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[gawk-diffs] [SCM] gawk branch, gawk-4.1-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-558
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From: |
Arnold Robbins |
|
Subject: |
[gawk-diffs] [SCM] gawk branch, gawk-4.1-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-558-g8e0e08c |
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Date: |
Wed, 21 Jan 2015 06:47:20 +0000 |
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- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=8e0e08c84626633e1d4b7b431576d4ec7d8f10c4
commit 8e0e08c84626633e1d4b7b431576d4ec7d8f10c4
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Wed Jan 21 08:46:41 2015 +0200
Remove obsolete start/end of range indexing comments.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 63f6cd0..b78fcb6 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
2015-01-21 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
* gawktexi.in: O'Reilly fixes.
+ Remove obsolete start/end of range indexing comments.
2015-01-20 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 07630ed..ad4bae1 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -2596,9 +2596,7 @@ for programs that are provided on the @command{awk}
command line.
(Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote
in the program
text, instead of the magic @samp{\47}.)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE sq1x
@cindex single quote (@code{'}) in @command{gawk} command lines
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE qs2x
@cindex @code{'} (single quote) in @command{gawk} command lines
If you want to clearly identify an @command{awk} program file as such,
you can add the extension @file{.awk} to the @value{FN}. This doesn't
@@ -2972,8 +2970,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Here is a single quote <'>\"
@}"}
@end example
@noindent
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE sq1x
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE qs2x
This option is also painful, because double quotes, backslashes, and dollar
signs
are very common in more advanced @command{awk} programs.
@@ -3738,13 +3734,9 @@ warning that the program is empty.
@node Options
@section Command-Line Options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ocl
@cindex options, command-line
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clo
@cindex command line, options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gnulo
@cindex GNU long options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE longo
@cindex options, long
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character.
@@ -3833,8 +3825,6 @@ by the user that could start with @samp{-}.
It is also useful for passing options on to the @command{awk}
program; see @ref{Getopt Function}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gnulo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE longo
The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options:
@@ -4290,8 +4280,6 @@ setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true
Having @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} set is not recommended for daily use,
but it is good for testing the portability of your programs to other
environments.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ocl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clo
@node Other Arguments
@section Other Command-Line Arguments
@@ -4961,7 +4949,6 @@ or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the
@option{-l} option.
@node Regexp
@chapter Regular Expressions
@cindex regexp
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexp
@cindex regular expressions
A @dfn{regular expression}, or @dfn{regexp}, is a way of describing a
@@ -5400,7 +5387,6 @@ escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants.
Thus,
@node Regexp Operators
@section Regular Expression Operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpo
@cindex regular expressions, operators
@cindex metacharacters in regular expressions
@@ -5632,11 +5618,9 @@ usage as a syntax error.
If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval
expressions are not available in regular expressions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpo
@node Bracket Expressions
@section Using Bracket Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE charlist
@cindex bracket expressions
@cindex bracket expressions, range expressions
@cindex range expressions (regexps)
@@ -5780,7 +5764,6 @@ expression matching currently recognize only POSIX
character classes;
they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes.
@end quotation
@c maybe one day ...
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE charlist
@node Leftmost Longest
@section How Much Text Matches?
@@ -5824,9 +5807,7 @@ and also @pxref{Field Separators}).
@node Computed Regexps
@section Using Dynamic Regexps
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dregexp
@cindex regular expressions, computed
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpd
@cindex regular expressions, dynamic
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -5977,17 +5958,13 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpd
@node GNU Regexp Operators
@section @command{gawk}-Specific Regexp Operators
@c This section adapted (long ago) from the regex-0.12 manual
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpg
@cindex regular expressions, operators, @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gregexp
@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, operators
@cindex operators, GNU-specific
@cindex regular expressions, operators, for words
@@ -6152,15 +6129,11 @@ Allow interval expressions in regexps, if
@option{--traditional}
has been provided.
Otherwise, interval expressions are available by default.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpg
@node Case-sensitivity
@section Case Sensitivity in Matching
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpcs
@cindex regular expressions, case sensitivity
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE csregexp
@cindex case sensitivity, regexps and
Case is normally significant in regular expressions, both when matching
ordinary characters (i.e., not metacharacters) and inside bracket
@@ -6252,8 +6225,6 @@ the right thing.}
The value of @code{IGNORECASE} has no effect if @command{gawk} is in
compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}).
Case is always significant in compatibility mode.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE csregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpcs
@node Regexp Summary
@section Summary
@@ -6300,12 +6271,10 @@ versions, use @code{tolower()} or @code{toupper()}.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexp
@node Reading Files
@chapter Reading Input Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE infir
@cindex reading input files
@cindex input files, reading
@cindex input files
@@ -6356,9 +6325,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk}
command line
@node Records
@section How Input Is Split into Records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inspl
@cindex input, splitting into records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE recspl
@cindex records, splitting input into
@cindex @code{NR} variable
@cindex @code{FNR} variable
@@ -6715,8 +6682,6 @@ whole files. If you are using @command{gawk}, see
@DBREF{Extension Sample
Readfile} for another option.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inspl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE recspl
@node Fields
@section Examining Fields
@@ -6724,7 +6689,6 @@ Readfile} for another option.
@cindex examining fields
@cindex fields
@cindex accessing fields
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fiex
@cindex fields, examining
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
@cindex field separators, POSIX and
@@ -6805,7 +6769,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk '/li/ @{ print $1, $NF @}' mail-list}
@print{} Julie F
@print{} Samuel A
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fiex
@node Nonconstant Fields
@section Nonconstant Field Numbers
@@ -6866,7 +6829,6 @@ evaluating @code{NF} and using its value as a field
number.
@node Changing Fields
@section Changing the Contents of a Field
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ficon
@cindex fields, changing contents of
The contents of a field, as seen by @command{awk}, can be changed within an
@command{awk} program; this changes what @command{awk} perceives as the
@@ -7089,7 +7051,6 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described
earlier.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ficon
@node Field Separators
@section Specifying How Fields Are Separated
@@ -7105,9 +7066,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described
earlier.
@cindex @code{FS} variable
@cindex fields, separating
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fisepr
@cindex field separators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fisepg
@cindex fields, separating
The @dfn{field separator}, which is either a single character or a regular
expression, controls the way @command{awk} splits an input record into fields.
@@ -7207,9 +7166,7 @@ rules.
@node Regexp Field Splitting
@subsection Using Regular Expressions to Separate Fields
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpfs
@cindex regular expressions, as field separators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex field separators, regular expressions as
The previous @value{SUBSECTION}
discussed the use of single characters or simple strings as the
@@ -7313,8 +7270,6 @@ $ @kbd{echo 'xxAA xxBxx C' |}
@print{} -->xxBxx<--
@print{} -->C<--
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpfs
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
@node Single Character Fields
@subsection Making Each Character a Separate Field
@@ -7670,8 +7625,6 @@ will take effect.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fisepr
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fisepg
@node Constant Size
@section Reading Fixed-Width Data
@@ -7935,11 +7888,8 @@ last assigned to.
@section Multiple-Line Records
@cindex multiple-line records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE recm
@cindex records, multiline
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE imr
@cindex input, multiline records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE frm
@cindex files, reading, multiline records
@cindex input, files, See input files
In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the
@@ -8106,16 +8056,11 @@ If not in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}),
@command{gawk} sets
@code{RT} to the input text that matched the value specified by @code{RS}.
But if the input file ended without any text that matches @code{RS},
then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE recm
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE imr
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE frm
@node Getline
@section Explicit Input with @code{getline}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE getl
@cindex @code{getline} command, explicit input with
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inex
@cindex input, explicit
So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main
input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes
@@ -8705,9 +8650,6 @@ Note: for each variant, @command{gawk} sets the @code{RT}
predefined variable.
@item @var{command} @code{|& getline} @var{var} @tab Sets @var{var} and
@code{RT} @tab @command{gawk}
@end multitable
@end float
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE getl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE infir
@node Read Timeout
@section Reading Input with a Timeout
@@ -8942,7 +8884,6 @@ That can be fixed by making one simple change. What is it?
@node Printing
@chapter Printing Output
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prnt
@cindex printing
@cindex output, printing, See printing
One of the most common programming actions is to @dfn{print}, or output,
@@ -8958,7 +8899,6 @@ columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and
so on.
For printing with specifications, you need the @code{printf} statement
(@pxref{Printf}).
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prnts
@cindex @code{print} statement
@cindex @code{printf} statement
Besides basic and formatted printing, this @value{CHAPTER}
@@ -9138,7 +9078,6 @@ You can continue either a @code{print} or
@code{printf} statement simply by putting a newline after any comma
(@pxref{Statements/Lines}).
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prnts
@node Output Separators
@section Output Separators
@@ -9251,7 +9190,6 @@ if @code{OFMT} contains anything but a floating-point
conversion specification.
@node Printf
@section Using @code{printf} Statements for Fancier Printing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE printfs
@cindex @code{printf} statement
@cindex output, formatted
@cindex formatting output
@@ -9449,7 +9387,6 @@ values or do something else entirely.
@node Format Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers for @code{printf} Formats
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pfm
@cindex @code{printf} statement, modifiers
@cindex address@hidden in format specifiers
A format specification can also include @dfn{modifiers} that can control
@@ -9655,7 +9592,6 @@ format strings. These are not valid in @command{awk}.
Most @command{awk}
implementations silently ignore them. If @option{--lint} is provided
on the command line (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} warns about their
use. If @option{--posix} is supplied, their use is a fatal error.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pfm
@node Printf Examples
@subsection Examples Using @code{printf}
@@ -9736,14 +9672,11 @@ awk 'BEGIN @{ format = "%-10s %s\n"
@{ printf format, $1, $2 @}' mail-list
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE printfs
@node Redirection
@section Redirecting Output of @code{print} and @code{printf}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE outre
@cindex output redirection
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE reout
@cindex redirection of output
@cindex @option{--sandbox} option, output redirection with @code{print},
@code{printf}
So far, the output from @code{print} and @code{printf} has gone
@@ -10001,8 +9934,6 @@ It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
command lines to be fed to the shell.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE outre
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE reout
@node Special FD
@section Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams
@@ -10112,7 +10043,6 @@ invoked with the @option{--traditional} option
(@pxref{Options}).
@node Special Files
@section Special @value{FFN}s in @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gfn
@cindex @command{gawk}, file names in
Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error,
@@ -10203,18 +10133,13 @@ the time this does not matter; however, it is
important to @emph{not}
close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2.
Doing so results in unpredictable behavior.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gfn
@node Close Files And Pipes
@section Closing Input and Output Redirections
@cindex files, output, See output files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ifc
@cindex input files, closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ofc
@cindex output, address@hidden closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pc
@cindex pipe, closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cc
@cindex coprocesses, closing
@cindex @code{getline} command, address@hidden using from
@@ -10491,10 +10416,6 @@ when closing a pipe.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ifc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ofc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cc
@node Output Summary
@section Summary
@@ -10558,11 +10479,9 @@ BEGIN @{ print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr
@}
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prnt
@node Expressions
@chapter Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exps
@cindex expressions
Expressions are the basic building blocks of @command{awk} patterns
@@ -10605,7 +10524,6 @@ which provide the values used in expressions.
@node Constants
@subsection Constant Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cnst
@cindex constants, types of
The simplest type of expression is the @dfn{constant}, which always has
@@ -10791,7 +10709,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
@node Regexp Constants
@subsubsection Regular Expression Constants
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE rec
@cindex regexp constants
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -10803,7 +10720,6 @@ slashes, such as @address@hidden/^beginning and
end$/}}. Most regexps used in
matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps
(which are typically just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp,
but could be a more complex expression).
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cnst
@node Using Constant Regexps
@subsection Using Regular Expression Constants
@@ -10914,7 +10830,6 @@ or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}.
@command{gawk} issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant used as
a parameter to a user-defined function, because passing a truth value in
this way is probably not what was intended.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE rec
@node Variables
@subsection Variables
@@ -11509,11 +11424,8 @@ you're never quite sure what you'll get.
@node Assignment Ops
@subsection Assignment Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE asop
@cindex assignment operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opas
@cindex operators, assignment
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exas
@cindex expressions, assignment
@cindex @code{=} (equals sign), @code{=} operator
@cindex equals sign (@code{=}), @code{=} operator
@@ -11819,16 +11731,11 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
and @command{mawk} also do not.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exas
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opas
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE asop
@node Increment Ops
@subsection Increment and Decrement Operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inop
@cindex increment operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opde
@cindex operators, decrement/increment
@dfn{Increment} and @dfn{decrement operators} increase or decrease the value of
a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so
@@ -11876,7 +11783,6 @@ just like variables. (Use @samp{$(i++)} when you want
to do a field reference
and a variable increment at the same time. The parentheses are necessary
because of the precedence of the field reference operator @samp{$}.)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE deop
@cindex decrement operators
The decrement operator @samp{--} works just like @samp{++}, except that
it subtracts one instead of adding it. As with @samp{++}, it can be used
before
@@ -12010,9 +11916,6 @@ You should avoid such things in your own programs.
@c in the mirror in the morning.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inop
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opde
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE deop
@node Truth Values and Conditions
@section Truth Values and Conditions
@@ -12077,17 +11980,13 @@ the string constant @code{"0"} is actually true,
because it is non-null.
@author Douglas Adams, @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE comex
@cindex comparison expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE excom
@cindex expressions, comparison
@cindex expressions, matching, See comparison expressions
@cindex matching, expressions, See comparison expressions
@cindex relational operators, See comparison operators
@cindex operators, relational, See address@hidden comparison
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE varting
@cindex variable typing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE vartypc
@cindex variables, types of, comparison expressions and
Unlike other programming languages, @command{awk} variables do not have a
fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending
@@ -12487,19 +12386,13 @@ $ @kbd{gawk --posix 'BEGIN @{ printf("ABC < abc =
%s\n",}
@print{} ABC < abc = FALSE
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE comex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE excom
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE vartypc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE varting
@node Boolean Ops
@subsection Boolean Expressions
@cindex and Boolean-logic operator
@cindex or Boolean-logic operator
@cindex not Boolean-logic operator
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exbo
@cindex expressions, Boolean
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE boex
@cindex Boolean expressions
@cindex operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions
@cindex Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions
@@ -12645,8 +12538,6 @@ next record, and start processing the rules over again
at the top.
The reason it's there is to avoid printing the bracketing
@samp{START} and @samp{END} lines.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exbo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE boex
@node Conditional Exp
@subsection Conditional Expressions
@@ -12825,9 +12716,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f matchit.awk}
@node Precedence
@section Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prec
@cindex precedence
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oppr
@cindex operators, precedence
@dfn{Operator precedence} determines how operators are grouped when
@@ -13012,8 +12901,6 @@ Assignment. These operators group right-to-left.
The @samp{|&}, @samp{**}, and @samp{**=} operators are not specified by POSIX.
For maximum portability, do not use them.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prec
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oppr
@node Locales
@section Where You Are Makes a Difference
@@ -13117,11 +13004,9 @@ program, and occasionally the format for data read as
input.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exps
@node Patterns and Actions
@chapter Patterns, Actions, and Variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pat
@cindex patterns
As you have already seen, each @command{awk} statement consists of
@@ -13417,9 +13302,7 @@ a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER}
@node BEGIN/END
@subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE beg
@cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE end
@cindex @code{END} pattern
All the patterns described so far are for matching input records.
The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} special patterns are different.
@@ -13557,8 +13440,6 @@ are not valid in an @code{END} rule, because all the
input has been read.
@ifdocbook
@DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
@end ifdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE beg
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE end
@node BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
@subsection The @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE} Special Patterns
@@ -13679,7 +13560,6 @@ awk '@{ print $1 @}' mail-list
@noindent
prints the first field of every record.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pat
@node Using Shell Variables
@section Using Shell Variables in Programs
@@ -13828,11 +13708,8 @@ For deleting array elements.
@node Statements
@section Control Statements in Actions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE csta
@cindex control statements
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE acs
@cindex statements, control, in actions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE accs
@cindex actions, control statements in
@dfn{Control statements}, such as @code{if}, @code{while}, and so on,
@@ -14550,15 +14427,10 @@ Negative values, and values of 127 or greater, may
not produce consistent
results across different operating systems.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE csta
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE acs
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE accs
@node Built-in Variables
@section Predefined Variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvar
@cindex predefined variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE varb
@cindex variables, predefined
Most @command{awk} variables are available to use for your own
@@ -14585,9 +14457,7 @@ their areas of activity.
@node User-modified
@subsection Built-In Variables That Control @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvaru
@cindex predefined variables, user-modifiable
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE nmbv
@cindex user-modifiable variables
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change to
@@ -14814,17 +14684,11 @@ marked string constants in the source text, as well
as for the
(@pxref{Internationalization}).
The default value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN} is @code{"messages"}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE varb
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvaru
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE nmbv
@node Auto-set
@subsection Built-In Variables That Convey Information
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvconi
@cindex predefined variables, conveying information
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE vbconi
@cindex variables, predefined conveying information
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that @command{awk}
sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide
@@ -15232,8 +15096,6 @@ implementation issues.} neither @code{FUNCTAB} nor
@code{SYMTAB}
are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB} array.
@end quotation
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvconi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE vbconi
@cindex sidebar, Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
@ifdocbook
@@ -15526,7 +15388,6 @@ control how @command{awk} will process the provided
@value{DF}s.
@node Arrays
@chapter Arrays in @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE arrs
@cindex arrays
An @dfn{array} is a table of values called @dfn{elements}. The
@@ -15648,9 +15509,7 @@ Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit
from the order of
the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the
position with zero elements before it.
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE arrin
@cindex arrays, indexing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inarr
@cindex indexing arrays
@cindex associative arrays
@cindex arrays, associative
@@ -15853,8 +15712,6 @@ that array's indices are consecutive integers starting
at one.
@command{awk}'s arrays are efficient---the time to access an element
is independent of the number of elements in the array.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE arrin
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inarr
@node Reference to Elements
@subsection Referring to an Array Element
@@ -16907,14 +16764,11 @@ element is itself a subarray.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE arrs
@node Functions
@chapter Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE funcbi
@cindex functions, built-in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bifunc
@cindex built-in functions
This @value{CHAPTER} describes @command{awk}'s built-in functions,
which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O.
@@ -18621,13 +18475,9 @@ you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
@subsection Time Functions
@cindex time functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tst
@cindex timestamps
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE logftst
@cindex log files, timestamps in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE filogtst
@cindex files, address@hidden timestamps in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawtst
@cindex @command{gawk}, timestamps
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, timestamps and
@code{awk} programs are commonly used to process log files
@@ -18705,7 +18555,6 @@ is out of range, @code{mktime()} returns @minus{}1.
@cindex @command{gawk}, @code{PROCINFO} array in
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
@item @code{strftime(address@hidden address@hidden,} @var{timestamp}
address@hidden,} @var{utc-flag}] ] address@hidden)}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE strf
@cindexgawkfunc{strftime}
@cindex format time string
Format the time specified by @var{timestamp}
@@ -18954,7 +18803,6 @@ The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the
epoch.
The date in VMS format (e.g., @samp{20-JUN-1991}).
@end ignore
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE strf
Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but their
normal representations are used.
@@ -19005,23 +18853,14 @@ gawk 'BEGIN @{
exit exitval
@}' "$@@"
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE logftst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE filogtst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawtst
@node Bitwise Functions
@subsection Bit-Manipulation Functions
@cindex bit-manipulation functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bit
@cindex bitwise, operations
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE and
@cindex AND bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oro
@cindex OR bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE xor
@cindex XOR bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opbit
@cindex operations, bitwise
@quotation
@i{I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you.}
@@ -19313,11 +19152,6 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers
(@pxref{Nondecimal-numbers}),
and then demonstrates the
results of the @code{compl()}, @code{lshift()}, and @code{rshift()} functions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bit
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE and
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oro
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE xor
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opbit
@node Type Functions
@subsection Getting Type Information
@@ -19397,15 +19231,11 @@ variant of the same message.
The default value for @var{domain} is the current value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN}.
The default value for @var{category} is @code{"LC_MESSAGES"}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE funcbi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bifunc
@node User-defined
@section User-Defined Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE udfunc
@cindex user-defined functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE funcud
@cindex functions, user-defined
Complicated @command{awk} programs can often be simplified by defining
your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like
@@ -19430,7 +19260,6 @@ variable definitions is appallingly awful.}
@author Brian Kernighan
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fdef
@cindex functions, defining
Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an
@command{awk} program. Thus, the general form of an @command{awk} program is
@@ -19677,12 +19506,10 @@ You might think that @code{ctime()} could use
@code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}
for its format string. That would be a mistake, because @code{ctime()} is
supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level
code could have changed @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fdef
@node Function Caveats
@subsection Calling User-Defined Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fudc
@cindex functions, user-defined, calling
@dfn{Calling a function} means causing the function to run and do its job.
A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by
@@ -19974,7 +19801,6 @@ or the @code{nextfile} statement
@end ifnotdocbook
inside a user-defined function.
@command{gawk} does not have this limitation.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fudc
@node Return Statement
@subsection The @code{return} Statement
@@ -20102,7 +19928,6 @@ does report the second error.
Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth
being aware of them.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE udfunc
@node Indirect Calls
@section Indirect Function Calls
@@ -20595,7 +20420,6 @@ program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C
and C++.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE funcud
@ifnotinfo
@part @value{PART2}Problem Solving with @command{awk}
@@ -20617,11 +20441,8 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Library Functions
@chapter A Library of @command{awk} Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flib
@cindex functions, library
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fudlib
@cindex functions, user-defined, library of
@DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write
@@ -20944,13 +20765,9 @@ be tested with @command{gawk} and the results compared
to the built-in
@node Assert Function
@subsection Assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE asse
@cindex assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE assef
@cindex @code{assert()} function (C library)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfass
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibass
@cindex functions, library, assertions
@cindex @command{awk} programs, lengthy, assertions
When writing large programs, it is often useful to know
@@ -21066,10 +20883,6 @@ most likely causing the program to hang as it waits
for input.
There is a simple workaround to this:
make sure that such a @code{BEGIN} rule always ends
with an @code{exit} statement.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE asse
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE assef
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibass
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfass
@node Round Function
@subsection Rounding Numbers
@@ -21627,11 +21440,8 @@ function shell_quote(s, # parameter
@node Data File Management
@section @value{DDF} Management
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dataf
@cindex files, managing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfdataf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, managing, data files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibdataf
@cindex functions, library, managing data files
This @value{SECTION} presents functions that are useful for managing
command-line @value{DF}s.
@@ -22023,22 +21833,14 @@ The use of @code{No_command_assign} allows you to
disable command-line
assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value.
When not set, it is initially zero (i.e., false), so the command-line arguments
are left alone.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dataf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibdataf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfdataf
@node Getopt Function
@section Processing Command-Line Options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfclo
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, command-line options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibclo
@cindex functions, library, command-line options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clop
@cindex command-line options, processing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oclp
@cindex options, command-line, processing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clibf
@cindex functions, library, C library
@cindex arguments, processing
Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on
@@ -22390,21 +22192,13 @@ further options
Several of the sample programs presented in
@ref{Sample Programs},
use @code{getopt()} to process their arguments.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfclo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibclo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clop
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oclp
@node Passwd Functions
@section Reading the User Database
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfudata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, user database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibudata
@cindex functions, library, user address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE udatar
@cindex user address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dataur
@cindex database, address@hidden reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
The @code{PROCINFO} array
@@ -22751,21 +22545,13 @@ and such a change would clutter up the code.
The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
uses these functions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfudata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibudata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE udatar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dataur
@node Group Functions
@section Reading the Group Database
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfgdata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, group database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibgdata
@cindex functions, library, group address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gdatar
@cindex group database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE datagr
@cindex database, group, reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array, and group membership
@cindex @code{getgrent()} function (C library)
@@ -23088,7 +22874,6 @@ function getgrent()
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clibf
@cindex @code{endgrent()} function (C library)
The @code{endgrent()} function resets @code{_gr_count} to zero so that
@code{getgrent()} can
@@ -23177,10 +22962,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f walk_array.awk}
@print{} a[4][2] = 42
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfgdata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibgdata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gdatar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libf
@node Library Functions Summary
@section Summary
@@ -23294,13 +23075,9 @@ output identical to that of the original version.
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flib
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fudlib
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE datagr
@node Sample Programs
@chapter Practical @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkpex
@cindex @command{awk} programs, examples of
@c FULLXREF ON
@@ -23370,7 +23147,6 @@ cut.awk -- -c1-8 myfiles > results
@node Clones
@section Reinventing Wheels for Fun and Profit
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE posimawk
@cindex POSIX, address@hidden implementing in @command{awk}
This @value{SECTION} presents a number of POSIX utilities implemented in
@@ -23401,11 +23177,8 @@ The programs are presented in alphabetical order.
@subsection Cutting Out Fields and Columns
@cindex @command{cut} utility
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cut
@cindex @command{cut} utility
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ficut
@cindex fields, cutting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE colcut
@cindex columns, cutting
The @command{cut} utility selects, or ``cuts,'' characters or fields
from its standard input and sends them to its standard output.
@@ -23713,21 +23486,14 @@ other @command{awk} implementations to use
@code{substr()}
it is also extremely painful.
The @code{FIELDWIDTHS} variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem
of picking the input line apart by characters.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cut
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ficut
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE colcut
@node Egrep Program
@subsection Searching for Regular Expressions in Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexps
@cindex regular expressions, searching for
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE sfregexp
@cindex searching, files for regular expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex files, searching for regular expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE egrep
@cindex @command{egrep} utility
The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular
expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk}
@@ -23995,17 +23761,12 @@ function usage()
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexps
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE sfregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE egrep
@node Id Program
@subsection Printing Out User Information
@cindex printing, user information
@cindex users, information about, printing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE id
@cindex @command{id} utility
The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers,
real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any.
@@ -24134,16 +23895,13 @@ code that is used repeatedly, making the whole program
shorter and cleaner. In particular, moving the check for
the empty string into this function saves several lines of code.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE id
@node Split Program
@subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of split
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE filspl
@cindex files, splitting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE split
@cindex @code{split} utility
The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces.
Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The
@@ -24278,15 +24036,12 @@ You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of
way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well.
@end ifset
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE filspl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE split
@node Tee Program
@subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files
@cindex files, address@hidden duplicating output into
@cindex output, duplicating into files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tee
@cindex @code{tee} utility
The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies
its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the
@@ -24399,18 +24154,14 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tee
@node Uniq Program
@subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of uniq
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prunt
@cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tpul
@cindex address@hidden printing, unduplicated lines of
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE uniq
@cindex @command{uniq} utility
The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard
input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only
@@ -24679,26 +24430,17 @@ suggestion.
@end ifset
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prunt
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tpul
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE uniq
@node Wc Program
@subsection Counting Things
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of wc
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE count
@cindex counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE infco
@cindex input files, counting elements in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE woco
@cindex words, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE chco
@cindex characters, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE lico
@cindex lines, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE wc
@cindex @command{wc} utility
The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in
one or more input files. Its usage is as follows:
@@ -24868,13 +24610,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE count
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE infco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE lico
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE woco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE chco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE wc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE posimawk
@node Miscellaneous Programs
@section A Grab Bag of @command{awk} Programs
@@ -25005,9 +24740,7 @@ Aharon Robbins <address@hidden> wrote:
@author Erik Quanstrom
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tialarm
@cindex time, alarm clock example program
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE alaex
@cindex alarm clock example program
The following program is a simple ``alarm clock'' program.
You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time,
@@ -25159,15 +24892,11 @@ seconds are necessary:
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tialarm
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE alaex
@node Translate Program
@subsection Transliterating Characters
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE chtra
@cindex characters, transliterating
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tr
@cindex @command{tr} utility
The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is
often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing:
@@ -25315,15 +25044,11 @@ such as @samp{a-z}, as allowed by the @command{tr}
utility.
Look at the code for @file{cut.awk} (@pxref{Cut Program})
for inspiration.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE chtra
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tr
@node Labels Program
@subsection Printing Mailing Labels
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prml
@cindex printing, mailing labels
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE mlprint
@cindex mailing address@hidden printing
Here is a ``real world''@footnote{``Real world'' is defined as
``a program actually used to get something done.''}
@@ -25387,7 +25112,6 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank
lines at the bottom.
The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may
not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE labels
@cindex @code{labels.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/labels.awk
@@ -25452,14 +25176,10 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prml
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE mlprint
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE labels
@node Word Sorting
@subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE worus
@cindex words, usage address@hidden generating
When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know
@@ -25521,7 +25241,6 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve
the third problem
by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the
@command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE wordfreq
@cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk
@@ -25586,13 +25305,10 @@ This way of sorting must be used on systems that do
not
have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level.
See the general operating system documentation for more information on how
to use the @command{sort} program.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE worus
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE wordfreq
@node History Sorting
@subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE lidu
@cindex lines, address@hidden removing
The @command{uniq} program
(@pxref{Uniq Program}),
@@ -25617,7 +25333,6 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and
the indices of
The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order:
@cindex Rakitzis, Byron
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE histsort
@cindex @code{histsort.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/histsort.awk
@@ -25660,15 +25375,11 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i]
@noindent
This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is
seen.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE lidu
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE histsort
@node Extract Program
@subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE texse
@cindex Texinfo, extracting programs from source files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fitex
@cindex files, address@hidden extracting programs from
@ifnotinfo
Both this chapter and the previous chapter
@@ -25772,7 +25483,6 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()},
checking that a command is
given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command
exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE extract
@cindex @code{extract.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/extract.awk
@@ -25918,9 +25628,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE texse
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fitex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE extract
@node Simple Sed
@subsection A Simple Stream Editor
@@ -25950,7 +25657,6 @@ additional arguments are treated as @value{DF} names to
process. If none
are provided, the standard input is used:
@cindex Brennan, Michael
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awksed
@cindex @command{awksed.awk} program
@c @cindex simple stream editor
@c @cindex stream editor, simple
@@ -26027,14 +25733,11 @@ The @code{usage()} function prints an error message
and exits.
Finally, the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier,
using @code{print} or @code{printf} as appropriate, depending upon the
value of @code{RT}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awksed
@node Igawk Program
@subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfex
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, example program for using
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibex
@cindex functions, library, example program for using
In @ref{Include Files}, we saw how @command{gawk} provides a built-in
file-inclusion capability. However, this is a @command{gawk} extension.
@@ -26173,7 +25876,6 @@ program.
The program is as follows:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE igawk
@cindex @code{igawk.sh} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/igawk.sh
@@ -26498,10 +26200,6 @@ features to a program; they can often be layered on
address@hidden@command{gawk}
does @code{@@include} processing itself in order to support the use
of @command{awk} programs as Web CGI scripts.}
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkpex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE igawk
@node Anagram Program
@subsection Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary
@@ -26525,7 +26223,6 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring
together
words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words
in sorted order:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE anagram
@cindex @code{anagram.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/anagram.awk
@@ -26634,7 +26331,6 @@ babery yabber
@dots{}
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE anagram
@node Signature Program
@subsection And Now for Something Completely Different
@@ -26954,9 +26650,7 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Advanced Features
@chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawadv
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE advgaw
@cindex advanced features, @command{gawk}
@ignore
Contributed by: Peter Langston <address@hidden>
@@ -27666,7 +27360,6 @@ using regular pipes.
@section Using @command{gawk} for Network Programming
@cindex advanced features, network programming
@cindex networks, programming
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tcpip
@cindex TCP/IP
@cindex @code{/inet/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk})
@cindex files, @code{/inet/@dots{}} (@command{gawk})
@@ -27783,13 +27476,10 @@ which comes as part of the @command{gawk}
distribution,
for a much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as
extensive examples.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tcpip
@node Profiling
@section Profiling Your @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkp
@cindex @command{awk} programs, profiling
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE proawk
@cindex profiling @command{awk} programs
@cindex @code{awkprof.out} file
@cindex files, @code{awkprof.out}
@@ -28100,8 +27790,6 @@ When called this way, @command{gawk} ``pretty prints''
the program into
The @option{--pretty-print} option still runs your program.
This will change in the next major release.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE proawk
@node Advanced Features Summary
@section Summary
@@ -28148,8 +27836,6 @@ the program, but that will change in the next major
release.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE advgaw
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawadv
@node Internationalization
@chapter Internationalization with @command{gawk}
@@ -28162,7 +27848,6 @@ countries, they were able to sell more systems.
As a result, internationalization and localization
of programs and software systems became a common practice.
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inloc
@cindex internationalization, localization
@cindex @command{gawk}, internationalization and, See internationalization
@cindex internationalization, localization, @command{gawk} and
@@ -28207,7 +27892,6 @@ monetary values are printed and read.
@section GNU @command{gettext}
@cindex internationalizing a program
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gettex
@cindex @command{gettext} library
@command{gawk} uses GNU @command{gettext} to provide its internationalization
features.
@@ -28259,7 +27943,6 @@ lookup of the translations.
@cindex @code{.po} files
@cindex files, @code{.po}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE portobfi
@cindex portable object files
@cindex files, portable object
@item
@@ -28271,7 +27954,6 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French
translation.
@cindex @code{.gmo} files
@cindex files, @code{.gmo}
@cindex message object files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi
@cindex files, message object
@item
Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary
@@ -28399,11 +28081,9 @@ before or after the day in a date, local month
abbreviations, and so on.
@item LC_ALL
All of the above. (Not too useful in the context of @command{gettext}.)
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gettex
@node Programmer i18n
@section Internationalizing @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inap
@cindex @command{awk} programs, internationalizing
@command{gawk} provides the following variables and functions for
@@ -28636,8 +28316,6 @@ to provide you translations that you can also then
distribute.
@DBXREF{I18N Example}
for the full list of steps to go through to create and test
translations for @command{guide}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE portobfi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi
@node Printf Ordering
@subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments
@@ -28813,7 +28491,6 @@ However, because the positional specifications are
primarily for use in
@emph{translated} format strings, and because non-GNU @command{awk}s never
retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in practice.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inap
@node I18N Example
@section A Simple Internationalization Example
@@ -29009,7 +28686,6 @@ a number of translations for its messages.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inloc
@node Debugger
@chapter Debugging @command{awk} Programs
@@ -35442,9 +35118,7 @@ online documentation}.
@node V7/SVR3.1
@appendixsec Major Changes Between V7 and SVR3.1
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkv
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkv1
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of, changes between V7 and SVR3.1
The @command{awk} language evolved considerably between the release of
@@ -35531,7 +35205,6 @@ Multiple @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} rules
Multidimensional arrays
(@pxref{Multidimensional}).
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkv1
@node SVR4
@appendixsec Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4
@@ -35646,7 +35319,6 @@ not permitted by the POSIX standard.
The 2008 POSIX standard can be found online at
@url{http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkv
@node BTL
@appendixsec Extensions in Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}
@@ -35692,11 +35364,8 @@ available in his @command{awk}.
@node POSIX/GNU
@appendixsec Extensions in @command{gawk} Not in POSIX @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fripls
@cindex compatibility mode (@command{gawk}), extensions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exgnot
@cindex extensions, in @command{gawk}, not in POSIX @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE posnot
@cindex POSIX, @command{gawk} extensions not included in
The GNU implementation, @command{gawk}, adds a large number of features.
They can all be disabled with either the @option{--traditional} or
@@ -36006,9 +35675,6 @@ Ultrix
@c XXX ADD MORE STUFF HERE
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fripls
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exgnot
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE posnot
@c This does not need to be in the formal book.
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@@ -37057,9 +36723,7 @@ the appropriate credit where credit is due.
@c last two commas are part of see also
@cindex operating systems, See Also GNU/address@hidden PC operating
address@hidden Unix
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gligawk
@cindex @command{gawk}, installing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ingawk
@cindex installing @command{gawk}
This appendix provides instructions for installing @command{gawk} on the
various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary
@@ -37169,7 +36833,6 @@ a local expert.
@node Distribution contents
@appendixsubsec Contents of the @command{gawk} Distribution
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawdis
@cindex @command{gawk}, distribution
The @command{gawk} distribution has a number of C source files,
@@ -37362,7 +37025,6 @@ directory to run your version of @command{gawk} against
the test suite.
If @command{gawk} successfully passes @samp{make check}, then you can
be confident of a successful port.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawdis
@node Unix Installation
@appendixsec Compiling and Installing @command{gawk} on Unix-Like Systems
@@ -37788,9 +37450,7 @@ multibyte functionality is not available.
@node PC Using
@appendixsubsubsec Using @command{gawk} on PC Operating Systems
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opgawx
@cindex operating systems, PC, @command{gawk} on
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pcgawon
@cindex PC operating systems, @command{gawk} on
Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support
@@ -38298,8 +37958,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk :==
$sys$common:[syshlp.examples.tcpip.snmp]gawk.exe}
This is apparently @value{PVERSION} 2.15.6, which is extremely old. We
recommend compiling and using the current version.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opgawx
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pcgawon
@node Bugs
@appendixsec Reporting Problems and Bugs
@@ -38310,9 +37968,7 @@ recommend compiling and using the current version.
@end quotation
@c the radio show, not the book. :-)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dbugg
@cindex debugging @command{gawk}, bug reports
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tblgawb
@cindex troubleshooting, @command{gawk}, bug reports
If you have problems with @command{gawk} or think that you have found a bug,
report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything
@@ -38409,12 +38065,9 @@ The people maintaining the various @command{gawk}
ports are:
If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your
report to the @EMAIL{bug-gawk@@gnu.org,bug-gawk at gnu dot org} email list as
well.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dbugg
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tblgawb
@node Other Versions
@appendixsec Other Freely Available @command{awk} Implementations
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkim
@cindex @command{awk}, implementations
@ignore
From: emory!amc.com!brennan (Michael Brennan)
@@ -38635,7 +38288,6 @@ See also the ``Versions and implementations'' section
of the
Wikipedia article} for information on additional versions.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkim
@node Installation summary
@appendixsec Summary
@@ -38673,15 +38325,11 @@ implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others
are less so.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gligawk
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ingawk
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@node Notes
@appendix Implementation Notes
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawii
@cindex @command{gawk}, implementation issues
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE impis
@cindex implementation issues, @command{gawk}
This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementers and
@@ -38786,11 +38434,8 @@ that has a Git plug-in for working with Git
repositories.
@node Adding Code
@appendixsubsec Adding New Features
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE adfgaw
@cindex adding, features to @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fadgaw
@cindex features, adding to @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawadf
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, adding
You are free to add any new features you like to @command{gawk}.
However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the @command{gawk}
@@ -38957,9 +38602,6 @@ Although this sounds like a lot of work, please
remember that while you
may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it
isn't possible for me to do that with a minimum of extra work, then I
probably will not.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE adfgaw
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawadf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fadgaw
@node New Ports
@appendixsubsec Porting @command{gawk} to a New Operating System
@@ -39093,7 +38735,6 @@ coding style and brace layout that suits your taste.
@node Derived Files
@appendixsubsec Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkgit
@cindex Git, use of for @command{gawk} source code
@c From emails written March 22, 2012, to the gawk developers list.
@@ -39282,7 +38923,6 @@ wget
http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/address@hidden
@noindent
to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkgit
@node Future Extensions
@appendixsec Probable Future Extensions
@@ -39663,13 +39303,10 @@ of @command{gawk}, but it @emph{will} be removed in
the next major release.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE impis
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawii
@node Basic Concepts
@appendix Basic Programming Concepts
@cindex programming, concepts
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE procon
@cindex programming, concepts
This @value{APPENDIX} attempts to define some of the basic concepts
@@ -39907,7 +39544,6 @@ standard for C. This standard became an ISO standard
in 1990.
In 1999, a revised ISO C standard was approved and released.
Where it makes sense, POSIX @command{awk} is compatible with 1999 ISO C.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE procon
@node Glossary
@unnumbered Glossary
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 4d11a08..7379a9c 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -2563,9 +2563,7 @@ for programs that are provided on the @command{awk}
command line.
(Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote
in the program
text, instead of the magic @samp{\47}.)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE sq1x
@cindex single quote (@code{'}) in @command{gawk} command lines
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE qs2x
@cindex @code{'} (single quote) in @command{gawk} command lines
If you want to clearly identify an @command{awk} program file as such,
you can add the extension @file{.awk} to the @value{FN}. This doesn't
@@ -2883,8 +2881,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Here is a single quote <'>\"
@}"}
@end example
@noindent
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE sq1x
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE qs2x
This option is also painful, because double quotes, backslashes, and dollar
signs
are very common in more advanced @command{awk} programs.
@@ -3649,13 +3645,9 @@ warning that the program is empty.
@node Options
@section Command-Line Options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ocl
@cindex options, command-line
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clo
@cindex command line, options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gnulo
@cindex GNU long options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE longo
@cindex options, long
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character.
@@ -3744,8 +3736,6 @@ by the user that could start with @samp{-}.
It is also useful for passing options on to the @command{awk}
program; see @ref{Getopt Function}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gnulo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE longo
The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options:
@@ -4201,8 +4191,6 @@ setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true
Having @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} set is not recommended for daily use,
but it is good for testing the portability of your programs to other
environments.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ocl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clo
@node Other Arguments
@section Other Command-Line Arguments
@@ -4872,7 +4860,6 @@ or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the
@option{-l} option.
@node Regexp
@chapter Regular Expressions
@cindex regexp
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexp
@cindex regular expressions
A @dfn{regular expression}, or @dfn{regexp}, is a way of describing a
@@ -5228,7 +5215,6 @@ escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants.
Thus,
@node Regexp Operators
@section Regular Expression Operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpo
@cindex regular expressions, operators
@cindex metacharacters in regular expressions
@@ -5460,11 +5446,9 @@ usage as a syntax error.
If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval
expressions are not available in regular expressions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpo
@node Bracket Expressions
@section Using Bracket Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE charlist
@cindex bracket expressions
@cindex bracket expressions, range expressions
@cindex range expressions (regexps)
@@ -5608,7 +5592,6 @@ expression matching currently recognize only POSIX
character classes;
they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes.
@end quotation
@c maybe one day ...
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE charlist
@node Leftmost Longest
@section How Much Text Matches?
@@ -5652,9 +5635,7 @@ and also @pxref{Field Separators}).
@node Computed Regexps
@section Using Dynamic Regexps
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dregexp
@cindex regular expressions, computed
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpd
@cindex regular expressions, dynamic
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -5761,17 +5742,13 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
@command{gawk} does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to
occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpd
@node GNU Regexp Operators
@section @command{gawk}-Specific Regexp Operators
@c This section adapted (long ago) from the regex-0.12 manual
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpg
@cindex regular expressions, operators, @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gregexp
@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, operators
@cindex operators, GNU-specific
@cindex regular expressions, operators, for words
@@ -5936,15 +5913,11 @@ Allow interval expressions in regexps, if
@option{--traditional}
has been provided.
Otherwise, interval expressions are available by default.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpg
@node Case-sensitivity
@section Case Sensitivity in Matching
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpcs
@cindex regular expressions, case sensitivity
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE csregexp
@cindex case sensitivity, regexps and
Case is normally significant in regular expressions, both when matching
ordinary characters (i.e., not metacharacters) and inside bracket
@@ -6036,8 +6009,6 @@ the right thing.}
The value of @code{IGNORECASE} has no effect if @command{gawk} is in
compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}).
Case is always significant in compatibility mode.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE csregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpcs
@node Regexp Summary
@section Summary
@@ -6084,12 +6055,10 @@ versions, use @code{tolower()} or @code{toupper()}.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexp
@node Reading Files
@chapter Reading Input Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE infir
@cindex reading input files
@cindex input files, reading
@cindex input files
@@ -6140,9 +6109,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk}
command line
@node Records
@section How Input Is Split into Records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inspl
@cindex input, splitting into records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE recspl
@cindex records, splitting input into
@cindex @code{NR} variable
@cindex @code{FNR} variable
@@ -6442,8 +6409,6 @@ character as a record separator. However, this is a
special case:
whole files. If you are using @command{gawk}, see @DBREF{Extension Sample
Readfile} for another option.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inspl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE recspl
@node Fields
@section Examining Fields
@@ -6451,7 +6416,6 @@ Readfile} for another option.
@cindex examining fields
@cindex fields
@cindex accessing fields
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fiex
@cindex fields, examining
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
@cindex field separators, POSIX and
@@ -6532,7 +6496,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk '/li/ @{ print $1, $NF @}' mail-list}
@print{} Julie F
@print{} Samuel A
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fiex
@node Nonconstant Fields
@section Nonconstant Field Numbers
@@ -6593,7 +6556,6 @@ evaluating @code{NF} and using its value as a field
number.
@node Changing Fields
@section Changing the Contents of a Field
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ficon
@cindex fields, changing contents of
The contents of a field, as seen by @command{awk}, can be changed within an
@command{awk} program; this changes what @command{awk} perceives as the
@@ -6785,7 +6747,6 @@ itself. Instead, you must force the record to be
rebuilt, typically
with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ficon
@node Field Separators
@section Specifying How Fields Are Separated
@@ -6801,9 +6762,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described
earlier.
@cindex @code{FS} variable
@cindex fields, separating
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fisepr
@cindex field separators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fisepg
@cindex fields, separating
The @dfn{field separator}, which is either a single character or a regular
expression, controls the way @command{awk} splits an input record into fields.
@@ -6903,9 +6862,7 @@ rules.
@node Regexp Field Splitting
@subsection Using Regular Expressions to Separate Fields
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexpfs
@cindex regular expressions, as field separators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex field separators, regular expressions as
The previous @value{SUBSECTION}
discussed the use of single characters or simple strings as the
@@ -7009,8 +6966,6 @@ $ @kbd{echo 'xxAA xxBxx C' |}
@print{} -->xxBxx<--
@print{} -->C<--
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexpfs
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
@node Single Character Fields
@subsection Making Each Character a Separate Field
@@ -7271,8 +7226,6 @@ do it for you (e.g., @samp{FS = "[c]"}). In this case,
@code{IGNORECASE}
will take effect.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fisepr
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fisepg
@node Constant Size
@section Reading Fixed-Width Data
@@ -7536,11 +7489,8 @@ last assigned to.
@section Multiple-Line Records
@cindex multiple-line records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE recm
@cindex records, multiline
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE imr
@cindex input, multiline records
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE frm
@cindex files, reading, multiline records
@cindex input, files, See input files
In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the
@@ -7707,16 +7657,11 @@ If not in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}),
@command{gawk} sets
@code{RT} to the input text that matched the value specified by @code{RS}.
But if the input file ended without any text that matches @code{RS},
then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE recm
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE imr
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE frm
@node Getline
@section Explicit Input with @code{getline}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE getl
@cindex @code{getline} command, explicit input with
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inex
@cindex input, explicit
So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main
input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes
@@ -8306,9 +8251,6 @@ Note: for each variant, @command{gawk} sets the @code{RT}
predefined variable.
@item @var{command} @code{|& getline} @var{var} @tab Sets @var{var} and
@code{RT} @tab @command{gawk}
@end multitable
@end float
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE getl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE infir
@node Read Timeout
@section Reading Input with a Timeout
@@ -8543,7 +8485,6 @@ That can be fixed by making one simple change. What is it?
@node Printing
@chapter Printing Output
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prnt
@cindex printing
@cindex output, printing, See printing
One of the most common programming actions is to @dfn{print}, or output,
@@ -8559,7 +8500,6 @@ columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and
so on.
For printing with specifications, you need the @code{printf} statement
(@pxref{Printf}).
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prnts
@cindex @code{print} statement
@cindex @code{printf} statement
Besides basic and formatted printing, this @value{CHAPTER}
@@ -8739,7 +8679,6 @@ You can continue either a @code{print} or
@code{printf} statement simply by putting a newline after any comma
(@pxref{Statements/Lines}).
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prnts
@node Output Separators
@section Output Separators
@@ -8852,7 +8791,6 @@ if @code{OFMT} contains anything but a floating-point
conversion specification.
@node Printf
@section Using @code{printf} Statements for Fancier Printing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE printfs
@cindex @code{printf} statement
@cindex output, formatted
@cindex formatting output
@@ -9050,7 +8988,6 @@ values or do something else entirely.
@node Format Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers for @code{printf} Formats
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pfm
@cindex @code{printf} statement, modifiers
@cindex address@hidden in format specifiers
A format specification can also include @dfn{modifiers} that can control
@@ -9256,7 +9193,6 @@ format strings. These are not valid in @command{awk}.
Most @command{awk}
implementations silently ignore them. If @option{--lint} is provided
on the command line (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} warns about their
use. If @option{--posix} is supplied, their use is a fatal error.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pfm
@node Printf Examples
@subsection Examples Using @code{printf}
@@ -9337,14 +9273,11 @@ awk 'BEGIN @{ format = "%-10s %s\n"
@{ printf format, $1, $2 @}' mail-list
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE printfs
@node Redirection
@section Redirecting Output of @code{print} and @code{printf}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE outre
@cindex output redirection
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE reout
@cindex redirection of output
@cindex @option{--sandbox} option, output redirection with @code{print},
@code{printf}
So far, the output from @code{print} and @code{printf} has gone
@@ -9561,8 +9494,6 @@ It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
@DBXREF{Shell Quoting} for a function that can help in generating
command lines to be fed to the shell.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE outre
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE reout
@node Special FD
@section Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams
@@ -9672,7 +9603,6 @@ invoked with the @option{--traditional} option
(@pxref{Options}).
@node Special Files
@section Special @value{FFN}s in @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gfn
@cindex @command{gawk}, file names in
Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error,
@@ -9763,18 +9693,13 @@ the time this does not matter; however, it is important
to @emph{not}
close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2.
Doing so results in unpredictable behavior.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gfn
@node Close Files And Pipes
@section Closing Input and Output Redirections
@cindex files, output, See output files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ifc
@cindex input files, closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ofc
@cindex output, address@hidden closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pc
@cindex pipe, closing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cc
@cindex coprocesses, closing
@cindex @code{getline} command, address@hidden using from
@@ -9988,10 +9913,6 @@ In POSIX mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} just
returns zero
when closing a pipe.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ifc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ofc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cc
@node Output Summary
@section Summary
@@ -10055,11 +9976,9 @@ BEGIN @{ print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr
@}
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prnt
@node Expressions
@chapter Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exps
@cindex expressions
Expressions are the basic building blocks of @command{awk} patterns
@@ -10102,7 +10021,6 @@ which provide the values used in expressions.
@node Constants
@subsection Constant Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cnst
@cindex constants, types of
The simplest type of expression is the @dfn{constant}, which always has
@@ -10259,7 +10177,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
@node Regexp Constants
@subsubsection Regular Expression Constants
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE rec
@cindex regexp constants
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -10271,7 +10188,6 @@ slashes, such as @address@hidden/^beginning and
end$/}}. Most regexps used in
matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps
(which are typically just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp,
but could be a more complex expression).
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cnst
@node Using Constant Regexps
@subsection Using Regular Expression Constants
@@ -10382,7 +10298,6 @@ or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}.
@command{gawk} issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant used as
a parameter to a user-defined function, because passing a truth value in
this way is probably not what was intended.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE rec
@node Variables
@subsection Variables
@@ -10948,11 +10863,8 @@ you're never quite sure what you'll get.
@node Assignment Ops
@subsection Assignment Expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE asop
@cindex assignment operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opas
@cindex operators, assignment
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exas
@cindex expressions, assignment
@cindex @code{=} (equals sign), @code{=} operator
@cindex equals sign (@code{=}), @code{=} operator
@@ -11206,16 +11118,11 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
@command{gawk} does not have this problem; BWK @command{awk}
and @command{mawk} also do not.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exas
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opas
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE asop
@node Increment Ops
@subsection Increment and Decrement Operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inop
@cindex increment operators
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opde
@cindex operators, decrement/increment
@dfn{Increment} and @dfn{decrement operators} increase or decrease the value of
a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so
@@ -11263,7 +11170,6 @@ just like variables. (Use @samp{$(i++)} when you want
to do a field reference
and a variable increment at the same time. The parentheses are necessary
because of the precedence of the field reference operator @samp{$}.)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE deop
@cindex decrement operators
The decrement operator @samp{--} works just like @samp{++}, except that
it subtracts one instead of adding it. As with @samp{++}, it can be used
before
@@ -11339,9 +11245,6 @@ You should avoid such things in your own programs.
@c You'll sleep better at night and be able to look at yourself
@c in the mirror in the morning.
@end sidebar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inop
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opde
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE deop
@node Truth Values and Conditions
@section Truth Values and Conditions
@@ -11406,17 +11309,13 @@ the string constant @code{"0"} is actually true,
because it is non-null.
@author Douglas Adams, @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE comex
@cindex comparison expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE excom
@cindex expressions, comparison
@cindex expressions, matching, See comparison expressions
@cindex matching, expressions, See comparison expressions
@cindex relational operators, See comparison operators
@cindex operators, relational, See address@hidden comparison
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE varting
@cindex variable typing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE vartypc
@cindex variables, types of, comparison expressions and
Unlike other programming languages, @command{awk} variables do not have a
fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending
@@ -11816,19 +11715,13 @@ $ @kbd{gawk --posix 'BEGIN @{ printf("ABC < abc =
%s\n",}
@print{} ABC < abc = FALSE
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE comex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE excom
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE vartypc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE varting
@node Boolean Ops
@subsection Boolean Expressions
@cindex and Boolean-logic operator
@cindex or Boolean-logic operator
@cindex not Boolean-logic operator
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exbo
@cindex expressions, Boolean
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE boex
@cindex Boolean expressions
@cindex operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions
@cindex Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions
@@ -11974,8 +11867,6 @@ next record, and start processing the rules over again
at the top.
The reason it's there is to avoid printing the bracketing
@samp{START} and @samp{END} lines.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exbo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE boex
@node Conditional Exp
@subsection Conditional Expressions
@@ -12154,9 +12045,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f matchit.awk}
@node Precedence
@section Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prec
@cindex precedence
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oppr
@cindex operators, precedence
@dfn{Operator precedence} determines how operators are grouped when
@@ -12341,8 +12230,6 @@ Assignment. These operators group right-to-left.
The @samp{|&}, @samp{**}, and @samp{**=} operators are not specified by POSIX.
For maximum portability, do not use them.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prec
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oppr
@node Locales
@section Where You Are Makes a Difference
@@ -12446,11 +12333,9 @@ program, and occasionally the format for data read as
input.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exps
@node Patterns and Actions
@chapter Patterns, Actions, and Variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pat
@cindex patterns
As you have already seen, each @command{awk} statement consists of
@@ -12746,9 +12631,7 @@ a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER}
@node BEGIN/END
@subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE beg
@cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE end
@cindex @code{END} pattern
All the patterns described so far are for matching input records.
The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} special patterns are different.
@@ -12886,8 +12769,6 @@ are not valid in an @code{END} rule, because all the
input has been read.
@ifdocbook
@DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
@end ifdocbook
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE beg
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE end
@node BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
@subsection The @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE} Special Patterns
@@ -13008,7 +12889,6 @@ awk '@{ print $1 @}' mail-list
@noindent
prints the first field of every record.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pat
@node Using Shell Variables
@section Using Shell Variables in Programs
@@ -13157,11 +13037,8 @@ For deleting array elements.
@node Statements
@section Control Statements in Actions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE csta
@cindex control statements
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE acs
@cindex statements, control, in actions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE accs
@cindex actions, control statements in
@dfn{Control statements}, such as @code{if}, @code{while}, and so on,
@@ -13879,15 +13756,10 @@ Negative values, and values of 127 or greater, may
not produce consistent
results across different operating systems.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE csta
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE acs
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE accs
@node Built-in Variables
@section Predefined Variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvar
@cindex predefined variables
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE varb
@cindex variables, predefined
Most @command{awk} variables are available to use for your own
@@ -13914,9 +13786,7 @@ their areas of activity.
@node User-modified
@subsection Built-In Variables That Control @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvaru
@cindex predefined variables, user-modifiable
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE nmbv
@cindex user-modifiable variables
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change to
@@ -14143,17 +14013,11 @@ marked string constants in the source text, as well
as for the
(@pxref{Internationalization}).
The default value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN} is @code{"messages"}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE varb
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvaru
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE nmbv
@node Auto-set
@subsection Built-In Variables That Convey Information
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bvconi
@cindex predefined variables, conveying information
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE vbconi
@cindex variables, predefined conveying information
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that @command{awk}
sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide
@@ -14561,8 +14425,6 @@ implementation issues.} neither @code{FUNCTAB} nor
@code{SYMTAB}
are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB} array.
@end quotation
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bvconi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE vbconi
@sidebar Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
@cindex @code{NR} variable, changing
@@ -14809,7 +14671,6 @@ control how @command{awk} will process the provided
@value{DF}s.
@node Arrays
@chapter Arrays in @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE arrs
@cindex arrays
An @dfn{array} is a table of values called @dfn{elements}. The
@@ -14931,9 +14792,7 @@ Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit
from the order of
the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the
position with zero elements before it.
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE arrin
@cindex arrays, indexing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inarr
@cindex indexing arrays
@cindex associative arrays
@cindex arrays, associative
@@ -15136,8 +14995,6 @@ that array's indices are consecutive integers starting
at one.
@command{awk}'s arrays are efficient---the time to access an element
is independent of the number of elements in the array.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE arrin
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inarr
@node Reference to Elements
@subsection Referring to an Array Element
@@ -16190,14 +16047,11 @@ element is itself a subarray.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE arrs
@node Functions
@chapter Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE funcbi
@cindex functions, built-in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bifunc
@cindex built-in functions
This @value{CHAPTER} describes @command{awk}'s built-in functions,
which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O.
@@ -17743,13 +17597,9 @@ you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
@subsection Time Functions
@cindex time functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tst
@cindex timestamps
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE logftst
@cindex log files, timestamps in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE filogtst
@cindex files, address@hidden timestamps in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawtst
@cindex @command{gawk}, timestamps
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, timestamps and
@code{awk} programs are commonly used to process log files
@@ -17827,7 +17677,6 @@ is out of range, @code{mktime()} returns @minus{}1.
@cindex @command{gawk}, @code{PROCINFO} array in
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
@item @code{strftime(address@hidden address@hidden,} @var{timestamp}
address@hidden,} @var{utc-flag}] ] address@hidden)}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE strf
@cindexgawkfunc{strftime}
@cindex format time string
Format the time specified by @var{timestamp}
@@ -18076,7 +17925,6 @@ The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the
epoch.
The date in VMS format (e.g., @samp{20-JUN-1991}).
@end ignore
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE strf
Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but their
normal representations are used.
@@ -18127,23 +17975,14 @@ gawk 'BEGIN @{
exit exitval
@}' "$@@"
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE logftst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE filogtst
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawtst
@node Bitwise Functions
@subsection Bit-Manipulation Functions
@cindex bit-manipulation functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE bit
@cindex bitwise, operations
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE and
@cindex AND bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oro
@cindex OR bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE xor
@cindex XOR bitwise operation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opbit
@cindex operations, bitwise
@quotation
@i{I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you.}
@@ -18435,11 +18274,6 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers
(@pxref{Nondecimal-numbers}),
and then demonstrates the
results of the @code{compl()}, @code{lshift()}, and @code{rshift()} functions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bit
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE and
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oro
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE xor
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opbit
@node Type Functions
@subsection Getting Type Information
@@ -18519,15 +18353,11 @@ variant of the same message.
The default value for @var{domain} is the current value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN}.
The default value for @var{category} is @code{"LC_MESSAGES"}.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE funcbi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE bifunc
@node User-defined
@section User-Defined Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE udfunc
@cindex user-defined functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE funcud
@cindex functions, user-defined
Complicated @command{awk} programs can often be simplified by defining
your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like
@@ -18552,7 +18382,6 @@ variable definitions is appallingly awful.}
@author Brian Kernighan
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fdef
@cindex functions, defining
Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an
@command{awk} program. Thus, the general form of an @command{awk} program is
@@ -18799,12 +18628,10 @@ You might think that @code{ctime()} could use
@code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}
for its format string. That would be a mistake, because @code{ctime()} is
supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level
code could have changed @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fdef
@node Function Caveats
@subsection Calling User-Defined Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fudc
@cindex functions, user-defined, calling
@dfn{Calling a function} means causing the function to run and do its job.
A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by
@@ -19096,7 +18923,6 @@ or the @code{nextfile} statement
@end ifnotdocbook
inside a user-defined function.
@command{gawk} does not have this limitation.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fudc
@node Return Statement
@subsection The @code{return} Statement
@@ -19224,7 +19050,6 @@ does report the second error.
Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth
being aware of them.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE udfunc
@node Indirect Calls
@section Indirect Function Calls
@@ -19717,7 +19542,6 @@ program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C
and C++.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE funcud
@ifnotinfo
@part @value{PART2}Problem Solving with @command{awk}
@@ -19739,11 +19563,8 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Library Functions
@chapter A Library of @command{awk} Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flib
@cindex functions, library
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fudlib
@cindex functions, user-defined, library of
@DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write
@@ -20066,13 +19887,9 @@ be tested with @command{gawk} and the results compared
to the built-in
@node Assert Function
@subsection Assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE asse
@cindex assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE assef
@cindex @code{assert()} function (C library)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfass
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, assertions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibass
@cindex functions, library, assertions
@cindex @command{awk} programs, lengthy, assertions
When writing large programs, it is often useful to know
@@ -20188,10 +20005,6 @@ most likely causing the program to hang as it waits
for input.
There is a simple workaround to this:
make sure that such a @code{BEGIN} rule always ends
with an @code{exit} statement.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE asse
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE assef
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibass
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfass
@node Round Function
@subsection Rounding Numbers
@@ -20749,11 +20562,8 @@ function shell_quote(s, # parameter
@node Data File Management
@section @value{DDF} Management
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dataf
@cindex files, managing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfdataf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, managing, data files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibdataf
@cindex functions, library, managing data files
This @value{SECTION} presents functions that are useful for managing
command-line @value{DF}s.
@@ -21116,22 +20926,14 @@ The use of @code{No_command_assign} allows you to
disable command-line
assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value.
When not set, it is initially zero (i.e., false), so the command-line arguments
are left alone.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dataf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibdataf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfdataf
@node Getopt Function
@section Processing Command-Line Options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfclo
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, command-line options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibclo
@cindex functions, library, command-line options
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clop
@cindex command-line options, processing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE oclp
@cindex options, command-line, processing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE clibf
@cindex functions, library, C library
@cindex arguments, processing
Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on
@@ -21483,21 +21285,13 @@ further options
Several of the sample programs presented in
@ref{Sample Programs},
use @code{getopt()} to process their arguments.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfclo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibclo
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clop
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE oclp
@node Passwd Functions
@section Reading the User Database
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfudata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, user database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibudata
@cindex functions, library, user address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE udatar
@cindex user address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dataur
@cindex database, address@hidden reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
The @code{PROCINFO} array
@@ -21844,21 +21638,13 @@ and such a change would clutter up the code.
The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
uses these functions.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfudata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibudata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE udatar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dataur
@node Group Functions
@section Reading the Group Database
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfgdata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, group database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibgdata
@cindex functions, library, group address@hidden reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gdatar
@cindex group database, reading
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE datagr
@cindex database, group, reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array, and group membership
@cindex @code{getgrent()} function (C library)
@@ -22181,7 +21967,6 @@ function getgrent()
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE clibf
@cindex @code{endgrent()} function (C library)
The @code{endgrent()} function resets @code{_gr_count} to zero so that
@code{getgrent()} can
@@ -22270,10 +22055,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f walk_array.awk}
@print{} a[4][2] = 42
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfgdata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibgdata
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gdatar
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libf
@node Library Functions Summary
@section Summary
@@ -22387,13 +22168,9 @@ output identical to that of the original version.
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flib
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fudlib
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE datagr
@node Sample Programs
@chapter Practical @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkpex
@cindex @command{awk} programs, examples of
@c FULLXREF ON
@@ -22463,7 +22240,6 @@ cut.awk -- -c1-8 myfiles > results
@node Clones
@section Reinventing Wheels for Fun and Profit
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE posimawk
@cindex POSIX, address@hidden implementing in @command{awk}
This @value{SECTION} presents a number of POSIX utilities implemented in
@@ -22494,11 +22270,8 @@ The programs are presented in alphabetical order.
@subsection Cutting Out Fields and Columns
@cindex @command{cut} utility
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE cut
@cindex @command{cut} utility
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ficut
@cindex fields, cutting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE colcut
@cindex columns, cutting
The @command{cut} utility selects, or ``cuts,'' characters or fields
from its standard input and sends them to its standard output.
@@ -22806,21 +22579,14 @@ other @command{awk} implementations to use
@code{substr()}
it is also extremely painful.
The @code{FIELDWIDTHS} variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem
of picking the input line apart by characters.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE cut
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ficut
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE colcut
@node Egrep Program
@subsection Searching for Regular Expressions in Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE regexps
@cindex regular expressions, searching for
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE sfregexp
@cindex searching, files for regular expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex files, searching for regular expressions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE egrep
@cindex @command{egrep} utility
The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular
expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk}
@@ -23088,17 +22854,12 @@ function usage()
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE regexps
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE sfregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE egrep
@node Id Program
@subsection Printing Out User Information
@cindex printing, user information
@cindex users, information about, printing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE id
@cindex @command{id} utility
The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers,
real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any.
@@ -23227,16 +22988,13 @@ code that is used repeatedly, making the whole program
shorter and cleaner. In particular, moving the check for
the empty string into this function saves several lines of code.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE id
@node Split Program
@subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of split
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE filspl
@cindex files, splitting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE split
@cindex @code{split} utility
The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces.
Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The
@@ -23371,15 +23129,12 @@ You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of
way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well.
@end ifset
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE filspl
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE split
@node Tee Program
@subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files
@cindex files, address@hidden duplicating output into
@cindex output, duplicating into files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tee
@cindex @code{tee} utility
The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies
its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the
@@ -23492,18 +23247,14 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tee
@node Uniq Program
@subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of uniq
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prunt
@cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tpul
@cindex address@hidden printing, unduplicated lines of
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE uniq
@cindex @command{uniq} utility
The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard
input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only
@@ -23772,26 +23523,17 @@ suggestion.
@end ifset
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prunt
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tpul
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE uniq
@node Wc Program
@subsection Counting Things
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of wc
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE count
@cindex counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE infco
@cindex input files, counting elements in
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE woco
@cindex words, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE chco
@cindex characters, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE lico
@cindex lines, counting
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE wc
@cindex @command{wc} utility
The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in
one or more input files. Its usage is as follows:
@@ -23961,13 +23703,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE count
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE infco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE lico
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE woco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE chco
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE wc
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE posimawk
@node Miscellaneous Programs
@section A Grab Bag of @command{awk} Programs
@@ -24098,9 +23833,7 @@ Aharon Robbins <address@hidden> wrote:
@author Erik Quanstrom
@end quotation
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tialarm
@cindex time, alarm clock example program
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE alaex
@cindex alarm clock example program
The following program is a simple ``alarm clock'' program.
You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time,
@@ -24252,15 +23985,11 @@ seconds are necessary:
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tialarm
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE alaex
@node Translate Program
@subsection Transliterating Characters
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE chtra
@cindex characters, transliterating
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tr
@cindex @command{tr} utility
The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is
often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing:
@@ -24408,15 +24137,11 @@ such as @samp{a-z}, as allowed by the @command{tr}
utility.
Look at the code for @file{cut.awk} (@pxref{Cut Program})
for inspiration.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE chtra
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tr
@node Labels Program
@subsection Printing Mailing Labels
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE prml
@cindex printing, mailing labels
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE mlprint
@cindex mailing address@hidden printing
Here is a ``real world''@footnote{``Real world'' is defined as
``a program actually used to get something done.''}
@@ -24480,7 +24205,6 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank
lines at the bottom.
The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may
not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE labels
@cindex @code{labels.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/labels.awk
@@ -24545,14 +24269,10 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE prml
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE mlprint
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE labels
@node Word Sorting
@subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE worus
@cindex words, usage address@hidden generating
When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know
@@ -24614,7 +24334,6 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve
the third problem
by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the
@command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE wordfreq
@cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk
@@ -24679,13 +24398,10 @@ This way of sorting must be used on systems that do
not
have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level.
See the general operating system documentation for more information on how
to use the @command{sort} program.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE worus
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE wordfreq
@node History Sorting
@subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE lidu
@cindex lines, address@hidden removing
The @command{uniq} program
(@pxref{Uniq Program}),
@@ -24710,7 +24426,6 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and
the indices of
The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order:
@cindex Rakitzis, Byron
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE histsort
@cindex @code{histsort.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/histsort.awk
@@ -24753,15 +24468,11 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i]
@noindent
This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is
seen.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE lidu
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE histsort
@node Extract Program
@subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE texse
@cindex Texinfo, extracting programs from source files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fitex
@cindex files, address@hidden extracting programs from
@ifnotinfo
Both this chapter and the previous chapter
@@ -24865,7 +24576,6 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()},
checking that a command is
given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command
exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE extract
@cindex @code{extract.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/extract.awk
@@ -25011,9 +24721,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE texse
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fitex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE extract
@node Simple Sed
@subsection A Simple Stream Editor
@@ -25043,7 +24750,6 @@ additional arguments are treated as @value{DF} names to
process. If none
are provided, the standard input is used:
@cindex Brennan, Michael
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awksed
@cindex @command{awksed.awk} program
@c @cindex simple stream editor
@c @cindex stream editor, simple
@@ -25120,14 +24826,11 @@ The @code{usage()} function prints an error message
and exits.
Finally, the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier,
using @code{print} or @code{printf} as appropriate, depending upon the
value of @code{RT}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awksed
@node Igawk Program
@subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE libfex
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, example program for using
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE flibex
@cindex functions, library, example program for using
In @ref{Include Files}, we saw how @command{gawk} provides a built-in
file-inclusion capability. However, this is a @command{gawk} extension.
@@ -25266,7 +24969,6 @@ program.
The program is as follows:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE igawk
@cindex @code{igawk.sh} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/igawk.sh
@@ -25591,10 +25293,6 @@ features to a program; they can often be layered on
address@hidden@command{gawk}
does @code{@@include} processing itself in order to support the use
of @command{awk} programs as Web CGI scripts.}
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE libfex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE flibex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkpex
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE igawk
@node Anagram Program
@subsection Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary
@@ -25618,7 +25316,6 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring
together
words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words
in sorted order:
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE anagram
@cindex @code{anagram.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/anagram.awk
@@ -25727,7 +25424,6 @@ babery yabber
@dots{}
@end example
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE anagram
@node Signature Program
@subsection And Now for Something Completely Different
@@ -26047,9 +25743,7 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Advanced Features
@chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawadv
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE advgaw
@cindex advanced features, @command{gawk}
@ignore
Contributed by: Peter Langston <address@hidden>
@@ -26759,7 +26453,6 @@ using regular pipes.
@section Using @command{gawk} for Network Programming
@cindex advanced features, network programming
@cindex networks, programming
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tcpip
@cindex TCP/IP
@cindex @code{/inet/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk})
@cindex files, @code{/inet/@dots{}} (@command{gawk})
@@ -26876,13 +26569,10 @@ which comes as part of the @command{gawk}
distribution,
for a much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as
extensive examples.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tcpip
@node Profiling
@section Profiling Your @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkp
@cindex @command{awk} programs, profiling
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE proawk
@cindex profiling @command{awk} programs
@cindex @code{awkprof.out} file
@cindex files, @code{awkprof.out}
@@ -27193,8 +26883,6 @@ When called this way, @command{gawk} ``pretty prints''
the program into
The @option{--pretty-print} option still runs your program.
This will change in the next major release.
@end quotation
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkp
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE proawk
@node Advanced Features Summary
@section Summary
@@ -27241,8 +26929,6 @@ the program, but that will change in the next major
release.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE advgaw
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawadv
@node Internationalization
@chapter Internationalization with @command{gawk}
@@ -27255,7 +26941,6 @@ countries, they were able to sell more systems.
As a result, internationalization and localization
of programs and software systems became a common practice.
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inloc
@cindex internationalization, localization
@cindex @command{gawk}, internationalization and, See internationalization
@cindex internationalization, localization, @command{gawk} and
@@ -27300,7 +26985,6 @@ monetary values are printed and read.
@section GNU @command{gettext}
@cindex internationalizing a program
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gettex
@cindex @command{gettext} library
@command{gawk} uses GNU @command{gettext} to provide its internationalization
features.
@@ -27352,7 +27036,6 @@ lookup of the translations.
@cindex @code{.po} files
@cindex files, @code{.po}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE portobfi
@cindex portable object files
@cindex files, portable object
@item
@@ -27364,7 +27047,6 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French
translation.
@cindex @code{.gmo} files
@cindex files, @code{.gmo}
@cindex message object files
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi
@cindex files, message object
@item
Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary
@@ -27492,11 +27174,9 @@ before or after the day in a date, local month
abbreviations, and so on.
@item LC_ALL
All of the above. (Not too useful in the context of @command{gettext}.)
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gettex
@node Programmer i18n
@section Internationalizing @command{awk} Programs
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE inap
@cindex @command{awk} programs, internationalizing
@command{gawk} provides the following variables and functions for
@@ -27729,8 +27409,6 @@ to provide you translations that you can also then
distribute.
@DBXREF{I18N Example}
for the full list of steps to go through to create and test
translations for @command{guide}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE portobfi
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi
@node Printf Ordering
@subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments
@@ -27906,7 +27584,6 @@ However, because the positional specifications are
primarily for use in
@emph{translated} format strings, and because non-GNU @command{awk}s never
retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in practice.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inap
@node I18N Example
@section A Simple Internationalization Example
@@ -28102,7 +27779,6 @@ a number of translations for its messages.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE inloc
@node Debugger
@chapter Debugging @command{awk} Programs
@@ -34535,9 +34211,7 @@ online documentation}.
@node V7/SVR3.1
@appendixsec Major Changes Between V7 and SVR3.1
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkv
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkv1
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of, changes between V7 and SVR3.1
The @command{awk} language evolved considerably between the release of
@@ -34624,7 +34298,6 @@ Multiple @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} rules
Multidimensional arrays
(@pxref{Multidimensional}).
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkv1
@node SVR4
@appendixsec Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4
@@ -34739,7 +34412,6 @@ not permitted by the POSIX standard.
The 2008 POSIX standard can be found online at
@url{http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/}.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkv
@node BTL
@appendixsec Extensions in Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}
@@ -34785,11 +34457,8 @@ available in his @command{awk}.
@node POSIX/GNU
@appendixsec Extensions in @command{gawk} Not in POSIX @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fripls
@cindex compatibility mode (@command{gawk}), extensions
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE exgnot
@cindex extensions, in @command{gawk}, not in POSIX @command{awk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE posnot
@cindex POSIX, @command{gawk} extensions not included in
The GNU implementation, @command{gawk}, adds a large number of features.
They can all be disabled with either the @option{--traditional} or
@@ -35099,9 +34768,6 @@ Ultrix
@c XXX ADD MORE STUFF HERE
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fripls
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE exgnot
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE posnot
@c This does not need to be in the formal book.
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@@ -36150,9 +35816,7 @@ the appropriate credit where credit is due.
@c last two commas are part of see also
@cindex operating systems, See Also GNU/address@hidden PC operating
address@hidden Unix
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gligawk
@cindex @command{gawk}, installing
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE ingawk
@cindex installing @command{gawk}
This appendix provides instructions for installing @command{gawk} on the
various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary
@@ -36262,7 +35926,6 @@ a local expert.
@node Distribution contents
@appendixsubsec Contents of the @command{gawk} Distribution
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawdis
@cindex @command{gawk}, distribution
The @command{gawk} distribution has a number of C source files,
@@ -36455,7 +36118,6 @@ directory to run your version of @command{gawk} against
the test suite.
If @command{gawk} successfully passes @samp{make check}, then you can
be confident of a successful port.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawdis
@node Unix Installation
@appendixsec Compiling and Installing @command{gawk} on Unix-Like Systems
@@ -36881,9 +36543,7 @@ multibyte functionality is not available.
@node PC Using
@appendixsubsubsec Using @command{gawk} on PC Operating Systems
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE opgawx
@cindex operating systems, PC, @command{gawk} on
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE pcgawon
@cindex PC operating systems, @command{gawk} on
Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support
@@ -37391,8 +37051,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk :==
$sys$common:[syshlp.examples.tcpip.snmp]gawk.exe}
This is apparently @value{PVERSION} 2.15.6, which is extremely old. We
recommend compiling and using the current version.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE opgawx
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE pcgawon
@node Bugs
@appendixsec Reporting Problems and Bugs
@@ -37403,9 +37061,7 @@ recommend compiling and using the current version.
@end quotation
@c the radio show, not the book. :-)
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE dbugg
@cindex debugging @command{gawk}, bug reports
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE tblgawb
@cindex troubleshooting, @command{gawk}, bug reports
If you have problems with @command{gawk} or think that you have found a bug,
report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything
@@ -37502,12 +37158,9 @@ The people maintaining the various @command{gawk}
ports are:
If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your
report to the @EMAIL{bug-gawk@@gnu.org,bug-gawk at gnu dot org} email list as
well.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE dbugg
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE tblgawb
@node Other Versions
@appendixsec Other Freely Available @command{awk} Implementations
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE awkim
@cindex @command{awk}, implementations
@ignore
From: emory!amc.com!brennan (Michael Brennan)
@@ -37728,7 +37381,6 @@ See also the ``Versions and implementations'' section
of the
Wikipedia article} for information on additional versions.
@end table
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE awkim
@node Installation summary
@appendixsec Summary
@@ -37766,15 +37418,11 @@ implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others
are less so.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gligawk
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE ingawk
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@node Notes
@appendix Implementation Notes
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawii
@cindex @command{gawk}, implementation issues
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE impis
@cindex implementation issues, @command{gawk}
This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementers and
@@ -37879,11 +37527,8 @@ that has a Git plug-in for working with Git
repositories.
@node Adding Code
@appendixsubsec Adding New Features
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE adfgaw
@cindex adding, features to @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE fadgaw
@cindex features, adding to @command{gawk}
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawadf
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, adding
You are free to add any new features you like to @command{gawk}.
However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the @command{gawk}
@@ -38050,9 +37695,6 @@ Although this sounds like a lot of work, please
remember that while you
may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it
isn't possible for me to do that with a minimum of extra work, then I
probably will not.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE adfgaw
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawadf
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE fadgaw
@node New Ports
@appendixsubsec Porting @command{gawk} to a New Operating System
@@ -38186,7 +37828,6 @@ coding style and brace layout that suits your taste.
@node Derived Files
@appendixsubsec Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE gawkgit
@cindex Git, use of for @command{gawk} source code
@c From emails written March 22, 2012, to the gawk developers list.
@@ -38375,7 +38016,6 @@ wget
http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/address@hidden
@noindent
to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawkgit
@node Future Extensions
@appendixsec Probable Future Extensions
@@ -38756,13 +38396,10 @@ of @command{gawk}, but it @emph{will} be removed in
the next major release.
@end itemize
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE impis
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE gawii
@node Basic Concepts
@appendix Basic Programming Concepts
@cindex programming, concepts
address@hidden STARTOFRANGE procon
@cindex programming, concepts
This @value{APPENDIX} attempts to define some of the basic concepts
@@ -39000,7 +38637,6 @@ standard for C. This standard became an ISO standard
in 1990.
In 1999, a revised ISO C standard was approved and released.
Where it makes sense, POSIX @command{awk} is compatible with 1999 ISO C.
address@hidden ENDOFRANGE procon
@node Glossary
@unnumbered Glossary
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=1b2704c322317629cef59d247e45b3dba3c21992
commit 1b2704c322317629cef59d247e45b3dba3c21992
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Wed Jan 21 08:44:37 2015 +0200
More O'Reilly fixes.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index f6c1eaf..63f6cd0 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2015-01-21 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+
+ * gawktexi.in: O'Reilly fixes.
+
2015-01-20 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
* gawktexi.in: O'Reilly fixes.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index b81c070..de00422 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -2277,9 +2277,10 @@ built-in functions for working with timestamps,
performing bit
manipulation, for runtime string translation (internationalization),
determining the type of a variable, and array sorting.
- As we develop our presentation of the `awk' language, we introduce
-most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
-systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and in *note Built-in::.
+ As we develop our presentation of the `awk' language, we will
+introduce most of the variables and many of the functions. They are
+described systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and in *note
+Built-in::.
File: gawk.info, Node: When, Next: Intro Summary, Prev: Other Features,
Up: Getting Started
@@ -2344,7 +2345,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Intro Summary, Prev: When, Up:
Getting Started
* You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line.
Lines are automatically continued after a comma, open brace,
- question mark, colon, `||', `&&', `do' and `else'.
+ question mark, colon, `||', `&&', `do', and `else'.
File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started,
Up: Top
@@ -2411,8 +2412,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Options, Next: Other Arguments,
Prev: Command Line, U
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character. GNU-style
long options consist of two dashes and a keyword. The keyword can be
abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation allows the option to be
-uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, then the keyword
-is either immediately followed by an equals sign (`=') and the
+uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, either the
+keyword is immediately followed by an equals sign (`=') and the
argument's value, or the keyword and the argument's value are separated
by whitespace. If a particular option with a value is given more than
once, it is the last value that counts.
@@ -2427,10 +2428,10 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
`-f SOURCE-FILE'
`--file SOURCE-FILE'
- Read `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the first
- nonoption argument. This option may be given multiple times; the
- `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the contents of
- each specified SOURCE-FILE.
+ Read the `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the
+ first nonoption argument. This option may be given multiple
+ times; the `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the
+ contents of each specified SOURCE-FILE.
`-v VAR=VAL'
`--assign VAR=VAL'
@@ -2471,7 +2472,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
`-b'
`--characters-as-bytes'
Cause `gawk' to treat all input data as single-byte characters.
- In addition, all output written with `print' or `printf' are
+ In addition, all output written with `print' or `printf' is
treated as single-byte characters.
Normally, `gawk' follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process
@@ -2479,7 +2480,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
This can often involve converting multibyte characters into wide
characters (internally), and can lead to problems or confusion if
the input data does not contain valid multibyte characters. This
- option is an easy way to tell `gawk': "hands off my data!".
+ option is an easy way to tell `gawk', "Hands off my data!"
`-c'
`--traditional'
@@ -2514,7 +2515,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the
keyboard (standard input). The optional FILE argument allows you
to specify a file with a list of commands for the debugger to
- execute non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D'
+ execute noninteractively. No space is allowed between the `-D'
and FILE, if FILE is supplied.
`-e' PROGRAM-TEXT
@@ -2549,23 +2550,23 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
`-g'
`--gen-pot'
- Analyze the source program and generate a GNU `gettext' Portable
- Object Template file on standard output for all string constants
+ Analyze the source program and generate a GNU `gettext' portable
+ object template file on standard output for all string constants
that have been marked for translation. *Note
Internationalization::, for information about this option.
`-h'
`--help'
- Print a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style
+ Print a "usage" message summarizing the short- and long-style
options that `gawk' accepts and then exit.
`-i' SOURCE-FILE
`--include' SOURCE-FILE
Read an `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is
completely equivalent to using the address@hidden' directive inside
- your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but
- there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used,
- the program source is not loaded if it has been previously loaded,
+ your program. It is very similar to the `-f' option, but there
+ are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, the
+ program source is not loaded if it has been previously loaded,
whereas with `-f', `gawk' always loads the file. Second, because
this option is intended to be used with code libraries, `gawk'
does not recognize such files as constituting main program input.
@@ -2627,15 +2628,15 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the
POSIX standard:
`-o'[FILE]
`--pretty-print'[`='FILE]
- Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, output
+ Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, the output
program is created in a file named `awkprof.out' (*note
Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a
different file name for the output. No space is allowed between
the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied.
NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option
- your program is still executed. This will change in the next
- major release such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the
+ your program still executes. This will change in the next
+ major release, such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the
program and not run it.
`-O'
@@ -2735,7 +2736,7 @@ input as a source of data.)
Because it is clumsy using the standard `awk' mechanisms to mix
source file and command-line `awk' programs, `gawk' provides the `-e'
-option. This does not require you to pre-empt the standard input for
+option. This does not require you to preempt the standard input for
your source code; it allows you to easily mix command-line and library
source code (*note AWKPATH Variable::). As with `-f', the `-e' and `-i'
options may also be used multiple times on the command line.
@@ -2894,7 +2895,7 @@ implementations, you must supply a precise pathname for
each program
file, unless the file is in the current directory. But with `gawk', if
the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a
directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories
-(called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the
+(called the "search path") one by one, looking for a file with the
specified name.
The search path is a string consisting of directory names separated by
@@ -2927,9 +2928,9 @@ or by placing two colons next to each other [`::'].)
Different past versions of `gawk' would also look explicitly in
the current directory, either before or after the path search. As
- of version 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look
- in the current directory, you must include `.' either as a separate
- entry, or as a null entry in the search path.
+ of version 4.1.2, this no longer happens; if you wish to look in
+ the current directory, you must include `.' either as a separate
+ entry or as a null entry in the search path.
The default value for `AWKPATH' is `.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2)
Since `.' is included at the beginning, `gawk' searches first in the
@@ -3035,7 +3036,7 @@ change. The variables are:
If this variable exists, `gawk' includes the file name and line
number within the `gawk' source code from which warning and/or
fatal messages are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the
- source of a message, as there are multiple places which produce the
+ source of a message, as there are multiple places that produce the
same warning or error message.
`GAWK_NO_DFA'
@@ -3058,16 +3059,16 @@ change. The variables are:
evaluation stack, when needed.
`INT_CHAIN_MAX'
- The intended maximum number of items `gawk' will maintain on a
- hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers.
+ This specifies intended maximum number of items `gawk' will
+ maintain on a hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers.
`STR_CHAIN_MAX'
- The intended maximum number of items `gawk' will maintain on a
- hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings.
+ This specifies intended maximum number of items `gawk' will
+ maintain on a hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings.
`TIDYMEM'
If this variable exists, `gawk' uses the `mtrace()' library calls
- from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks.
+ from the GNU C library to help track down possible memory leaks.
File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Include Files, Prev: Environment
Variables, Up: Invoking Gawk
@@ -3099,11 +3100,11 @@ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to
`gawk'.
files. This gives you the ability to split large `awk' source files
into smaller, more manageable pieces, and also lets you reuse common
`awk' code from various `awk' scripts. In other words, you can group
-together `awk' functions, used to carry out specific tasks, into
-external files. These files can be used just like function libraries,
-using the address@hidden' keyword in conjunction with the `AWKPATH'
-environment variable. Note that source files may also be included
-using the `-i' option.
+together `awk' functions used to carry out specific tasks into external
+files. These files can be used just like function libraries, using the
address@hidden' keyword in conjunction with the `AWKPATH' environment
+variable. Note that source files may also be included using the `-i'
+option.
Let's see an example. We'll start with two (trivial) `awk' scripts,
namely `test1' and `test2'. Here is the `test1' script:
@@ -3165,11 +3166,11 @@ Variable::) apply to address@hidden' also.
This is very helpful in constructing `gawk' function libraries. If
you have a large script with useful, general-purpose `awk' functions,
you can break it down into library files and put those files in a
-special directory. You can then include those "libraries," using
-either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the `AWKPATH'
+special directory. You can then include those "libraries," either by
+using the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the `AWKPATH'
environment variable accordingly and then using address@hidden' with just
-the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more than
-one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working
+the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can keep library
+files in more than one directory; the more complex the working
environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files
to be included.
@@ -3181,8 +3182,8 @@ particular, address@hidden' is very useful for writing
CGI scripts to be run
from web pages.
As mentioned in *note AWKPATH Variable::, the current directory is
-always searched first for source files, before searching in `AWKPATH',
-and this also applies to files named with address@hidden'.
+always searched first for source files, before searching in `AWKPATH';
+this also applies to files named with address@hidden'.
File: gawk.info, Node: Loading Shared Libraries, Next: Obsolete, Prev:
Include Files, Up: Invoking Gawk
@@ -3227,8 +3228,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Obsolete, Next: Undocumented,
Prev: Loading Shared Lib
====================================
This minor node describes features and/or command-line options from
-previous releases of `gawk' that are either not available in the
-current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
+previous releases of `gawk' that either are not available in the
+current version or are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
they will _not_ be in the next release).
The process-related special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid',
@@ -3256,7 +3257,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev:
Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw
run `awk'.
* The three standard options for all versions of `awk' are `-f',
- `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as
+ `-F', and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as
corresponding GNU-style long options.
* Nonoption command-line arguments are usually treated as file names,
@@ -3286,7 +3287,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev:
Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw
* `gawk' allows you to load additional functions written in C or C++
using the address@hidden' statement and/or the `-l' option. (This
- advanced feature is described later on in *note Dynamic
+ advanced feature is described later, in *note Dynamic
Extensions::.)
@@ -3435,7 +3436,7 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp
constants:
Horizontal TAB, `Ctrl-i', ASCII code 9 (HT).
`\v'
- Vertical tab, `Ctrl-k', ASCII code 11 (VT).
+ Vertical TAB, `Ctrl-k', ASCII code 11 (VT).
`\NNN'
The octal value NNN, where NNN stands for 1 to 3 digits between
@@ -3482,7 +3483,7 @@ normally be a regexp operator. For example, `/a\+b/'
matches the three
characters `a+b'.
For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any
-character not shown in the previous list and that is not an operator.
+character not shown in the previous list or that is not an operator.
Backslash Before Regular Characters
@@ -3544,7 +3545,7 @@ and converted into corresponding real characters as the
very first step
in processing regexps.
Here is a list of metacharacters. All characters that are not escape
-sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves:
+sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves:
`\'
This suppresses the special meaning of a character when matching.
@@ -3627,7 +3628,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following stand
for themselves:
There are two subtle points to understand about how `*' works.
First, the `*' applies only to the single preceding regular
expression component (e.g., in `ph*', it applies just to the `h').
- To cause `*' to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses:
+ To cause `*' to apply to a larger subexpression, use parentheses:
`(ph)*' matches `ph', `phph', `phphph', and so on.
Second, `*' finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text to
@@ -3658,10 +3659,10 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following
stand for themselves:
Matches `whhhy', but not `why' or `whhhhy'.
`wh{3,5}y'
- Matches `whhhy', `whhhhy', or `whhhhhy', only.
+ Matches `whhhy', `whhhhy', or `whhhhhy' only.
`wh{2,}y'
- Matches `whhy' or `whhhy', and so on.
+ Matches `whhy', `whhhy', and so on.
Interval expressions were not traditionally available in `awk'.
They were added as part of the POSIX standard to make `awk' and
@@ -3763,7 +3764,7 @@ Class Meaning
`[:print:]' Printable characters (characters that are not control
characters)
`[:punct:]' Punctuation characters (characters that are not letters,
- digits control characters, or space characters)
+ digits, control characters, or space characters)
`[:space:]' Space characters (such as space, TAB, and formfeed, to name
a few)
`[:upper:]' Uppercase alphabetic characters
@@ -20564,8 +20565,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary,
Prev: I18N Example, Up
`gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext'
package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU
`gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this
-writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.3
-(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz).
+writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.4
+(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz).
If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces
usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language.
@@ -21922,7 +21923,7 @@ so:
$ gawk --version
-| GNU Awk 4.1.2, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2)
- -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation.
+ -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation.
...
(You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's
@@ -28270,7 +28271,7 @@ Unix `awk'
git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk
- This command creates a copy of the Git (http://www.git-scm.com)
+ This command creates a copy of the Git (http://git-scm.com)
repository in a directory named `bwkawk'. If you leave that
argument off the `git' command line, the repository copy is
created in a directory named `awk'.
@@ -28502,7 +28503,7 @@ released versions of `gawk'.
changes, you will probably wish to work with the development version.
To do so, you will need to access the `gawk' source code repository.
The code is maintained using the Git distributed version control system
-(http://git-scm.com/). You will need to install it if your system
+(http://git-scm.com). You will need to install it if your system
doesn't have it. Once you have done so, use the command:
git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/gawk.git
@@ -34333,525 +34334,525 @@ Node: More Complex102449
Node: Statements/Lines105311
Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109766
Node: Other Features110031
-Node: When110962
-Ref: When-Footnote-1112716
-Node: Intro Summary112781
-Node: Invoking Gawk113664
-Node: Command Line115178
-Node: Options115976
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1131909
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2132138
-Node: Other Arguments132163
-Node: Naming Standard Input135111
-Node: Environment Variables136204
-Node: AWKPATH Variable136762
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140065
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140110
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140370
-Node: Other Environment Variables141513
-Node: Exit Status145241
-Node: Include Files145917
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries149514
-Node: Obsolete150941
-Node: Undocumented151638
-Node: Invoking Summary151905
-Node: Regexp153569
-Node: Regexp Usage155023
-Node: Escape Sequences157060
-Node: Regexp Operators163071
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170497
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170644
-Node: Bracket Expressions170742
-Ref: table-char-classes172757
-Node: Leftmost Longest175681
-Node: Computed Regexps176983
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators180380
-Node: Case-sensitivity184053
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186938
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187173
-Node: Regexp Summary187281
-Node: Reading Files188748
-Node: Records190842
-Node: awk split records191575
-Node: gawk split records196490
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201034
-Node: Fields201071
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203847
-Node: Nonconstant Fields203933
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206176
-Node: Changing Fields206380
-Node: Field Separators212309
-Node: Default Field Splitting215014
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting216131
-Node: Single Character Fields219481
-Node: Command Line Field Separator220540
-Node: Full Line Fields223752
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225269
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225315
-Node: Field Splitting Summary225416
-Node: Constant Size227490
-Node: Splitting By Content232079
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236073
-Node: Multiple Line236236
-Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242122
-Node: Getline242301
-Node: Plain Getline244513
-Node: Getline/Variable247153
-Node: Getline/File248301
-Node: Getline/Variable/File249685
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251288
-Node: Getline/Pipe251375
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254058
-Node: Getline/Coprocess255189
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256441
-Node: Getline Notes257180
-Node: Getline Summary259972
-Ref: table-getline-variants260384
-Node: Read Timeout261213
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265037
-Node: Command-line directories265095
-Node: Input Summary266000
-Node: Input Exercises269301
-Node: Printing270029
-Node: Print271806
-Node: Print Examples273263
-Node: Output Separators276042
-Node: OFMT278060
-Node: Printf279414
-Node: Basic Printf280199
-Node: Control Letters281769
-Node: Format Modifiers285752
-Node: Printf Examples291761
-Node: Redirection294247
-Node: Special FD301088
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304248
-Node: Special Files304322
-Node: Other Inherited Files304939
-Node: Special Network305939
-Node: Special Caveats306801
-Node: Close Files And Pipes307752
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314934
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315082
-Node: Output Summary315232
-Node: Output Exercises316230
-Node: Expressions316910
-Node: Values318095
-Node: Constants318773
-Node: Scalar Constants319464
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320323
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers320573
-Node: Regexp Constants323591
-Node: Using Constant Regexps324116
-Node: Variables327259
-Node: Using Variables327914
-Node: Assignment Options329825
-Node: Conversion331700
-Node: Strings And Numbers332224
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335289
-Node: Locale influences conversions335398
-Ref: table-locale-affects338145
-Node: All Operators338733
-Node: Arithmetic Ops339363
-Node: Concatenation341868
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344687
-Node: Assignment Ops344793
-Ref: table-assign-ops349772
-Node: Increment Ops351044
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions354482
-Node: Truth Values355567
-Node: Typing and Comparison356616
-Node: Variable Typing357426
-Node: Comparison Operators361079
-Ref: table-relational-ops361489
-Node: POSIX String Comparison364984
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366056
-Node: Boolean Ops366194
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370673
-Node: Conditional Exp370764
-Node: Function Calls372491
-Node: Precedence376371
-Node: Locales380032
-Node: Expressions Summary381664
-Node: Patterns and Actions384224
-Node: Pattern Overview385344
-Node: Regexp Patterns387023
-Node: Expression Patterns387566
-Node: Ranges391276
-Node: BEGIN/END394382
-Node: Using BEGIN/END395143
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397877
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397983
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400297
-Node: Empty403198
-Node: Using Shell Variables403515
-Node: Action Overview405788
-Node: Statements408114
-Node: If Statement409962
-Node: While Statement411457
-Node: Do Statement413486
-Node: For Statement414630
-Node: Switch Statement417787
-Node: Break Statement420169
-Node: Continue Statement422210
-Node: Next Statement424037
-Node: Nextfile Statement426418
-Node: Exit Statement429048
-Node: Built-in Variables431451
-Node: User-modified432584
-Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440265
-Node: Auto-set440327
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453362
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453567
-Node: ARGC and ARGV453623
-Node: Pattern Action Summary457841
-Node: Arrays460268
-Node: Array Basics461597
-Node: Array Intro462441
-Ref: figure-array-elements464405
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466931
-Node: Reference to Elements467059
-Node: Assigning Elements469511
-Node: Array Example470002
-Node: Scanning an Array471760
-Node: Controlling Scanning474776
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479972
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480288
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482473
-Node: Delete484090
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486833
-Node: Multidimensional486890
-Node: Multiscanning489987
-Node: Arrays of Arrays491576
-Node: Arrays Summary496335
-Node: Functions498427
-Node: Built-in499326
-Node: Calling Built-in500404
-Node: Numeric Functions502395
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506412
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506769
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506817
-Node: String Functions507089
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530564
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530693
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530941
-Node: Gory Details531028
-Ref: table-sub-escapes532809
-Ref: table-sub-proposed534329
-Ref: table-posix-sub535693
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes537229
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538061
-Node: I/O Functions538212
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545430
-Node: Time Functions545577
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556065
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556133
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556291
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556402
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556514
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556741
-Node: Bitwise Functions557007
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops557569
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561878
-Node: Type Functions562047
-Node: I18N Functions563198
-Node: User-defined564843
-Node: Definition Syntax565648
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571055
-Node: Function Example571126
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574045
-Node: Function Caveats574067
-Node: Calling A Function574585
-Node: Variable Scope575543
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference578531
-Node: Return Statement582026
-Node: Dynamic Typing585007
-Node: Indirect Calls585936
-Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597238
-Node: Functions Summary597366
-Node: Library Functions600068
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603677
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603820
-Node: Library Names603991
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607445
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607668
-Node: General Functions607754
-Node: Strtonum Function608857
-Node: Assert Function611879
-Node: Round Function615203
-Node: Cliff Random Function616744
-Node: Ordinal Functions617760
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620823
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621075
-Node: Join Function621286
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623055
-Node: Getlocaltime Function623255
-Node: Readfile Function626999
-Node: Shell Quoting628969
-Node: Data File Management630370
-Node: Filetrans Function631002
-Node: Rewind Function635058
-Node: File Checking636445
-Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637777
-Node: Empty Files637978
-Node: Ignoring Assigns639957
-Node: Getopt Function641508
-Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652970
-Node: Passwd Functions653170
-Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662007
-Node: Group Functions662095
-Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669989
-Node: Walking Arrays670202
-Node: Library Functions Summary671805
-Node: Library Exercises673206
-Node: Sample Programs674486
-Node: Running Examples675256
-Node: Clones675984
-Node: Cut Program677208
-Node: Egrep Program686927
-Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694425
-Node: Id Program694535
-Node: Split Program698180
-Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701628
-Node: Tee Program701756
-Node: Uniq Program704545
-Node: Wc Program711964
-Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716214
-Node: Miscellaneous Programs716308
-Node: Dupword Program717521
-Node: Alarm Program719552
-Node: Translate Program724356
-Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728921
-Node: Labels Program729191
-Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732542
-Node: Word Sorting732626
-Node: History Sorting736697
-Node: Extract Program738533
-Node: Simple Sed746058
-Node: Igawk Program749126
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763450
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763651
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763773
-Node: Anagram Program763888
-Node: Signature Program766945
-Node: Programs Summary768192
-Node: Programs Exercises769385
-Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773516
-Node: Advanced Features773607
-Node: Nondecimal Data775555
-Node: Array Sorting777145
-Node: Controlling Array Traversal777842
-Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786175
-Node: Array Sorting Functions786293
-Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790182
-Node: Two-way I/O790378
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795323
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795509
-Node: TCP/IP Networking795591
-Node: Profiling798464
-Node: Advanced Features Summary806011
-Node: Internationalization807944
-Node: I18N and L10N809424
-Node: Explaining gettext810110
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815135
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815319
-Node: Programmer i18n815484
-Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820350
-Node: Translator i18n820399
-Node: String Extraction821193
-Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822324
-Node: Printf Ordering822410
-Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825196
-Node: I18N Portability825260
-Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827715
-Node: I18N Example827778
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830581
-Node: Gawk I18N830653
-Node: I18N Summary831291
-Node: Debugger832630
-Node: Debugging833652
-Node: Debugging Concepts834093
-Node: Debugging Terms835946
-Node: Awk Debugging838518
-Node: Sample Debugging Session839412
-Node: Debugger Invocation839932
-Node: Finding The Bug841316
-Node: List of Debugger Commands847791
-Node: Breakpoint Control849124
-Node: Debugger Execution Control852820
-Node: Viewing And Changing Data856184
-Node: Execution Stack859562
-Node: Debugger Info861199
-Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865216
-Node: Readline Support870245
-Node: Limitations871137
-Node: Debugging Summary873251
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874419
-Node: Computer Arithmetic875835
-Ref: table-numeric-ranges879433
-Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880292
-Node: Math Definitions880349
-Ref: table-ieee-formats883637
-Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884241
-Node: MPFR features884346
-Node: FP Math Caution886017
-Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887067
-Node: Inexactness of computations887436
-Node: Inexact representation888395
-Node: Comparing FP Values889752
-Node: Errors accumulate890834
-Node: Getting Accuracy892267
-Node: Try To Round894929
-Node: Setting precision895828
-Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896512
-Node: Setting the rounding mode898301
-Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898665
-Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902120
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902299
-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905285
-Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905434
-Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909307
-Node: Floating point summary909345
-Node: Dynamic Extensions911539
-Node: Extension Intro913091
-Node: Plugin License914357
-Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915154
-Ref: figure-load-extension915582
-Ref: figure-register-new-function917062
-Ref: figure-call-new-function918066
-Node: Extension API Description920052
-Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921502
-Node: General Data Types926326
-Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932065
-Node: Memory Allocation Functions932364
-Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935203
-Node: Constructor Functions935299
-Node: Registration Functions937033
-Node: Extension Functions937718
-Node: Exit Callback Functions940015
-Node: Extension Version String941263
-Node: Input Parsers941928
-Node: Output Wrappers951807
-Node: Two-way processors956322
-Node: Printing Messages958526
-Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959602
-Node: Updating `ERRNO'959754
-Node: Requesting Values960494
-Ref: table-value-types-returned961222
-Node: Accessing Parameters962179
-Node: Symbol Table Access963410
-Node: Symbol table by name963924
-Node: Symbol table by cookie965905
-Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970049
-Node: Cached values970112
-Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973611
-Node: Array Manipulation973702
-Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974800
-Node: Array Data Types974837
-Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977492
-Node: Array Functions977584
-Node: Flattening Arrays981438
-Node: Creating Arrays988330
-Node: Extension API Variables993101
-Node: Extension Versioning993737
-Node: Extension API Informational Variables995638
-Node: Extension API Boilerplate996703
-Node: Finding Extensions1000512
-Node: Extension Example1001072
-Node: Internal File Description1001844
-Node: Internal File Ops1005911
-Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017581
-Node: Using Internal File Ops1017721
-Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020104
-Node: Extension Samples1020377
-Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021903
-Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029541
-Node: Extension Sample Fork1031032
-Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032247
-Node: Extension Sample Ord1033922
-Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034758
-Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035634
-Node: Extension Sample Revout1036445
-Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037035
-Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037775
-Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039715
-Node: Extension Sample Time1040810
-Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042159
-Node: gawkextlib1042650
-Node: Extension summary1045308
-Node: Extension Exercises1048997
-Node: Language History1049719
-Node: V7/SVR3.11051375
-Node: SVR41053556
-Node: POSIX1055001
-Node: BTL1056390
-Node: POSIX/GNU1057124
-Node: Feature History1062688
-Node: Common Extensions1075786
-Node: Ranges and Locales1077110
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081728
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081755
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081989
-Node: Contributors1082210
-Node: History summary1087751
-Node: Installation1089121
-Node: Gawk Distribution1090067
-Node: Getting1090551
-Node: Extracting1091374
-Node: Distribution contents1093009
-Node: Unix Installation1098726
-Node: Quick Installation1099343
-Node: Additional Configuration Options1101767
-Node: Configuration Philosophy1103505
-Node: Non-Unix Installation1105874
-Node: PC Installation1106332
-Node: PC Binary Installation1107651
-Node: PC Compiling1109499
-Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112520
-Node: PC Testing1112629
-Node: PC Using1113805
-Node: Cygwin1117920
-Node: MSYS1118743
-Node: VMS Installation1119243
-Node: VMS Compilation1120035
-Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121257
-Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121315
-Node: VMS Installation Details1122999
-Node: VMS Running1125251
-Node: VMS GNV1128087
-Node: VMS Old Gawk1128821
-Node: Bugs1129291
-Node: Other Versions1133174
-Node: Installation summary1139602
-Node: Notes1140658
-Node: Compatibility Mode1141523
-Node: Additions1142305
-Node: Accessing The Source1143230
-Node: Adding Code1144666
-Node: New Ports1150831
-Node: Derived Files1155313
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160788
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160822
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161418
-Node: Future Extensions1161532
-Node: Implementation Limitations1162138
-Node: Extension Design1163386
-Node: Old Extension Problems1164540
-Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166057
-Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166114
-Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169474
-Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169663
-Node: Extension Future Growth1171771
-Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172607
-Node: Notes summary1174369
-Node: Basic Concepts1175555
-Node: Basic High Level1176236
-Ref: figure-general-flow1176508
-Ref: figure-process-flow1177107
-Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180336
-Node: Basic Data Typing1180521
-Node: Glossary1183849
-Node: Copying1209007
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246563
-Node: Index1271699
+Node: When110967
+Ref: When-Footnote-1112721
+Node: Intro Summary112786
+Node: Invoking Gawk113670
+Node: Command Line115184
+Node: Options115982
+Ref: Options-Footnote-1131904
+Ref: Options-Footnote-2132133
+Node: Other Arguments132158
+Node: Naming Standard Input135106
+Node: Environment Variables136199
+Node: AWKPATH Variable136757
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140054
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140099
+Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140359
+Node: Other Environment Variables141502
+Node: Exit Status145260
+Node: Include Files145936
+Node: Loading Shared Libraries149525
+Node: Obsolete150952
+Node: Undocumented151644
+Node: Invoking Summary151911
+Node: Regexp153574
+Node: Regexp Usage155028
+Node: Escape Sequences157065
+Node: Regexp Operators163075
+Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170485
+Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170632
+Node: Bracket Expressions170730
+Ref: table-char-classes172745
+Node: Leftmost Longest175670
+Node: Computed Regexps176972
+Node: GNU Regexp Operators180369
+Node: Case-sensitivity184042
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1186927
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187162
+Node: Regexp Summary187270
+Node: Reading Files188737
+Node: Records190831
+Node: awk split records191564
+Node: gawk split records196479
+Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201023
+Node: Fields201060
+Ref: Fields-Footnote-1203836
+Node: Nonconstant Fields203922
+Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206165
+Node: Changing Fields206369
+Node: Field Separators212298
+Node: Default Field Splitting215003
+Node: Regexp Field Splitting216120
+Node: Single Character Fields219470
+Node: Command Line Field Separator220529
+Node: Full Line Fields223741
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225258
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225304
+Node: Field Splitting Summary225405
+Node: Constant Size227479
+Node: Splitting By Content232068
+Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236062
+Node: Multiple Line236225
+Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242111
+Node: Getline242290
+Node: Plain Getline244502
+Node: Getline/Variable247142
+Node: Getline/File248290
+Node: Getline/Variable/File249674
+Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251277
+Node: Getline/Pipe251364
+Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254047
+Node: Getline/Coprocess255178
+Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256430
+Node: Getline Notes257169
+Node: Getline Summary259961
+Ref: table-getline-variants260373
+Node: Read Timeout261202
+Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265026
+Node: Command-line directories265084
+Node: Input Summary265989
+Node: Input Exercises269290
+Node: Printing270018
+Node: Print271795
+Node: Print Examples273252
+Node: Output Separators276031
+Node: OFMT278049
+Node: Printf279403
+Node: Basic Printf280188
+Node: Control Letters281758
+Node: Format Modifiers285741
+Node: Printf Examples291750
+Node: Redirection294236
+Node: Special FD301077
+Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304237
+Node: Special Files304311
+Node: Other Inherited Files304928
+Node: Special Network305928
+Node: Special Caveats306790
+Node: Close Files And Pipes307741
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314923
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315071
+Node: Output Summary315221
+Node: Output Exercises316219
+Node: Expressions316899
+Node: Values318084
+Node: Constants318762
+Node: Scalar Constants319453
+Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320312
+Node: Nondecimal-numbers320562
+Node: Regexp Constants323580
+Node: Using Constant Regexps324105
+Node: Variables327248
+Node: Using Variables327903
+Node: Assignment Options329814
+Node: Conversion331689
+Node: Strings And Numbers332213
+Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335278
+Node: Locale influences conversions335387
+Ref: table-locale-affects338134
+Node: All Operators338722
+Node: Arithmetic Ops339352
+Node: Concatenation341857
+Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344676
+Node: Assignment Ops344782
+Ref: table-assign-ops349761
+Node: Increment Ops351033
+Node: Truth Values and Conditions354471
+Node: Truth Values355556
+Node: Typing and Comparison356605
+Node: Variable Typing357415
+Node: Comparison Operators361068
+Ref: table-relational-ops361478
+Node: POSIX String Comparison364973
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366045
+Node: Boolean Ops366183
+Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370662
+Node: Conditional Exp370753
+Node: Function Calls372480
+Node: Precedence376360
+Node: Locales380021
+Node: Expressions Summary381653
+Node: Patterns and Actions384213
+Node: Pattern Overview385333
+Node: Regexp Patterns387012
+Node: Expression Patterns387555
+Node: Ranges391265
+Node: BEGIN/END394371
+Node: Using BEGIN/END395132
+Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1397866
+Node: I/O And BEGIN/END397972
+Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400286
+Node: Empty403187
+Node: Using Shell Variables403504
+Node: Action Overview405777
+Node: Statements408103
+Node: If Statement409951
+Node: While Statement411446
+Node: Do Statement413475
+Node: For Statement414619
+Node: Switch Statement417776
+Node: Break Statement420158
+Node: Continue Statement422199
+Node: Next Statement424026
+Node: Nextfile Statement426407
+Node: Exit Statement429037
+Node: Built-in Variables431440
+Node: User-modified432573
+Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440254
+Node: Auto-set440316
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453351
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453556
+Node: ARGC and ARGV453612
+Node: Pattern Action Summary457830
+Node: Arrays460257
+Node: Array Basics461586
+Node: Array Intro462430
+Ref: figure-array-elements464394
+Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1466920
+Node: Reference to Elements467048
+Node: Assigning Elements469500
+Node: Array Example469991
+Node: Scanning an Array471749
+Node: Controlling Scanning474765
+Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1479961
+Node: Numeric Array Subscripts480277
+Node: Uninitialized Subscripts482462
+Node: Delete484079
+Ref: Delete-Footnote-1486822
+Node: Multidimensional486879
+Node: Multiscanning489976
+Node: Arrays of Arrays491565
+Node: Arrays Summary496324
+Node: Functions498416
+Node: Built-in499315
+Node: Calling Built-in500393
+Node: Numeric Functions502384
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1506401
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2506758
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3506806
+Node: String Functions507078
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1530553
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2530682
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3530930
+Node: Gory Details531017
+Ref: table-sub-escapes532798
+Ref: table-sub-proposed534318
+Ref: table-posix-sub535682
+Ref: table-gensub-escapes537218
+Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1538050
+Node: I/O Functions538201
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1545419
+Node: Time Functions545566
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1556054
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2556122
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3556280
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4556391
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5556503
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6556730
+Node: Bitwise Functions556996
+Ref: table-bitwise-ops557558
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1561867
+Node: Type Functions562036
+Node: I18N Functions563187
+Node: User-defined564832
+Node: Definition Syntax565637
+Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1571044
+Node: Function Example571115
+Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1574034
+Node: Function Caveats574056
+Node: Calling A Function574574
+Node: Variable Scope575532
+Node: Pass By Value/Reference578520
+Node: Return Statement582015
+Node: Dynamic Typing584996
+Node: Indirect Calls585925
+Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597227
+Node: Functions Summary597355
+Node: Library Functions600057
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1603666
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2603809
+Node: Library Names603980
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607434
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2607657
+Node: General Functions607743
+Node: Strtonum Function608846
+Node: Assert Function611868
+Node: Round Function615192
+Node: Cliff Random Function616733
+Node: Ordinal Functions617749
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1620812
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621064
+Node: Join Function621275
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623044
+Node: Getlocaltime Function623244
+Node: Readfile Function626988
+Node: Shell Quoting628958
+Node: Data File Management630359
+Node: Filetrans Function630991
+Node: Rewind Function635047
+Node: File Checking636434
+Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1637766
+Node: Empty Files637967
+Node: Ignoring Assigns639946
+Node: Getopt Function641497
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1652959
+Node: Passwd Functions653159
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1661996
+Node: Group Functions662084
+Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1669978
+Node: Walking Arrays670191
+Node: Library Functions Summary671794
+Node: Library Exercises673195
+Node: Sample Programs674475
+Node: Running Examples675245
+Node: Clones675973
+Node: Cut Program677197
+Node: Egrep Program686916
+Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1694414
+Node: Id Program694524
+Node: Split Program698169
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1701617
+Node: Tee Program701745
+Node: Uniq Program704534
+Node: Wc Program711953
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1716203
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs716297
+Node: Dupword Program717510
+Node: Alarm Program719541
+Node: Translate Program724345
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1728910
+Node: Labels Program729180
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1732531
+Node: Word Sorting732615
+Node: History Sorting736686
+Node: Extract Program738522
+Node: Simple Sed746047
+Node: Igawk Program749115
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1763439
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2763640
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3763762
+Node: Anagram Program763877
+Node: Signature Program766934
+Node: Programs Summary768181
+Node: Programs Exercises769374
+Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1773505
+Node: Advanced Features773596
+Node: Nondecimal Data775544
+Node: Array Sorting777134
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal777831
+Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1786164
+Node: Array Sorting Functions786282
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1790171
+Node: Two-way I/O790367
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1795312
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2795498
+Node: TCP/IP Networking795580
+Node: Profiling798453
+Node: Advanced Features Summary806000
+Node: Internationalization807933
+Node: I18N and L10N809413
+Node: Explaining gettext810099
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1815124
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2815308
+Node: Programmer i18n815473
+Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1820339
+Node: Translator i18n820388
+Node: String Extraction821182
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1822313
+Node: Printf Ordering822399
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1825185
+Node: I18N Portability825249
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1827704
+Node: I18N Example827767
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1830570
+Node: Gawk I18N830642
+Node: I18N Summary831280
+Node: Debugger832619
+Node: Debugging833641
+Node: Debugging Concepts834082
+Node: Debugging Terms835935
+Node: Awk Debugging838507
+Node: Sample Debugging Session839401
+Node: Debugger Invocation839921
+Node: Finding The Bug841305
+Node: List of Debugger Commands847780
+Node: Breakpoint Control849113
+Node: Debugger Execution Control852809
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data856173
+Node: Execution Stack859551
+Node: Debugger Info861188
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands865205
+Node: Readline Support870234
+Node: Limitations871126
+Node: Debugging Summary873240
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic874408
+Node: Computer Arithmetic875824
+Ref: table-numeric-ranges879422
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1880281
+Node: Math Definitions880338
+Ref: table-ieee-formats883626
+Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1884230
+Node: MPFR features884335
+Node: FP Math Caution886006
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1887056
+Node: Inexactness of computations887425
+Node: Inexact representation888384
+Node: Comparing FP Values889741
+Node: Errors accumulate890823
+Node: Getting Accuracy892256
+Node: Try To Round894918
+Node: Setting precision895817
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings896501
+Node: Setting the rounding mode898290
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes898654
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1902109
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers902288
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1905274
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems905423
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1909296
+Node: Floating point summary909334
+Node: Dynamic Extensions911528
+Node: Extension Intro913080
+Node: Plugin License914346
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline915143
+Ref: figure-load-extension915571
+Ref: figure-register-new-function917051
+Ref: figure-call-new-function918055
+Node: Extension API Description920041
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction921491
+Node: General Data Types926315
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1932054
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions932353
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1935192
+Node: Constructor Functions935288
+Node: Registration Functions937022
+Node: Extension Functions937707
+Node: Exit Callback Functions940004
+Node: Extension Version String941252
+Node: Input Parsers941917
+Node: Output Wrappers951796
+Node: Two-way processors956311
+Node: Printing Messages958515
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1959591
+Node: Updating `ERRNO'959743
+Node: Requesting Values960483
+Ref: table-value-types-returned961211
+Node: Accessing Parameters962168
+Node: Symbol Table Access963399
+Node: Symbol table by name963913
+Node: Symbol table by cookie965894
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1970038
+Node: Cached values970101
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1973600
+Node: Array Manipulation973691
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1974789
+Node: Array Data Types974826
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1977481
+Node: Array Functions977573
+Node: Flattening Arrays981427
+Node: Creating Arrays988319
+Node: Extension API Variables993090
+Node: Extension Versioning993726
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables995627
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate996692
+Node: Finding Extensions1000501
+Node: Extension Example1001061
+Node: Internal File Description1001833
+Node: Internal File Ops1005900
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11017570
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1017710
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11020093
+Node: Extension Samples1020366
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1021892
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1029530
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1031021
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1032236
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1033911
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1034747
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1035623
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1036434
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1037024
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1037764
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1039704
+Node: Extension Sample Time1040799
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1042148
+Node: gawkextlib1042639
+Node: Extension summary1045297
+Node: Extension Exercises1048986
+Node: Language History1049708
+Node: V7/SVR3.11051364
+Node: SVR41053545
+Node: POSIX1054990
+Node: BTL1056379
+Node: POSIX/GNU1057113
+Node: Feature History1062677
+Node: Common Extensions1075775
+Node: Ranges and Locales1077099
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11081717
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21081744
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31081978
+Node: Contributors1082199
+Node: History summary1087740
+Node: Installation1089110
+Node: Gawk Distribution1090056
+Node: Getting1090540
+Node: Extracting1091363
+Node: Distribution contents1092998
+Node: Unix Installation1098715
+Node: Quick Installation1099332
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1101756
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1103494
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1105863
+Node: PC Installation1106321
+Node: PC Binary Installation1107640
+Node: PC Compiling1109488
+Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11112509
+Node: PC Testing1112618
+Node: PC Using1113794
+Node: Cygwin1117909
+Node: MSYS1118732
+Node: VMS Installation1119232
+Node: VMS Compilation1120024
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11121246
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1121304
+Node: VMS Installation Details1122988
+Node: VMS Running1125240
+Node: VMS GNV1128076
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1128810
+Node: Bugs1129280
+Node: Other Versions1133163
+Node: Installation summary1139587
+Node: Notes1140643
+Node: Compatibility Mode1141508
+Node: Additions1142290
+Node: Accessing The Source1143215
+Node: Adding Code1144650
+Node: New Ports1150815
+Node: Derived Files1155297
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11160772
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21160806
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31161402
+Node: Future Extensions1161516
+Node: Implementation Limitations1162122
+Node: Extension Design1163370
+Node: Old Extension Problems1164524
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11166041
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1166098
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11169458
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1169647
+Node: Extension Future Growth1171755
+Node: Old Extension Mechanism1172591
+Node: Notes summary1174353
+Node: Basic Concepts1175539
+Node: Basic High Level1176220
+Ref: figure-general-flow1176492
+Ref: figure-process-flow1177091
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11180320
+Node: Basic Data Typing1180505
+Node: Glossary1183833
+Node: Copying1208991
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1246547
+Node: Index1271683
End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index afb9455..07630ed 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -3309,8 +3309,13 @@ no actions run.
After processing all the rules that match the line (and perhaps there are
none),
@command{awk} reads the next line. (However,
address@hidden Statement},
address@hidden Statement}
address@hidden
+and @DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
address@hidden ifdocbook
address@hidden
and also @pxref{Nextfile Statement}.)
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
This continues until the program reaches the end of the file.
For example, the following @command{awk} program contains two rules:
@@ -3575,7 +3580,7 @@ performing bit manipulation, for runtime string
translation (internationalizatio
determining the type of a variable,
and array sorting.
-As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we introduce
+As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we will introduce
most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
systematically in @DBREF{Built-in Variables} and in
@ref{Built-in}.
@@ -3629,7 +3634,7 @@ and Perl.}
@c FIXME: Review this chapter for summary of builtin functions called.
@itemize @value{BULLET}
@item
-Programs in @command{awk} consist of @address@hidden pairs.
+Programs in @command{awk} consist of @address@hidden pairs.
@item
An @var{action} without a @var{pattern} always runs. The default
@@ -3658,7 +3663,7 @@ part of a larger shell script (or MS-Windows batch file).
You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line.
Lines are automatically continued after
a comma, open brace, question mark, colon,
address@hidden||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do} and @code{else}.
address@hidden||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do}, and @code{else}.
@end itemize
@node Invoking Gawk
@@ -3745,8 +3750,8 @@ warning that the program is empty.
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character.
GNU-style long options consist of two dashes and a keyword.
The keyword can be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation allows the option
-to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, then the
-keyword is either immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
+to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, either the
+keyword is immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
argument's value, or the keyword and the argument's value are separated
by whitespace.
If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the
@@ -3773,7 +3778,7 @@ Set the @code{FS} variable to @var{fs}
@cindex @option{-f} option
@cindex @option{--file} option
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
-Read @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
+Read the @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
instead of in the first nonoption argument.
This option may be given multiple times; the @command{awk}
program consists of the concatenation of the contents of
@@ -3841,14 +3846,14 @@ The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific
options:
@cindex @option{--characters-as-bytes} option
Cause @command{gawk} to treat all input data as single-byte characters.
In addition, all output written with @code{print} or @code{printf}
-are treated as single-byte characters.
+is treated as single-byte characters.
Normally, @command{gawk} follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process
its input data according to the current locale (@pxref{Locales}). This can
often involve
converting multibyte characters into wide characters (internally), and
can lead to problems or confusion if the input data does not contain valid
-multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk}:
-``hands off my data!''.
+multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk},
+``Hands off my data!''
@item @option{-c}
@itemx @option{--traditional}
@@ -3905,7 +3910,7 @@ Enable debugging of @command{awk} programs
By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the keyboard
(standard input).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a file with a list
-of commands for the debugger to execute non-interactively.
+of commands for the debugger to execute noninteractively.
No space is allowed between the @option{-D} and @var{file}, if
@var{file} is supplied.
@@ -3965,7 +3970,7 @@ with @samp{#!} scripts (@pxref{Executable Scripts}), like
so:
@cindex portable object files, generating
@cindex files, portable object, generating
Analyze the source program and
-generate a GNU @command{gettext} Portable Object Template file on standard
+generate a GNU @command{gettext} portable object template file on standard
output for all string constants that have been marked for translation.
@xref{Internationalization},
for information about this option.
@@ -3977,7 +3982,7 @@ for information about this option.
@cindex GNU long options, printing list of
@cindex options, printing list of
@cindex printing, list of options
-Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short and long style options
+Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short- and long-style options
that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@item @option{-i} @var{source-file}
@@ -3987,7 +3992,7 @@ that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
Read an @command{awk} source library from @var{source-file}. This option
is completely equivalent to using the @code{@@include} directive inside
-your program. This option is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
+your program. It is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
but there are two important differences. First, when @option{-i} is
used, the program source is not loaded if it has been previously
loaded, whereas with @option{-f}, @command{gawk} always loads the file.
@@ -4072,7 +4077,7 @@ when parsing numeric input data (@pxref{Locales}).
@cindex @option{-o} option
@cindex @option{--pretty-print} option
Enable pretty-printing of @command{awk} programs.
-By default, output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
+By default, the output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
(@pxref{Profiling}).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a different
@value{FN} for the output.
@@ -4081,8 +4086,8 @@ No space is allowed between the @option{-o} and
@var{file}, if
@quotation NOTE
Due to the way @command{gawk} has evolved, with this option
-your program is still executed. This will change in the
-next major release such that @command{gawk} will only
+your program still executes. This will change in the
+next major release, such that @command{gawk} will only
pretty-print the program and not run it.
@end quotation
@@ -4118,7 +4123,7 @@ in the left margin, and function call counts for each
function.
Operate in strict POSIX mode. This disables all @command{gawk}
extensions (just like @option{--traditional}) and
disables all extensions not allowed by POSIX.
address@hidden Extensions}, for a summary of the extensions
address@hidden Extensions} for a summary of the extensions
in @command{gawk} that are disabled by this option.
Also,
the following additional
@@ -4239,7 +4244,7 @@ source of data.)
Because it is clumsy using the standard @command{awk} mechanisms to mix
source file and command-line @command{awk} programs, @command{gawk}
provides the @option{-e} option. This does not require you to
-pre-empt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
+preempt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
mix command-line and library source code (@pxref{AWKPATH Variable}).
As with @option{-f}, the @option{-e} and @option{-i}
options may also be used multiple times on the command line.
@@ -4429,7 +4434,7 @@ file, unless the file is in the current directory.
But with @command{gawk}, if the @value{FN} supplied to the @option{-f}
or @option{-i} options
does not contain a directory separator @samp{/}, then @command{gawk} searches
a list of
-directories (called the @dfn{search path}), one by one, looking for a
+directories (called the @dfn{search path}) one by one, looking for a
file with the specified name.
The search path is a string consisting of directory names
@@ -4470,9 +4475,9 @@ as an entry in the path or write a null entry in the path.
Different past versions of @command{gawk} would also look explicitly in
the current directory, either before or after the path search. As of
address@hidden 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look
address@hidden 4.1.2, this no longer happens; if you wish to look
in the current directory, you must include @file{.} either as a separate
-entry, or as a null entry in the search path.
+entry or as a null entry in the search path.
@end quotation
The default value for @env{AWKPATH} is
@@ -4582,7 +4587,7 @@ If this variable exists, @command{gawk} includes the
@value{FN}
and line number within the @command{gawk} source code
from which warning and/or fatal messages
are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the source of a
-message, as there are multiple places which produce the
+message, as there are multiple places that produce the
same warning or error message.
@item GAWK_NO_DFA
@@ -4606,16 +4611,16 @@ This specifies the amount by which @command{gawk}
should grow its
internal evaluation stack, when needed.
@item INT_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain
on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers.
@item STR_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain
on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings.
@item TIDYMEM
If this variable exists, @command{gawk} uses the @code{mtrace()} library
-calls from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks.
+calls from the GNU C library to help track down possible memory leaks.
@end table
@node Exit Status
@@ -4652,7 +4657,7 @@ The @code{@@include} keyword can be used to read external
@command{awk} source
files. This gives you the ability to split large @command{awk} source files
into smaller, more manageable pieces, and also lets you reuse common
@command{awk}
code from various @command{awk} scripts. In other words, you can group
-together @command{awk} functions, used to carry out specific tasks,
+together @command{awk} functions used to carry out specific tasks
into external files. These files can be used just like function libraries,
using the @code{@@include} keyword in conjunction with the @env{AWKPATH}
environment variable. Note that source files may also be included
@@ -4742,11 +4747,12 @@ of the @env{AWKPATH} variable in command-line file
searches
This is very helpful in constructing @command{gawk} function libraries.
If you have a large script with useful, general-purpose @command{awk}
functions, you can break it down into library files and put those files
-in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,'' using
-either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the @env{AWKPATH}
+in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,''
+either by using the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the
@env{AWKPATH}
environment variable accordingly and then using @code{@@include} with
-just the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more
-than one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working
+just the file part of the full pathname. Of course,
+you can keep library files in more than one directory;
+the more complex the working
environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files
to be included.
@@ -4759,8 +4765,8 @@ In particular, @code{@@include} is very useful for
writing CGI scripts
to be run from web pages.
As mentioned in @ref{AWKPATH Variable}, the current directory is always
-searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH},
-and this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
+searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH};
+this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
@node Loading Shared Libraries
@section Loading Dynamic Extensions into Your Program
@@ -4814,8 +4820,8 @@ It also describes the @code{ordchr} extension.
@cindex features, deprecated
@cindex obsolete features
This @value{SECTION} describes features and/or command-line options from
-previous releases of @command{gawk} that are either not available in the
-current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
+previous releases of @command{gawk} that either are not available in the
+current version or are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
they will @emph{not} be in the next release).
The process-related special files @file{/dev/pid}, @file{/dev/ppid},
@@ -4912,7 +4918,7 @@ to run @command{awk}.
@item
The three standard options for all versions of @command{awk} are
address@hidden, @option{-F} and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
address@hidden, @option{-F}, and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options.
@item
@@ -4949,7 +4955,7 @@ and @option{-f} command-line options.
@item
@command{gawk} allows you to load additional functions written in C
or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the @option{-l} option.
-(This advanced feature is described later on in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
+(This advanced feature is described later, in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
@end itemize
@node Regexp
@@ -5162,7 +5168,7 @@ Horizontal TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-i}, ASCII code 9 (HT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @code{\v} escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{\v} escape sequence
@item \v
-Vertical tab, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
+Vertical TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @address@hidden escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @address@hidden escape sequence
@@ -5232,7 +5238,7 @@ characters @samp{a+b}.
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), in escape sequences
@cindex portability
For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any character not
-shown in the previous list and that is not an operator.
+shown in the previous list or that is not an operator.
@c 11/2014: Moved so as to not stack sidebars
@cindex sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters
@@ -5412,7 +5418,7 @@ are recognized and converted into corresponding real
characters as
the very first step in processing regexps.
Here is a list of metacharacters. All characters that are not escape
-sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves:
+sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves:
@c Use @asis so the docbook comes out ok. Sigh.
@table @asis
@@ -5535,7 +5541,7 @@ just @samp{p} if no @samp{h}s are present.
There are two subtle points to understand about how @samp{*} works.
First, the @samp{*} applies only to the single preceding regular expression
component (e.g., in @samp{ph*}, it applies just to the @samp{h}).
-To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses:
+To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger subexpression, use parentheses:
@samp{(ph)*} matches @samp{ph}, @samp{phph}, @samp{phphph}, and so on.
Second, @samp{*} finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text
@@ -5574,10 +5580,10 @@ is repeated at least @var{n} times:
Matches @samp{whhhy}, but not @samp{why} or @samp{whhhhy}.
@item address@hidden,address@hidden
-Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy}, only.
+Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy} only.
@item address@hidden,@}y
-Matches @samp{whhy} or @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
+Matches @samp{whhy}, @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
@end table
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, interval expressions in
@@ -5706,7 +5712,7 @@ POSIX standard.
(a space is printable but not visible, whereas an @samp{a} is both)
@item @code{[:lower:]} @tab Lowercase alphabetic characters
@item @code{[:print:]} @tab Printable characters (characters that are not
control characters)
address@hidden @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that
are not letters, digits
address@hidden @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that
are not letters, digits,
control characters, or space characters)
@item @code{[:space:]} @tab Space characters (such as space, TAB, and
formfeed, to name a few)
@item @code{[:upper:]} @tab Uppercase alphabetic characters
@@ -28958,8 +28964,8 @@ complete detail in
@cite{GNU gettext tools}}.)
@end ifnotinfo
As of this writing, the latest version of GNU @command{gettext} is
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz,
address@hidden 0.19.3}.
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz,
address@hidden 0.19.4}.
If a translation of @command{gawk}'s messages exists,
then @command{gawk} produces usage messages, warnings,
@@ -30607,7 +30613,7 @@ is available like so:
@example
$ @kbd{gawk --version}
@print{} GNU Awk 4.1.2, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2)
address@hidden Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation.
address@hidden Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation.
@dots{}
@end example
@@ -38468,7 +38474,7 @@ git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk
@end example
@noindent
-This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://www.git-scm.com, Git}
+This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://git-scm.com, Git}
repository in a directory named @file{bwkawk}. If you leave that argument
off the @command{git} command line, the repository copy is created in a
directory named @file{awk}.
@@ -38751,7 +38757,7 @@ However, if you want to modify @command{gawk} and
contribute back your
changes, you will probably wish to work with the development version.
To do so, you will need to access the @command{gawk} source code
repository. The code is maintained using the
address@hidden://git-scm.com/, Git distributed version control system}.
address@hidden://git-scm.com, Git distributed version control system}.
You will need to install it if your system doesn't have it.
Once you have done so, use the command:
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index b346e21..4d11a08 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -3220,8 +3220,13 @@ no actions run.
After processing all the rules that match the line (and perhaps there are
none),
@command{awk} reads the next line. (However,
address@hidden Statement},
address@hidden Statement}
address@hidden
+and @DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
address@hidden ifdocbook
address@hidden
and also @pxref{Nextfile Statement}.)
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
This continues until the program reaches the end of the file.
For example, the following @command{awk} program contains two rules:
@@ -3486,7 +3491,7 @@ performing bit manipulation, for runtime string
translation (internationalizatio
determining the type of a variable,
and array sorting.
-As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we introduce
+As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we will introduce
most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
systematically in @DBREF{Built-in Variables} and in
@ref{Built-in}.
@@ -3540,7 +3545,7 @@ and Perl.}
@c FIXME: Review this chapter for summary of builtin functions called.
@itemize @value{BULLET}
@item
-Programs in @command{awk} consist of @address@hidden pairs.
+Programs in @command{awk} consist of @address@hidden pairs.
@item
An @var{action} without a @var{pattern} always runs. The default
@@ -3569,7 +3574,7 @@ part of a larger shell script (or MS-Windows batch file).
You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line.
Lines are automatically continued after
a comma, open brace, question mark, colon,
address@hidden||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do} and @code{else}.
address@hidden||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do}, and @code{else}.
@end itemize
@node Invoking Gawk
@@ -3656,8 +3661,8 @@ warning that the program is empty.
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character.
GNU-style long options consist of two dashes and a keyword.
The keyword can be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation allows the option
-to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, then the
-keyword is either immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
+to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, either the
+keyword is immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
argument's value, or the keyword and the argument's value are separated
by whitespace.
If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the
@@ -3684,7 +3689,7 @@ Set the @code{FS} variable to @var{fs}
@cindex @option{-f} option
@cindex @option{--file} option
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
-Read @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
+Read the @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
instead of in the first nonoption argument.
This option may be given multiple times; the @command{awk}
program consists of the concatenation of the contents of
@@ -3752,14 +3757,14 @@ The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific
options:
@cindex @option{--characters-as-bytes} option
Cause @command{gawk} to treat all input data as single-byte characters.
In addition, all output written with @code{print} or @code{printf}
-are treated as single-byte characters.
+is treated as single-byte characters.
Normally, @command{gawk} follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process
its input data according to the current locale (@pxref{Locales}). This can
often involve
converting multibyte characters into wide characters (internally), and
can lead to problems or confusion if the input data does not contain valid
-multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk}:
-``hands off my data!''.
+multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk},
+``Hands off my data!''
@item @option{-c}
@itemx @option{--traditional}
@@ -3816,7 +3821,7 @@ Enable debugging of @command{awk} programs
By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the keyboard
(standard input).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a file with a list
-of commands for the debugger to execute non-interactively.
+of commands for the debugger to execute noninteractively.
No space is allowed between the @option{-D} and @var{file}, if
@var{file} is supplied.
@@ -3876,7 +3881,7 @@ with @samp{#!} scripts (@pxref{Executable Scripts}), like
so:
@cindex portable object files, generating
@cindex files, portable object, generating
Analyze the source program and
-generate a GNU @command{gettext} Portable Object Template file on standard
+generate a GNU @command{gettext} portable object template file on standard
output for all string constants that have been marked for translation.
@xref{Internationalization},
for information about this option.
@@ -3888,7 +3893,7 @@ for information about this option.
@cindex GNU long options, printing list of
@cindex options, printing list of
@cindex printing, list of options
-Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short and long style options
+Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short- and long-style options
that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@item @option{-i} @var{source-file}
@@ -3898,7 +3903,7 @@ that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
Read an @command{awk} source library from @var{source-file}. This option
is completely equivalent to using the @code{@@include} directive inside
-your program. This option is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
+your program. It is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
but there are two important differences. First, when @option{-i} is
used, the program source is not loaded if it has been previously
loaded, whereas with @option{-f}, @command{gawk} always loads the file.
@@ -3983,7 +3988,7 @@ when parsing numeric input data (@pxref{Locales}).
@cindex @option{-o} option
@cindex @option{--pretty-print} option
Enable pretty-printing of @command{awk} programs.
-By default, output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
+By default, the output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
(@pxref{Profiling}).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a different
@value{FN} for the output.
@@ -3992,8 +3997,8 @@ No space is allowed between the @option{-o} and
@var{file}, if
@quotation NOTE
Due to the way @command{gawk} has evolved, with this option
-your program is still executed. This will change in the
-next major release such that @command{gawk} will only
+your program still executes. This will change in the
+next major release, such that @command{gawk} will only
pretty-print the program and not run it.
@end quotation
@@ -4029,7 +4034,7 @@ in the left margin, and function call counts for each
function.
Operate in strict POSIX mode. This disables all @command{gawk}
extensions (just like @option{--traditional}) and
disables all extensions not allowed by POSIX.
address@hidden Extensions}, for a summary of the extensions
address@hidden Extensions} for a summary of the extensions
in @command{gawk} that are disabled by this option.
Also,
the following additional
@@ -4150,7 +4155,7 @@ source of data.)
Because it is clumsy using the standard @command{awk} mechanisms to mix
source file and command-line @command{awk} programs, @command{gawk}
provides the @option{-e} option. This does not require you to
-pre-empt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
+preempt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
mix command-line and library source code (@pxref{AWKPATH Variable}).
As with @option{-f}, the @option{-e} and @option{-i}
options may also be used multiple times on the command line.
@@ -4340,7 +4345,7 @@ file, unless the file is in the current directory.
But with @command{gawk}, if the @value{FN} supplied to the @option{-f}
or @option{-i} options
does not contain a directory separator @samp{/}, then @command{gawk} searches
a list of
-directories (called the @dfn{search path}), one by one, looking for a
+directories (called the @dfn{search path}) one by one, looking for a
file with the specified name.
The search path is a string consisting of directory names
@@ -4381,9 +4386,9 @@ as an entry in the path or write a null entry in the path.
Different past versions of @command{gawk} would also look explicitly in
the current directory, either before or after the path search. As of
address@hidden 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look
address@hidden 4.1.2, this no longer happens; if you wish to look
in the current directory, you must include @file{.} either as a separate
-entry, or as a null entry in the search path.
+entry or as a null entry in the search path.
@end quotation
The default value for @env{AWKPATH} is
@@ -4493,7 +4498,7 @@ If this variable exists, @command{gawk} includes the
@value{FN}
and line number within the @command{gawk} source code
from which warning and/or fatal messages
are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the source of a
-message, as there are multiple places which produce the
+message, as there are multiple places that produce the
same warning or error message.
@item GAWK_NO_DFA
@@ -4517,16 +4522,16 @@ This specifies the amount by which @command{gawk}
should grow its
internal evaluation stack, when needed.
@item INT_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain
on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers.
@item STR_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain
on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings.
@item TIDYMEM
If this variable exists, @command{gawk} uses the @code{mtrace()} library
-calls from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks.
+calls from the GNU C library to help track down possible memory leaks.
@end table
@node Exit Status
@@ -4563,7 +4568,7 @@ The @code{@@include} keyword can be used to read external
@command{awk} source
files. This gives you the ability to split large @command{awk} source files
into smaller, more manageable pieces, and also lets you reuse common
@command{awk}
code from various @command{awk} scripts. In other words, you can group
-together @command{awk} functions, used to carry out specific tasks,
+together @command{awk} functions used to carry out specific tasks
into external files. These files can be used just like function libraries,
using the @code{@@include} keyword in conjunction with the @env{AWKPATH}
environment variable. Note that source files may also be included
@@ -4653,11 +4658,12 @@ of the @env{AWKPATH} variable in command-line file
searches
This is very helpful in constructing @command{gawk} function libraries.
If you have a large script with useful, general-purpose @command{awk}
functions, you can break it down into library files and put those files
-in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,'' using
-either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the @env{AWKPATH}
+in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,''
+either by using the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the
@env{AWKPATH}
environment variable accordingly and then using @code{@@include} with
-just the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more
-than one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working
+just the file part of the full pathname. Of course,
+you can keep library files in more than one directory;
+the more complex the working
environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files
to be included.
@@ -4670,8 +4676,8 @@ In particular, @code{@@include} is very useful for
writing CGI scripts
to be run from web pages.
As mentioned in @ref{AWKPATH Variable}, the current directory is always
-searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH},
-and this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
+searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH};
+this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
@node Loading Shared Libraries
@section Loading Dynamic Extensions into Your Program
@@ -4725,8 +4731,8 @@ It also describes the @code{ordchr} extension.
@cindex features, deprecated
@cindex obsolete features
This @value{SECTION} describes features and/or command-line options from
-previous releases of @command{gawk} that are either not available in the
-current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
+previous releases of @command{gawk} that either are not available in the
+current version or are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
they will @emph{not} be in the next release).
The process-related special files @file{/dev/pid}, @file{/dev/ppid},
@@ -4823,7 +4829,7 @@ to run @command{awk}.
@item
The three standard options for all versions of @command{awk} are
address@hidden, @option{-F} and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
address@hidden, @option{-F}, and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options.
@item
@@ -4860,7 +4866,7 @@ and @option{-f} command-line options.
@item
@command{gawk} allows you to load additional functions written in C
or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the @option{-l} option.
-(This advanced feature is described later on in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
+(This advanced feature is described later, in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
@end itemize
@node Regexp
@@ -5073,7 +5079,7 @@ Horizontal TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-i}, ASCII code 9 (HT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @code{\v} escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{\v} escape sequence
@item \v
-Vertical tab, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
+Vertical TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @address@hidden escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @address@hidden escape sequence
@@ -5143,7 +5149,7 @@ characters @samp{a+b}.
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), in escape sequences
@cindex portability
For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any character not
-shown in the previous list and that is not an operator.
+shown in the previous list or that is not an operator.
@c 11/2014: Moved so as to not stack sidebars
@sidebar Backslash Before Regular Characters
@@ -5240,7 +5246,7 @@ are recognized and converted into corresponding real
characters as
the very first step in processing regexps.
Here is a list of metacharacters. All characters that are not escape
-sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves:
+sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves:
@c Use @asis so the docbook comes out ok. Sigh.
@table @asis
@@ -5363,7 +5369,7 @@ just @samp{p} if no @samp{h}s are present.
There are two subtle points to understand about how @samp{*} works.
First, the @samp{*} applies only to the single preceding regular expression
component (e.g., in @samp{ph*}, it applies just to the @samp{h}).
-To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses:
+To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger subexpression, use parentheses:
@samp{(ph)*} matches @samp{ph}, @samp{phph}, @samp{phphph}, and so on.
Second, @samp{*} finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text
@@ -5402,10 +5408,10 @@ is repeated at least @var{n} times:
Matches @samp{whhhy}, but not @samp{why} or @samp{whhhhy}.
@item address@hidden,address@hidden
-Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy}, only.
+Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy} only.
@item address@hidden,@}y
-Matches @samp{whhy} or @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
+Matches @samp{whhy}, @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
@end table
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, interval expressions in
@@ -5534,7 +5540,7 @@ POSIX standard.
(a space is printable but not visible, whereas an @samp{a} is both)
@item @code{[:lower:]} @tab Lowercase alphabetic characters
@item @code{[:print:]} @tab Printable characters (characters that are not
control characters)
address@hidden @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that
are not letters, digits
address@hidden @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that
are not letters, digits,
control characters, or space characters)
@item @code{[:space:]} @tab Space characters (such as space, TAB, and
formfeed, to name a few)
@item @code{[:upper:]} @tab Uppercase alphabetic characters
@@ -28051,8 +28057,8 @@ complete detail in
@cite{GNU gettext tools}}.)
@end ifnotinfo
As of this writing, the latest version of GNU @command{gettext} is
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz,
address@hidden 0.19.3}.
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz,
address@hidden 0.19.4}.
If a translation of @command{gawk}'s messages exists,
then @command{gawk} produces usage messages, warnings,
@@ -29700,7 +29706,7 @@ is available like so:
@example
$ @kbd{gawk --version}
@print{} GNU Awk 4.1.2, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2)
address@hidden Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation.
address@hidden Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation.
@dots{}
@end example
@@ -37561,7 +37567,7 @@ git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk
@end example
@noindent
-This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://www.git-scm.com, Git}
+This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://git-scm.com, Git}
repository in a directory named @file{bwkawk}. If you leave that argument
off the @command{git} command line, the repository copy is created in a
directory named @file{awk}.
@@ -37844,7 +37850,7 @@ However, if you want to modify @command{gawk} and
contribute back your
changes, you will probably wish to work with the development version.
To do so, you will need to access the @command{gawk} source code
repository. The code is maintained using the
address@hidden://git-scm.com/, Git distributed version control system}.
address@hidden://git-scm.com, Git distributed version control system}.
You will need to install it if your system doesn't have it.
Once you have done so, use the command:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
doc/ChangeLog | 5 +
doc/gawk.info | 1161 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
doc/gawk.texi | 468 +++--------------------
doc/gawktexi.in | 468 +++--------------------
4 files changed, 696 insertions(+), 1406 deletions(-)
hooks/post-receive
--
gawk
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