in fact, it ought to be "
+"backed up and function much more like patent and trademarks in terms of its "
+"duration. I wonder if our speaker would comment on that as a strategy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1051
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I agree that shortening the time span of copyright is a "
+"good idea. There is absolutely no need in terms of encouraging publication "
+"for a possibility of copyrights' lasting as much as 150 years, which, in "
+"some cases, it can under present law. Now the companies were saying that a "
+"75-year copyright on a work made for hire was not long enough to make "
+"possible the production of their works. I'd like to challenge those "
+"companies to present projected balance sheets for 75 years from now to back "
+"up that contention. What they really wanted was just to be able to extend "
+"the copyrights on the old works, so that they can continue restricting the "
+"use of them. But how you can encourage greater production of works in the "
+"1920s by extending copyright today escapes me, unless they have a time "
+"machine somewhere. Of course, in one of their movies, they had a time "
+"machine. So maybe that's what affected their thinking."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1066
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Have you given thought to extending the concept of "
+"“fair use,” and are there any nuances there that you might care "
+"to lay out for us?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1070
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, the idea of giving everyone permission for "
+"non-commercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may be "
+"thought of as extending what fair use is. It's bigger than what's fair use "
+"currently. If your idea is that the public trades away certain freedoms to "
+"get more progress, then you can draw the line at various, different places. "
+"Which freedoms does the public trade away and which freedoms does the public "
+"keep?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1078
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: To extend the conversation for just a moment, in certain "
+"entertainment fields, we have the concept of a public presentation. So, for "
+"example, copyright does not prevent us from singing Christmas carols "
+"seasonally but it prevents the public performance. And I'm wondering if it "
+"might be useful to think about instead of expanding fair use to unlimited, "
+"non-commercial, verbatim copying, to something less than that but more than "
+"the present concept of fair use."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1086
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I used to think that that might be enough, and then Napster "
+"convinced me otherwise because Napster is used by its users for "
+"non-commercial, verbatim re-distribution. The Napster server, itself, is a "
+"commercial activity but the people who are actually putting things up are "
+"doing so non-commercially, and they could have done so on their websites "
+"just as easily. The tremendous excitement about, interest in, and use of "
+"Napster shows that that's very useful. So I'm convinced now that people "
+"should have the right to publicly non-commercially, re-distributed, verbatim "
+"copies of everything."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1096
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One analogy that was recently suggested to me for the whole "
+"Napster question was the analogy of the public library. I suppose some of "
+"you who have heard the Napster arguments have heard this analogy. I'm "
+"wondering if you would comment on it. The defenders of people who say "
+"Napster should continue and there shouldn't be restrictions on it sometimes "
+"say something like this: “When folks go into the public library and "
+"borrow a book, they're not paying for it, and it can be borrowed dozens of "
+"times, hundreds of time, without any additional payment. Why is Napster any "
+"different?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1107
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's not exactly the same. But it should be pointed "
+"out that the publishers want to transform public libraries into pay-per-use, "
+"retail outlets. So they're against public libraries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1111
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Can these ideas about copyright suggest any ideas for "
+"certain issues about patent law such as making cheap, generic drugs for use "
+"in Africa?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1115
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, there's absolutely no similarity. The issues of "
+"patents are totally different from the issues of copyrights. The idea that "
+"they have something to do with each other is one of the unfortunate "
+"consequences of using the term “intellectual property” and "
+"encouraging people to try to lump these issues together because, as you've "
+"heard, I've been talking about issues in which the price of a copy is not "
+"the crucial thing. But what's the crucial issue about making AIDS drugs for "
+"Africa? It's the price, nothing but the price."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1125
+msgid ""
+"Now the issue I've been talking about arises because digital information "
+"technology gives every user the ability to make copies. Well, there's "
+"nothing giving us all the ability to make copies of medicines. I don't have "
+"the ability to copy some medicine that I've got. In fact, nobody does; "
+"that's not how they're made. Those medicines can only be made in expensive "
+"factories and they are made in expensive centralized factories, whether "
+"they're generic drugs or imported from the U.S. Either way, they're going "
+"to be made in a small number of factories, and the issues are simply how "
+"much do they cost and are they available at a price that people in Africa "
+"can afford."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1137
+msgid ""
+"So that's a tremendously important issue, but it's a totally different "
+"issue. There's just one area where an issue arises with patents that is "
+"actually similar to these issues of freedom to copy, and that is in the area "
+"of agriculture. Because there are certain patented things that can be "
+"copies, more or less — namely, living things. They copy themselves "
+"when they reproduce. It's not necessarily exact copying; they re-shuffle "
+"the genes. But the fact is, farmers for millennia have been making use of "
+"this capacity of the living things they grow to copy themselves. Farming "
+"is, basically, copying the things that you grew and you keep copying them "
+"every year. When plant and animal varieties get patented, when genes are "
+"patented and used in them, the result is that farmers are being prohibited "
+"from doing this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1151
+msgid ""
+"There is a farmer in Canada who had a patented variety growing on his field "
+"and he said, “I didn't do that deliberately. The pollen blew, and the "
+"wind in those genes got into my stock of plants.” And he was told that "
+"that doesn't matter; he has to destroy them anyway. It was an extreme "
+"example of how much government can side with a monopolist."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1158
+msgid ""
+"So I believe that, following the same principles that I apply to copying "
+"things on your computer, farmers should have an unquestioned right to save "
+"their seeds and breed their livestock. Maybe you could have patents "
+"covering seed companies, but they shouldn't cover farmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1164
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: There's more to making a model successful than just the "
+"licensing. Can you speak to that?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1167
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely. Well, you know, I don't know the answers. But "
+"part of what I believe is crucial for developing free, functional "
+"information is idealism. People have to recognize that it's important for "
+"this information to be free, that when the information is free, you can make "
+"full use of it. When it's restricted, you can't. You have to recognize "
+"that the non-free information is an attempt to divide them and keep them "
+"helpless and keep them down. Then they can get the idea, “Let's work "
+"together to produce the information we want to use, so that it's not under "
+"the control of some powerful person who can dictate to us what we can "
+"do.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1179
+msgid ""
+"This tremendously boosts it. But I don't know how much it will work in "
+"various different areas, but I think that in the area of education, when "
+"you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done. There are "
+"a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at prestigious "
+"universities — maybe they're in high-school; maybe they're in college "
+"— where they don't write and publish a lot of things and there's not a "
+"tremendous demand for them. But a lot of them are smart. A lot of them "
+"know their subjects well and they could write textbooks about lots of "
+"subjects and share them with the world and receive a tremendous amount of "
+"appreciation from the people who will have learned from them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1191
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed. But the funny thing is, I do know "
+"the history of education. That's what I do — educational, electronic "
+"media projects. I couldn't find an example. Do you know of one?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1196
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, I don't. I started proposing this free encyclopedia "
+"and learning resource a couple of years ago, and I thought it would probably "
+"take a decade to get things rolling. Now we already have an encyclopedia "
+"that is rolling. So things are going faster than I hoped. I think what's "
+"needed is for a few people to start writing some free textbooks. Write one "
+"about whatever is your favorite subject or write a fraction of one. Write a "
+"few chapters of one and challenge other people to write the rest."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1205
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Actually what I was looking for is something even more than "
+"that. What's important in your kind of structure is somebody that creates "
+"an infrastructure to which everybody else can contribute. There isn't a K "
+"through 12 infrastructure out there in any place for a contribution for "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1211
+msgid ""
+"I can get information from lots of places but it's not released under free "
+"licenses, so I can't use it to make a free textbook."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1214
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Actually, copyright doesn't cover the facts. It only "
+"covers the way it's written. So you can learn a field from anywhere and "
+"then write a textbook, and you can make that textbook free, if you want."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1219
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: But I can't write by myself all the textbooks that a "
+"student needs going through school."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1222
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's true. And I didn't write a whole, free "
+"operating system, either. I wrote some pieces and invited other people to "
+"join me by writing other pieces. So I set an example. I said, “I'm "
+"going in this direction. Join me and we'll get there.” And enough "
+"people joined in that we got there. So if you think in terms of, how am I "
+"going to get this whole gigantic job done, it can be daunting. So the point "
+"is, don't look at it that way. Think in terms of taking a step and "
+"realizing that after you've taken a step, other people will take more steps "
+"and, together, it will get the job done eventually."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1233
+msgid ""
+"Assuming that humanity doesn't wipe itself out, the work we do today to "
+"produce the free educational infrastructure, the free learning resource for "
+"the world, that will be useful for as long as humanity exists. If it takes "
+"20 years to get it done, so what? So don't think in terms of the size of the "
+"whole job. Think in terms of the piece that you're going to do. That will "
+"show people it can be done, and so others will do other pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1243
+msgid ""
+"This speech is published in <a href=\"/doc/book13.html\"><cite>Free "
+"Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard "
+"M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1249
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1256
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1266
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1273
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1275
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1276
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1283
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1285
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.proto:1293
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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