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fix/bug-48598 346381ffe5 17/27: Address long-standing ERC buffer-naming


From: F. Jason Park
Subject: fix/bug-48598 346381ffe5 17/27: Address long-standing ERC buffer-naming issues
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2022 03:06:49 -0400 (EDT)

branch: fix/bug-48598
commit 346381ffe590b04f481e1d69687425c1a3d174dc
Author: F. Jason Park <jp@neverwas.me>
Commit: F. Jason Park <jp@neverwas.me>

    Address long-standing ERC buffer-naming issues
    
    * lisp/erc/erc-networks.el (erc-networks--id): Define new struct that
    contains all info relevant to specifying a unique identifier for a
    network presence.  Add a new variable of the same name for storing a
    local `erc-networks--id' object, common to all buffers in a session.
    
    (erc-networks--id-given, erc-networks--id-create,
    erc-networks--id-on-connect, erc-networks--id--equal-p,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-parts,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-reset-id,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length,
    erc-networks--id-telescopic-update, erc-networks--id-reload,
    erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable, erc-networks--id-sort-buffers):
    Add new helpers to support `erc-networks--id' struct.
    
    (erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names,
    erc-networks--refresh-buffer-names): Add function to reassess all
    network IDs and shrink them if necessary along with affected buffer
    names.  Also add function to rename buffer so that their names are
    unique.  Register on all three of ERC's kill-buffer hooks, all three
    because an orphaned target buffer is enough to keep its session alive.
    
    (erc-networks--id-sep): New var for to help when formatting buffer names.
    
    (erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer): Add new function that
    renames a target buffer when it becomes the sole bearer of a name
    based on a target, which has become unique across all sessions (and in
    most cases, all networks).  In other words, remove the @NETWORK-ID
    suffix from the last remaining channel or query buffer after its
    namesakes have all been killed off.  Register this function with ERC's
    target-related kill-buffer hooks.
    
    (erc-networks--examine-targets): Add new function that visits all ERC
    buffers and runs callbacks when a buffer-name collision is
    encountered.
    
    (erc-networks--qualified-sep): Add constant to hold separator between
    target and suffix.
    
    (erc-networks--construct-target-buffer-name,
    erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name,
    erc-networks--ensure-qual-server-buffer-name,
    erc-networks--maybe-update-buffer-name): Add helpers to support
    `erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names' and friends.
    
    (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names,
    erc--reconcile-buffer-names-visit): Add new helper functions for
    `erc-generate-new-buffer-name' that only run in target buffers.
    
    (erc-determine-network, erc-networks--determine): Deprecate former and
    partially replace with latter, which demotes RPL_ISUPPORT-derived
    NETWORK name to fallback in favor of known `erc-networks-alist'
    members as part of shift to network-based connection-identity policy.
    Return sentinel on failure.  Expect `erc-server-announced-name' to be
    set, and signal when it's not.
    
    (erc-networks--name-missing-sentinel): Value returned when new
    function `erc-networks--determine' fails to find network name.  The
    rationale for not making this customizable (by, e.g., changing its
    type to an option for a function that returns a desired value) is that
    the value signifies the pathological case where a user has not set a
    mapping from announced- to network name.  And the chances of there
    being multiple unknown networks is low.
    
    (erc-set-network-name, erc-networks--set-name): Deprecate former and
    partially replace with latter.  Ding with helpful and don't set
    `erc-network' message when network name is not found.
    
    (erc-networks--ensure-announced): Add new fallback function to ensure
    `erc-server-announced-name' is set.  Register with post-MOTD hooks.
    
    (erc-networks--copy-name): Add new function to copy over network name
    from server buffer.  Prefer this over doing the same in `erc-open' to
    help sustain the idea of this "module" being anything other than a
    hard dependency.
    
    (erc-networks--init-identity): Add new function to perform one-time
    session-related setup.  This can (should?) be combined with
    `erc-set-network-name.
    
    (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer): New function replaces
    `erc-unset-network-name' as default `erc-disconnect-hook' member;
    renames server buffers once network is discovered; added to/removed
    from `erc-after-connect' hook on erc-networks minor mode.
    
    (erc-networks--insert-transplanted-content,
    erc-networks--reclaim-orphaned-target-buffers,
    erc-networks--copy-over-server-buffer-contents,
    erc--update-server-identity): Add helpers for
    `erc-networks--rename-server-buffer'.  The first re-associates all
    existing target buffers that ought to be owned by the new server
    process.  The second grabs buffer text from an old, dead server buffer
    before killing it.  It then inserts that text above everything in the
    current, replacement server buffer.  The other two massage the IDs of
    related sessions, possibly renaming them as well.  They may also
    uniquify the current session's ID.
    
    (erc-networks-enable, erc-networks-mode): Add above hooks in
    appropriate order to 376/422 functions.
    
    * lisp/erc/erc.el (erc-rename-buffers): Change this option's default
    to t, remove the only instance where it's actually used, and make it
    an obsolete variable.
    
    (erc-generate-new-buffer-name): Replace current policy of appending a
    slash and the invocation host name.  Favor instead temporary names for
    server buffers and network-based uniquifying suffixes for channels and
    query buffers.  Fall back to the TCP host:port<n> convention when
    necessary.  The signature has changed.  Another optional param has
    been appended after the others.
    
    (erc-get-buffer-create): Don't generate a new name when reconnecting,
    just return the same buffer.  `erc-open' starts from a clean slate
    anyway, so this just keeps things simple.  Also add optional ID param.
    
    (erc-open): Add new id param to for canonical given network
    identifier, which must be a symbol.  This is stored in the `given'
    slot of the `erc-network--id' object.
    
    (erc, erc-tls): Add new id option and pass it to erc-open.  Accept
    a string as well as a symbol to comport better with other params.
    
    (erc-log-irc-protocol): Use `erc--network-id' instead of the function
    `erc-network' to determine preferred peer name.
    
    (erc-format-target-and/or-network): This is called frequently for
    mode-line updates.  Don't rename buffers here.  Instead, do so in
    `erc-update-server-buffer-name'.
    
    (erc-kill-server-hook): Add `erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names'
    as default member.
    
    (erc-kill-channel-hook, erc-kill-buffer-hook): Add
    `erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer' as default member.
    
    * lisp/erc/erc-backend.el (erc-server-reconnect): Call erc-open with
    new id param (also fix reconnect issue related to bug#47788).
    
    (erc-server-JOIN): Pass given id when calling erc-open.
    
    (erc-server-NICK): Apply same name-generation used by `erc-open';
    except here, for the purpose of "re-nicking".  Update network
    identifier object and maybe buffer names after own nick changes.
    
    * test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el: add tests for the above functions.
    * test/lisp/erc/erc-networks-tests.el: add tests for the above functions.
    
    See bug#48598 for background on all of the above.
---
 lisp/erc/erc-backend.el             |   33 +-
 lisp/erc/erc-networks.el            |  663 +++++++++++++-
 lisp/erc/erc.el                     |  210 +++--
 test/lisp/erc/erc-networks-tests.el | 1616 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el          |    3 +-
 5 files changed, 2420 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lisp/erc/erc-backend.el b/lisp/erc/erc-backend.el
index 625828d4e4..1d3a274ebb 100644
--- a/lisp/erc/erc-backend.el
+++ b/lisp/erc/erc-backend.el
@@ -603,7 +603,8 @@ Make sure you are in an ERC buffer when running this."
         (erc-open erc-session-server erc-session-port erc-server-current-nick
                   erc-session-user-full-name t erc-session-password
                   nil nil nil erc-session-client-certificate
-                  erc-session-username)))))
+                  erc-session-username
+                  (erc-networks--id-given erc-networks--id))))))
 
 (defun erc-server-delayed-reconnect (buffer)
   (if (buffer-live-p buffer)
@@ -1330,7 +1331,11 @@ add things to `%s' instead."
                                              nick erc-session-user-full-name
                                              nil nil
                                              (list chnl) chnl
-                                             erc-server-process))
+                                             erc-server-process
+                                             nil
+                                             erc-session-username
+                                             (erc-networks--id-given
+                                              erc-networks--id)))
                       (when buffer
                         (set-buffer buffer)
                         (with-suppressed-warnings
@@ -1421,19 +1426,27 @@ add things to `%s' instead."
       ;; sent to the correct nick. also add to bufs, since the user will want
       ;; to see the nick change in the query, and if it's a newly begun query,
       ;; erc-channel-users won't contain it
-      (erc-buffer-filter
-       (lambda ()
-         (when (equal (erc-default-target) nick)
-           (setq erc-default-recipients (cons nn (cdr erc-default-recipients))
-                 erc--target (erc--target-from-string nn))
-           (rename-buffer nn t)         ; bug#12002
-           (erc-update-mode-line)
-           (cl-pushnew (current-buffer) bufs))))
+      ;;
+      ;; Possibly still relevant: bug#12002
+      (when-let ((buf (erc-get-buffer nick erc-server-process))
+                 (tgt (erc--target-from-string nn)))
+        (with-current-buffer buf
+          (setq erc-default-recipients (cons nn (cdr erc-default-recipients))
+                erc--target tgt))
+        (with-current-buffer (erc-get-buffer-create erc-session-server
+                                                    erc-session-port nil tgt
+                                                    (erc-networks--id-given
+                                                     erc-networks--id))
+          ;; Current buffer is among bufs
+          (erc-update-mode-line)))
       (erc-update-user-nick nick nn host nil nil login)
       (cond
        ((string= nick (erc-current-nick))
         (cl-pushnew (erc-server-buffer) bufs)
         (erc-set-current-nick nn)
+        ;; Rename session, possibly rename server buf and all targets
+        (when (erc-network)
+          (erc-networks--id-reload erc-networks--id proc parsed))
         (erc-update-mode-line)
         (setq erc-nick-change-attempt-count 0)
         (setq erc-default-nicks (if (consp erc-nick) erc-nick (list erc-nick)))
diff --git a/lisp/erc/erc-networks.el b/lisp/erc/erc-networks.el
index 06ba3165a4..5a97024ea0 100644
--- a/lisp/erc/erc-networks.el
+++ b/lisp/erc/erc-networks.el
@@ -731,6 +731,440 @@ MATCHER is used to find a corresponding network to a 
server while
 (defvar-local erc-network nil
   "The name of the network you are connected to (a symbol).")
 
+
+;;;; Identifying connections
+
+;; This section is concerned with identifying and managing the
+;; relationship between an IRC connection and its unique identity on a
+;; given network (as seen by that network's nick-granting system).
+;; This relationship is quasi-permanent and transcends IRC connections
+;; and Emacs sessions.  As of early 2022, whether a user is
+;; authenticated (logged in to an account) remains orthogonal to their
+;; network identity from a client's perspective. ERC must be equipped
+;; to adapt should this ever change.
+;;
+;; While a connection is normally associated with exactly one nick,
+;; some networks (or intermediaries) may allow multiple client
+;; instances for the same nick by combining instance activity into a
+;; single, unique presence for presenting to other users.  And since
+;; state syncing may happen independently or be coordinated in some
+;; fashion, ERC must be prepared to handle any combination thereof.
+
+(defvar-local erc-networks--id nil
+  "Server-local instance of its namesake struct.
+Also shared among all target buffers for a given connection.  See
+\\[describe-symbol] `erc-networks--id' for more.")
+
+(cl-defstruct erc-networks--id
+  "Persistent identifying info for a network presence.
+
+Here, \"presence\" refers to some local state representing a persistent
+existence on a network.  The management of this state involves tracking
+associated buffers and what they're displaying.  Since a presence can
+outlast physical connections and survive changes in back-end transports
+\(and even outlive Emacs sessions), its identity must remain resilient.
+
+Essential to this notion of an enduring existence on a network is
+ensuring recovery from the loss of a server buffer.  Thus, any useful
+identifier must be shared among server and target buffers to allow for
+reassociation.  Beyond that, it must ideally be derivable from the same
+set of connection parameters.  See the constructor
+`erc-networks--id-create' for more info."
+  (ts nil :type float :read-only t :documentation "Creation timestamp.")
+  (symbol nil :type symbol :documentation "ID as a symbol."))
+
+(cl-defstruct (erc-networks--id-fixed
+               (:include erc-networks--id)
+               (:constructor erc-networks--id-fixed-create
+                             (given
+                              &aux
+                              (ts (float-time))
+                              (symbol given)))))
+
+(cl-defstruct (erc-networks--id-telescopic
+               (:include erc-networks--id)
+               (:constructor erc-networks--id-telescopic-create
+                             (&aux
+                              (ts (float-time))
+                              (parts (erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-parts))
+                              (symbol (erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id
+                                       parts))
+                              (len 1))))
+  "A network presence identified by certain connection parameters.
+Two identifiers are considered equivalent when their non-empty `parts'
+slots compare equal.  Identifiers sharing a common prefix of `parts' are
+considered related.  An identifier's canonical ID is determined by
+concatenating the shortest prefix (non-empty initial substring of
+`parts') unique among those of its relatives.  For example, related
+presences [b a r d o] and [b a z a r] would have IDs b/a/r and b/a/z
+respectively.  The separator is given by `erc-networks--id-sep'."
+  (parts nil :type sequence ; a vector of atoms
+         :documentation "Sequence of identifying components.")
+  (len 0 :type integer
+       :documentation "Length of active `parts' interval."))
+
+;; Please use this instead of `erc-networks--id-fixed-p'.
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-given (net-id)
+  "Return the preassigned identifier for a network presence, if any.
+This may have come in the form of an :id arg to an \"entry-point\"
+command like `erc-tls' or `erc'.")
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-given ((_ erc-networks--id))
+  nil)
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-given ((nid erc-networks--id-fixed))
+  (erc-networks--id-symbol nid))
+
+(cl-generic-define-context-rewriter erc-obsolete-var (var spec)
+  `((with-suppressed-warnings ((obsolete ,var)) ,var) ,spec))
+
+;; As a catch-all, derive the symbol from the unquoted printed repr.
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-create (id)
+  "Invoke an appropriate constructor for an `erc-networks--id' object."
+  (erc-networks--id-fixed-create (intern (format "%s" id))))
+
+;; When a given ID is a symbol, trust it unequivocally.
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-create ((id symbol))
+  (erc-networks--id-fixed-create id))
+
+;; Otherwise, use an adaptive name derived from network params.
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-create ((_ null))
+  (erc-networks--id-telescopic-create))
+
+;; But honor an explicitly set `erc-rename-buffers' (compat).
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-create
+  ((_ null) &context (erc-obsolete-var erc-rename-buffers null))
+  (erc-networks--id-fixed-create (intern (buffer-name))))
+
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-on-connect (net-id)
+  "Update NET-ID `erc-networks--id' after connection params known.
+This is typically during or just after MOTD.")
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-on-connect ((_ erc-networks--id))
+  nil)
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-on-connect ((id erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+  (erc-networks--id-telescopic-update id (erc-networks--id-telescopic-create)))
+
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-equal-p (self other)
+  "Return non-nil when two network identities exhibit underlying equality.
+SELF and OTHER are `erc-networks--id' struct instances.  This should
+normally be used only for ID recovery or merging, after which no two
+identities should be `equal' (timestamps aside) that aren't also `eq'.")
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-equal-p ((self erc-networks--id)
+                                        (other erc-networks--id))
+  (eq self other))
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-equal-p ((a erc-networks--id-fixed)
+                                        (b erc-networks--id-fixed))
+  (or (eq a b) (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol a) (erc-networks--id-symbol b))))
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-equal-p ((a erc-networks--id-telescopic)
+                                        (b erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+  (or (eq a b) (equal (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts a)
+                      (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts b))))
+
+;; ERASE-ME: if some future extension were to come along offering
+;; additional members, e.g., [Libera.Chat "bob" laptop], it'd likely
+;; be cleaner to create a new struct type descending from
+;; `erc-networks--id-telescopic' than to convert this function into a
+;; generic.  However, the latter would be simpler because it'd just
+;; require something like &context (erc-v3-device erc-v3--device-t).
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-parts ()
+  "Return opaque list of atoms to serve as canonical identifier."
+  (when-let ((network (erc-network))
+             (nick (erc-current-nick)))
+    (vector network (erc-downcase nick))))
+
+(defvar erc-networks--id-sep "/"
+  "Separator for joining `erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts' into a net ID.")
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id (elts &optional len)
+  "Create and return symbol to represent presence identified by ELTS.
+Use leading interval of length LEN as contributing components.  Combine
+them with string separator `erc-networks--id-sep'."
+  (when elts
+    (unless len
+      (setq len 1))
+    (intern (mapconcat (lambda (s) (prin1-to-string s t))
+                       (seq-subseq elts 0 len)
+                       erc-networks--id-sep))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id (nid)
+  "Grow NID by one component or return nil when at capacity."
+  (unless (= (length (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts nid))
+             (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid))
+    (setf (erc-networks--id-symbol nid)
+          (erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id
+           (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts nid)
+           (cl-incf (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid))))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-reset-id (nid)
+  "Restore NID to its initial state."
+  (setf (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid) 1
+        (erc-networks--id-symbol nid)
+        (erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id
+         (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts nid))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length (nid-a nid-b)
+  "Return length of common initial prefix of NID-a and NID-B.
+Return nil when no such sequence exists (instead of zero)."
+  (when-let* ((a (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts nid-a))
+              (b (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts nid-b))
+              (n (min (length a) (length b)))
+              ((> n 0))
+              ((equal (elt a 0) (elt b 0)))
+              (i 1))
+    (while (and (< i n)
+                (equal (elt a i)
+                       (elt b i)))
+      (cl-incf i))
+    i))
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-telescopic-update (dest source &rest overrides)
+  "Update DEST from SOURCE in place.
+Copy slots into DEST from SOURCE and recompute ID.  Both SOURCE and DEST
+must be `erc-networks--id' objects.  OVERRIDES is an optional plist of SLOT VAL
+pairs."
+  (setf (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts dest)
+        (or (plist-get overrides :parts)
+            (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts source))
+        (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len dest)
+        (or (plist-get overrides :len)
+            (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len source))
+        (erc-networks--id-symbol dest)
+        (or (plist-get overrides :symbol)
+            (erc-networks--id-telescopic-init-id
+             (erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts dest)
+             (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len dest)))))
+
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-reload (_nid &optional _proc _parsed)
+  "Handle an update to the current network identity.
+If provided, PROC should be the current `erc-server-process' and PARSED
+the current `erc-response'.  NID is an `erc-networks--id' object."
+  nil)
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-reload ((nid erc-networks--id-telescopic)
+                                       &optional proc parsed)
+  "Refresh identity after an `erc-networks--id-telescopic-parts' update."
+  (erc-networks--id-telescopic-update nid (erc-networks--id-telescopic-create)
+                                      :len
+                                      (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid))
+  (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer (or proc erc-server-process) parsed)
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names-any)
+  (erc-with-all-buffers-of-server
+      erc-server-process #'erc--default-target
+      (when-let* ((new-name (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names erc--target
+                                                                  nid))
+                  ((not (equal (buffer-name) new-name))))
+        (rename-buffer new-name 'unique))))
+
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable (self other)
+  "Take measures to ensure two net identities are in comparable states.")
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable ((_ erc-networks--id)
+                                                  (_ erc-networks--id))
+  nil)
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable
+  ((nid erc-networks--id-telescopic) (other erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+  "Grow NID along with that of the current buffer.
+Rename the current buffer if its NID has grown."
+  (when-let ((n (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length other nid)))
+    (while (and (<= (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid) n)
+                (erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id nid)))
+    ;; Grow and rename a visited buffer and all its targets
+    (when (and (> (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid)
+                  (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len other))
+               (erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id other))
+      ;; Rename NID's buffers using current ID
+      (erc-buffer-filter (lambda ()
+                           (when (eq erc-networks--id other)
+                             (erc-networks--maybe-update-buffer-name)))))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--id-sort-buffers (buffers)
+  "Return a list of target BUFFERS, newest to oldest."
+  (sort buffers
+        (lambda (a b)
+          (> (with-current-buffer a (erc-networks--id-ts erc-networks--id))
+             (with-current-buffer b (erc-networks--id-ts erc-networks--id))))))
+
+
+;;;; Buffer association
+
+(cl-defgeneric erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names ()
+  nil) ; concrete default implementation for non-telescopic IDs
+
+(defun erc-networks--refresh-buffer-names (identity &optional omit)
+  "Ensure all colliding buffers for network IDENTITY have suffixes.
+Then rename current buffer appropriately.  Don't consider buffer OMIT
+when determining collisions."
+  (if (erc-networks--examine-targets identity erc--target
+        #'ignore
+        (lambda ()
+          (unless (or (not omit) (eq (current-buffer) omit))
+            (erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name)
+            t)))
+      (erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name)
+    (rename-buffer (erc--target-string erc--target) 'unique)))
+
+;; This currently doesn't equalize related identities that may have
+;; become mismatched because that shouldn't happen after a connection
+;; is up (other than for a brief moment while renicking or similar,
+;; when states are inconsistent).
+(defun erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names-any (&rest omit)
+  (let (grown)
+    ;; Gather all grown identities.
+    (erc-buffer-filter
+     (lambda ()
+       (when (and erc-networks--id
+                  (erc-networks--id-telescopic-p erc-networks--id)
+                  (not (memq (current-buffer) omit))
+                  (not (memq erc-networks--id grown))
+                  (> (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len erc-networks--id) 1))
+         (push erc-networks--id grown))))
+    ;; Check for other identities with shared prefix.  If none exists,
+    ;; and identity is overlong, shrink it.
+    (dolist (nid grown)
+      (let ((skip (not (null omit))))
+        (catch 'found
+          (dolist (other grown)
+            (unless (eq nid other)
+              (setq skip nil)
+              (when (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length nid other)
+                (throw 'found (setq skip t))))))
+        (unless (or skip (< (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len nid) 2))
+          (erc-networks--id-telescopic-reset-id nid)
+          (erc-buffer-filter
+           (lambda ()
+             (when (and (eq erc-networks--id nid)
+                        (not (memq (current-buffer) omit)))
+               (if erc--target
+                   (erc-networks--refresh-buffer-names nid omit)
+                 (erc-networks--maybe-update-buffer-name))))))))))
+
+(cl-defmethod erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names
+  (&context (erc-networks--id erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names-any (current-buffer)))
+
+(defun erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer ()
+  "Maybe drop qualifying suffix from fellow target-buffer's name.
+But only do so when there's a single survivor with a target matching
+that of the dying buffer."
+  (when-let*
+      ((target erc--target)
+       ;; Buffer name includes ID suffix
+       ((not (string= (erc--target-symbol target) ; string= t "t" -> t
+                      (erc-downcase (buffer-name)))))
+       (buf (current-buffer))
+       ;; All buffers, not just those belonging to same process
+       (others (erc-buffer-filter
+                (lambda ()
+                  (and-let* ((erc--target)
+                             ((not (eq buf (current-buffer))))
+                             ((eq (erc--target-symbol target)
+                                  (erc--target-symbol erc--target))))))))
+       ((not (cdr others))))
+    (with-current-buffer (car others)
+      (rename-buffer (erc--target-string target)))))
+
+(defun erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names ()
+  "Recompute network IDs and buffer names, ignoring the current buffer.
+Only do so when an IRC connection's context supports qualified naming."
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names))
+
+(defun erc-networks--examine-targets (identity target on-dupe on-collision)
+  "Visit all ERC target buffers with the same TARGET.
+Call ON-DUPE when a buffer's identity belongs to a network IDENTITY or
+\"should\" after reconciliation.  Call ON-COLLISION otherwise.  Neither
+function should accept any args. Expect TARGET to be an `erc--target'
+object."
+  (declare (indent 2))
+  (let ((announced erc-server-announced-name))
+    (erc-buffer-filter
+     (lambda ()
+       (when (and erc--target
+                  (eq (erc--target-symbol erc--target)
+                      (erc--target-symbol target)))
+         (let ((oursp (if (erc--target-channel-local-p target)
+                          (equal announced erc-server-announced-name)
+                        (erc-networks--id-equal-p identity erc-networks--id))))
+           (funcall (if oursp on-dupe on-collision))))))))
+
+(defconst erc-networks--qualified-sep "@"
+  "Separator used for naming a target buffer.")
+
+(defun erc-networks--construct-target-buffer-name (target)
+  "Return TARGET@suffix."
+  (concat (erc--target-string target)
+          erc-networks--qualified-sep
+          (if (erc--target-channel-local-p target)
+              erc-server-announced-name
+            (symbol-name (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id)))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name ()
+  (when-let* ((new-name (erc-networks--construct-target-buffer-name
+                         erc--target))
+              ((not (equal (buffer-name) new-name))))
+    (rename-buffer new-name 'unique)))
+
+(defun erc-networks--ensure-qual-server-buffer-name ()
+  (when-let* ((new-name (symbol-name (erc-networks--id-symbol
+                                      erc-networks--id)))
+              ((not (equal (buffer-name) new-name))))
+    (rename-buffer new-name 'unique)))
+
+(defun erc-networks--maybe-update-buffer-name ()
+  "Update current buffer name to reflect display ID if necessary."
+  (if erc--target
+      (erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name)
+    (erc-networks--ensure-qual-server-buffer-name)))
+
+(defun erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names (target nid)
+  "Reserve preferred buffer name for TARGET and network identifier.
+Expect TARGET to be an `erc--target' instance.  Guarantee that at most
+one existing buffer has the same `erc-networks--id' and a case-mapped
+target, i.e., `erc--target-symbol'.  If other buffers with equivalent
+targets exist, rename them to TARGET@their-NID and return
+TARGET@our-NID.  Otherwise return TARGET as a string.  When multiple
+buffers for TARGET exist for the current NID, rename them with <n>
+suffixes going from newest to oldest."
+  (let* (existing ; Former selves or unexpected dupes (for now allow > 1)
+         ;; Renamed ERC buffers on other networks matching target
+         (namesakes (erc-networks--examine-targets nid target
+                      (lambda () (push (current-buffer) existing) nil)
+                      ;; Append network ID as TARGET@NID,
+                      ;; possibly qualifying to achieve uniqueness.
+                      (lambda ()
+                        (unless (erc--target-channel-local-p erc--target)
+                          (erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable
+                           nid erc-networks--id))
+                        (erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name)
+                        t)))
+         ;; Must follow ^ because NID may have been modified
+         (name (if namesakes
+                   (erc-networks--construct-target-buffer-name target)
+                 (erc--target-string target)))
+         placeholder)
+    ;; If we don't exist, claim name temporarily while renaming others
+    (when-let* (namesakes
+                (ex (get-buffer name))
+                ((not (memq ex existing)))
+                (temp-name (generate-new-buffer-name (format "*%s*" name))))
+      (setq existing (remq ex existing))
+      (with-current-buffer ex
+        (rename-buffer temp-name)
+        (setq placeholder (get-buffer-create name))
+        (rename-buffer name 'unique)))
+    (dolist (ex (erc-networks--id-sort-buffers existing))
+      (with-current-buffer ex
+        (rename-buffer name 'unique)))
+    (when placeholder (kill-buffer placeholder))
+    name))
+
+
 ;; Functions:
 
 (defun erc-determine-network ()
@@ -738,6 +1172,7 @@ MATCHER is used to find a corresponding network to a 
server while
 Use the server parameter NETWORK if provided, otherwise parse the
 server name and search for a match in `erc-networks-alist'."
   ;; The server made it easy for us and told us the name of the NETWORK
+  (declare (obsolete "maybe see `erc-networks--determine'" "29.1"))
   (let ((network-name (cdr (assoc "NETWORK" erc-server-parameters))))
     (if network-name
        (intern network-name)
@@ -760,23 +1195,237 @@ server name and search for a match in 
`erc-networks-alist'."
 
 (defun erc-set-network-name (_proc _parsed)
   "Set `erc-network' to the value returned by `erc-determine-network'."
+  (declare (obsolete "maybe see `erc-networks--set-name'" "29.1"))
   (unless erc-server-connected
-    (setq erc-network (erc-determine-network)))
+    (setq erc-network (with-suppressed-warnings
+                          ((obsolete erc-determine-network))
+                        (erc-determine-network))))
+  nil)
+
+(defconst erc-networks--name-missing-sentinel (gensym "Unknown ")
+  "Value to cover rare case of a literal NETWORK=nil.")
+
+(defun erc-networks--determine ()
+  "Return the name of the network as a symbol.
+Search `erc-networks-alist' for a known entity matching
+`erc-server-announced-name'.  If that fails, use the display name given
+by the `RPL_ISUPPORT' NETWORK parameter."
+  (or (cl-loop for (name matcher) in erc-networks-alist
+               when (and matcher (string-match (concat matcher "\\'")
+                                               erc-server-announced-name))
+               return name)
+      (and-let* ((vanity (erc--get-isupport-entry 'NETWORK 'single))
+                 ((intern vanity))))
+      erc-networks--name-missing-sentinel))
+
+(defun erc-networks--set-name (_proc parsed)
+  "Set `erc-network' to the value returned by `erc-networks--determine'.
+Signal an error when the network cannot be determined."
+  (cl-assert (not erc-server-connected))
+  ;; Always update (possibly clobber) current value, if any.
+  (let ((name (erc-networks--determine)))
+    (when (eq name erc-networks--name-missing-sentinel)
+      ;; This can happen theoretically, e.g., if you're editing some
+      ;; settings interactively on a proxy service that impersonates IRC
+      ;; but aren't being proxied through to a real network.  The
+      ;; service may send a 422 but no NETWORK param (or *any* 005s).
+      (let ((m (concat "Failed to determine network. Please set entry for "
+                       erc-server-announced-name " in `erc-network-alist'.")))
+        (erc-display-error-notice parsed m)
+        (erc-error "Failed to determine network"))) ; beep
+    (setq erc-network name))
+  nil)
+
+;; This lives here in this file because all the other "on connect"
+;; MOTD stuff ended up here (but perhaps that needs to change).
+
+(defun erc-networks--ensure-announced (_ parsed)
+  "Set a fallback `erc-server-announced-name' if still unset.
+Copy source (prefix) from MOTD-ish message as a last resort."
+  ;; The 004 handler never ran; see 2004-03-10 Diane Murray in change log
+  (unless erc-server-announced-name
+    (let ((m (concat "Failed to determine server name. "
+                     "If this was unexpected, please M-x erc-bug RET.")))
+      (erc-display-error-notice parsed m))
+    (setq erc-server-announced-name (erc-response.sender parsed)))
   nil)
 
+(defun erc-networks--copy-name (_buffer)
+  "Copy `erc-network' from the server buffer."
+  ;; Arg _buffer is always current buffer.
+  (when erc--target
+    (setq erc-network (erc-network))))
+
 (defun erc-unset-network-name (_nick _ip _reason)
   "Set `erc-network' to nil."
   (setq erc-network nil)
   nil)
 
+;; TODO add note in Commentary saying that this module is considered a
+;; core module and that it's as much about buffer naming and network
+;; identity as anything else.
+
+(defun erc-networks--insert-transplanted-content (content)
+  (let ((inhibit-read-only t)
+        (buffer-undo-list t))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (widen)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (insert-before-markers content)))))
+
+;; This should run whenever a network identity is updated.
+
+(defun erc-networks--reclaim-orphaned-target-buffers (new-proc nid announced)
+  "Visit disowned buffers for same NID and associate with NEW-PROC.
+ANNOUNCED is the server's reported host name."
+  (erc-buffer-filter
+   (lambda ()
+     (when (and erc--target
+                (not erc-server-connected)
+                (erc-networks--id-equal-p erc-networks--id nid)
+                (or (not (erc--target-channel-local-p erc--target))
+                    (string= erc-server-announced-name announced)))
+       ;; If a target buffer exists for the current process, kill this
+       ;; stale one after transplanting its content; else reinstate.
+       (if-let ((existing (erc-get-buffer
+                           (erc--target-string erc--target) new-proc)))
+           (progn
+             (widen)
+             (let ((content (buffer-substring (point-min)
+                                              erc-insert-marker)))
+               (kill-buffer) ; allow target-buf renaming hook to run
+               (with-current-buffer existing
+                 (erc-networks--ensure-qual-target-buffer-name)
+                 (erc-networks--insert-transplanted-content content))))
+         (setq erc-server-process new-proc
+               erc-server-connected t
+               erc-networks--id nid))))))
+
+(defun erc-networks--copy-over-server-buffer-contents (existing name)
+  "Kill off existing server buffer after copying its contents.
+Must be called from the replacement buffer."
+  ;; ERC expects `erc-open' to be idempotent when setting up local
+  ;; vars and other context properties for a new identity.  Thus, it's
+  ;; unlikely we'll have to copy anything else over besides text.  And
+  ;; no reconciling of user tables, etc. happens during a normal
+  ;; reconnect, so we should be fine just sticking to text. (Right?)
+  (let ((text (with-current-buffer existing
+                ;; This `erc-networks--id' should be
+                ;; `erc-networks--id-equal-p' to caller's network
+                ;; identity and older if not eq.
+                ;;
+                ;; `erc-server-process' should be set but dead
+                ;; and eq `get-buffer-process' unless latter nil
+                (delete-process erc-server-process)
+                (buffer-substring (point-min) erc-insert-marker)))
+        erc-kill-server-hook
+        erc-kill-buffer-hook)
+    (erc-networks--insert-transplanted-content text)
+    (kill-buffer name)))
+
+;; This stands alone for testing purposes
+
+(defun erc-networks--update-server-identity ()
+  "Maybe grow or replace the current network identity.
+
+If a dupe is found, adopt its identity by overwriting ours.  Otherwise,
+take steps to ensure it can effectively be compared to ours, now and
+into the future.  Note target buffers are considered as well because
+server buffers are often killed."
+  (let* ((identity erc-networks--id)
+         (buffer (current-buffer))
+         (f (lambda ()
+              (unless (or (eq (current-buffer) buffer)
+                          (eq erc-networks--id identity))
+                (if (erc-networks--id-equal-p identity erc-networks--id)
+                    (throw 'buffer erc-networks--id)
+                  (erc-networks--id-ensure-comparable identity
+                                                      erc-networks--id)
+                  nil))))
+         (found (catch 'buffer (erc-buffer-filter f))))
+    (when found
+      (setq erc-networks--id found))))
+
+;; These steps should only run when initializing a newly connected
+;; server buffer, whereas `erc-networks--rename-server-buffer' can run
+;; mid-session, after an identity's core components have changed.
+
+(defun erc-networks--init-identity (_proc _parsed)
+  "Update identity with real network name."
+  ;; Initialize identity for real now that we know the network
+  (cl-assert erc-network)
+  (unless (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id) ; unless just reconnected
+    (erc-networks--id-on-connect erc-networks--id))
+  ;; Find duplicate identities or other conflicting ones and act
+  ;; accordingly.
+  (erc-networks--update-server-identity)
+  ;;
+  nil)
+
+(defun erc-networks--rename-server-buffer (new-proc &optional _parsed)
+  "Rename a server buffer based on its network identity.
+Assume that the current buffer is a server buffer, either one with a
+newly established connection whose identity has just been fully fleshed
+out, or an existing one whose identity has just been updated.  Either
+way, assume the current identity is ready to serve as a canonical
+identifier.
+
+When a server buffer already exists with the chosen name, copy over its
+contents and kill it.  However, when its process is still alive, kill
+off the current buffer.  This can happen, for example, after a perceived
+loss in network connectivity turns out to be a false alarm.  If
+`erc-reuse-buffers' is nil, let `generate-new-buffer-name' do the
+actual renaming."
+  (cl-assert (eq new-proc erc-server-process))
+  (cl-assert (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id))
+  ;; Always look for targets to reassociate because original server
+  ;; buffer may have been deleted.
+  (erc-networks--reclaim-orphaned-target-buffers new-proc erc-networks--id
+                                                 erc-server-announced-name)
+  (let* ((name (symbol-name (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id)))
+         ;; When this ends up being the current buffer, either we have
+         ;; a "given" ID or the buffer was reused on reconnecting.
+         (existing (get-buffer name)))
+    (cond ((or (not existing)
+               (erc-networks--id-given erc-networks--id)
+               (eq existing (current-buffer)))
+           (rename-buffer name))
+          ;; Abort on accidental reconnect or failure to pass :id param for
+          ;; avoidable collisions.
+          ((erc-server-process-alive existing)
+           (kill-local-variable 'erc-network)
+           (delete-process new-proc)
+           (erc-display-error-notice nil (format "Buffer %s still connected"
+                                                 name))
+           (erc-set-active-buffer existing))
+          ;; Copy over old buffer's contents and kill it
+          (erc-reuse-buffers
+           (erc-networks--copy-over-server-buffer-contents existing name)
+           (rename-buffer name))
+          (t (rename-buffer (generate-new-buffer-name name)))))
+  nil)
+
 (define-erc-module networks nil
   "Provide data about IRC networks."
-  ((add-hook 'erc-server-375-functions #'erc-set-network-name)
-   (add-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-set-network-name)
-   (add-hook 'erc-disconnected-hook #'erc-unset-network-name))
-  ((remove-hook 'erc-server-375-functions #'erc-set-network-name)
-   (remove-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-set-network-name)
-   (remove-hook 'erc-disconnected-hook #'erc-unset-network-name)))
+  ((add-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--rename-server-buffer)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--rename-server-buffer)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--init-identity)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--init-identity)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--set-name)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--set-name)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--ensure-announced)
+   (add-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--ensure-announced)
+   (add-hook 'erc-connect-pre-hook #'erc-networks--copy-name))
+  ((remove-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--ensure-announced)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--ensure-announced)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--set-name)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--set-name)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--init-identity)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--init-identity)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-376-functions #'erc-networks--rename-server-buffer)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-server-422-functions #'erc-networks--rename-server-buffer)
+   (remove-hook 'erc-connect-pre-hook #'erc-networks--copy-name)))
 
 (defun erc-ports-list (ports)
   "Return a list of PORTS.
diff --git a/lisp/erc/erc.el b/lisp/erc/erc.el
index 9ce914d27a..510fa2c8a8 100644
--- a/lisp/erc/erc.el
+++ b/lisp/erc/erc.el
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@
 (defvar erc--server-last-reconnect-count)
 (defvar erc--server-reconnecting)
 (defvar erc-channel-members-changed-hook)
+(defvar erc-networks--id)
 (defvar erc-server-367-functions)
 (defvar erc-server-announced-name)
 (defvar erc-server-connect-function)
@@ -210,12 +211,21 @@ parameters and authentication."
   :set (lambda (sym val)
          (set sym (if (functionp val) (funcall val) val))))
 
-(defcustom erc-rename-buffers nil
+(defcustom erc-rename-buffers t
   "Non-nil means rename buffers with network name, if available."
   :version "24.5"
   :group 'erc
   :type 'boolean)
 
+;; For the sake of compatibility, an ID will be created on the user's
+;; behalf when `erc-rename-buffers' is nil and one wasn't provided.
+;; The name will simply be that of the buffer, usually SERVER:PORT.
+;; This violates the policy of treating provided IDs as gospel, but
+;; it'll have to do for now.
+
+(make-obsolete-variable 'erc-rename-buffers
+                        "old behavior when t now permanent" "29.1")
+
 (defvar erc-password nil
   "Password to use when authenticating to an IRC server.
 It is not strictly necessary to provide this, since ERC will
@@ -1683,55 +1693,52 @@ symbol, it may have these values:
   "Check whether ports A and B are equal."
   (= (erc-normalize-port a) (erc-normalize-port b)))
 
-(defun erc-generate-new-buffer-name (server port target)
-  "Create a new buffer name based on the arguments."
-  (when (numberp port) (setq port (number-to-string port)))
-  (let* ((buf-name (or target
-                       (let ((name (concat server ":" port)))
-                         (when (> (length name) 1)
-                           name))
-                       ;; This fallback should in fact never happen.
-                       "*erc-server-buffer*"))
-         (full-buf-name (concat buf-name "/" server))
-         (dup-buf-name (buffer-name (car (erc-channel-list nil))))
-         buffer-name)
-    ;; Reuse existing buffers, but not if the buffer is a connected server
-    ;; buffer and not if its associated with a different server than the
-    ;; current ERC buffer.
-    ;; If buf-name is taken by a different connection (or by something !erc)
-    ;; then see if "buf-name/server" meets the same criteria.
-    (if (and dup-buf-name (string-match-p (concat buf-name "/") dup-buf-name))
-        (setq buffer-name full-buf-name) ; ERC buffer with full name already 
exists.
-      (dolist (candidate (list buf-name full-buf-name))
-        (if (and (not buffer-name)
-                 erc-reuse-buffers
-                 (or (not (get-buffer candidate))
-                     ;; Looking for a server buffer, so there's no target.
-                     (and (not target)
-                          (with-current-buffer (get-buffer candidate)
-                            (and (erc-server-buffer-p)
-                                 (not (erc-server-process-alive)))))
-                     ;; Channel buffer; check that it's from the right server.
-                     (and target
-                          (with-current-buffer (get-buffer candidate)
-                            (and (string= erc-session-server server)
-                                 (erc-port-equal erc-session-port port))))))
-            (setq buffer-name candidate)
-          (when (and (not buffer-name) (get-buffer buf-name) erc-reuse-buffers)
-            ;; A new buffer will be created with the name buf-name/server, 
rename
-            ;; the existing name-duplicated buffer with the same format as 
well.
-            (with-current-buffer (get-buffer buf-name)
-              (when (derived-mode-p 'erc-mode) ; ensure it's an erc buffer
-                (rename-buffer
-                 (concat buf-name "/" (or erc-session-server 
erc-server-announced-name)))))))))
-    ;; If buffer-name is unset, neither candidate worked out for us,
-    ;; fallback to the old <N> uniquification method:
-    (or buffer-name (generate-new-buffer-name full-buf-name))))
-
-(defun erc-get-buffer-create (server port target)
+(defun erc-generate-new-buffer-name (server port target &optional tgt-info id)
+  "Determine the name of an ERC buffer.
+When TGT-INFO is nil, assume this is a server buffer.  If ID is non-nil,
+return ID as a string unless a buffer already exists with a live server
+process, in which case signal an error.  When ID is nil, return a
+temporary name based on SERVER and PORT to be replaced with the network
+name when discovered (see `erc-networks--rename-server-buffer').  Allow
+either SERVER or PORT (but not both) to be nil to accommodate oddball
+`erc-server-connect-function's.
+
+When TGT-INFO is non-nil, expect its string field to match the redundant
+param TARGET (retained for compatibility).  Whenever possibly, prefer
+returning TGT-INFO's string unmodified.  But when a case-insensitive
+collision prevents that, return target@ID when ID is non-nil or
+target@network otherwise after renaming the conflicting buffer in the
+same manner.  If the `networks' module isn't loaded, return target or
+target<n>."
+  (when target ; compat
+    (setq tgt-info (erc--target-from-string target)))
+  (if tgt-info
+      (let* ((esid (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id))
+             (name (if esid
+                       (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names tgt-info
+                                                             erc-networks--id)
+                     (erc--target-string tgt-info))))
+        (if (and esid erc-reuse-buffers)
+            name
+          (generate-new-buffer-name name)))
+    (if id
+        (progn
+          (when-let* ((buf (get-buffer (symbol-name id)))
+                      ((erc-server-process-alive buf)))
+            (user-error  "Session with ID %S already exists" id))
+          (symbol-name id))
+      (generate-new-buffer-name (if (and server port)
+                                    (format "%s:%s" server port)
+                                  (or server port))))))
+
+(defun erc-get-buffer-create (server port target &optional tgt-info id)
   "Create a new buffer based on the arguments."
-  (get-buffer-create (erc-generate-new-buffer-name server port target)))
-
+  (when target ; compat
+    (setq tgt-info (erc--target-from-string target)))
+  (if (and erc--server-reconnecting (not tgt-info))
+      (current-buffer)
+    (get-buffer-create
+     (erc-generate-new-buffer-name server port nil tgt-info id))))
 
 (defun erc-member-ignore-case (string list)
   "Return non-nil if STRING is a member of LIST.
@@ -2070,7 +2077,7 @@ removed from the list will be disabled."
 
 (defun erc-open (&optional server port nick full-name
                            connect passwd tgt-list channel process
-                           client-certificate user)
+                           client-certificate user id)
   "Connect to SERVER on PORT as NICK with USER and FULL-NAME.
 
 If CONNECT is non-nil, connect to the server.  Otherwise assume
@@ -2087,11 +2094,14 @@ of the client certificate itself to use when connecting 
over TLS,
 or t, which means that `auth-source' will be queried for the
 private key and the certificate.
 
+When non-nil, ID should be a symbol for identifying the connection.
+
 Returns the buffer for the given server or channel."
-  (let ((buffer (erc-get-buffer-create server port channel))
-        (old-buffer (current-buffer))
-        old-point
-        (continued-session erc--server-reconnecting))
+  (let* ((target (and channel (erc--target-from-string channel)))
+         (buffer (erc-get-buffer-create server port nil target id))
+         (old-buffer (current-buffer))
+         old-point
+         (continued-session erc--server-reconnecting))
     (when connect (run-hook-with-args 'erc-before-connect server port nick))
     (erc-update-modules)
     (set-buffer buffer)
@@ -2121,7 +2131,7 @@ Returns the buffer for the given server or channel."
     (set-marker erc-insert-marker (point))
     ;; stack of default recipients
     (setq erc-default-recipients tgt-list)
-    (setq erc--target (and channel (erc--target-from-string channel)))
+    (setq erc--target target)
     (setq erc-server-current-nick nil)
     ;; Initialize erc-server-users and erc-channel-users
     (if connect
@@ -2160,6 +2170,10 @@ Returns the buffer for the given server or channel."
                :require '(:secret))))
     ;; client certificate (only useful if connecting over TLS)
     (setq erc-session-client-certificate client-certificate)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (if connect
+                               (erc-networks--id-create id)
+                             (buffer-local-value 'erc-networks--id
+                                                 old-buffer)))
     ;; debug output buffer
     (setq erc-dbuf
           (when erc-log-p
@@ -2298,7 +2312,8 @@ parameters SERVER and NICK."
                     (nick   (erc-compute-nick))
                     (user   (erc-compute-user))
                     password
-                    (full-name (erc-compute-full-name)))
+                    (full-name (erc-compute-full-name))
+                    id)
   "ERC is a powerful, modular, and extensible IRC client.
 This function is the main entry point for ERC.
 
@@ -2311,6 +2326,7 @@ Non-interactively, it takes the keyword arguments
    (user   (erc-compute-user))
    password
    (full-name (erc-compute-full-name))
+   id
 
 That is, if called with
 
@@ -2318,9 +2334,13 @@ That is, if called with
 
 then the server and full-name will be set to those values,
 whereas `erc-compute-port' and `erc-compute-nick' will be invoked
-for the values of the other parameters."
+for the values of the other parameters.
+
+When present, ID should be an opaque object used to identify the
+connection unequivocally.  This is rarely needed and not available
+interactively."
   (interactive (erc-select-read-args))
-  (erc-open server port nick full-name t password nil nil nil nil user))
+  (erc-open server port nick full-name t password nil nil nil nil user id))
 
 ;;;###autoload
 (defalias 'erc-select #'erc)
@@ -2333,7 +2353,8 @@ for the values of the other parameters."
                         (user   (erc-compute-user))
                         password
                         (full-name (erc-compute-full-name))
-                        client-certificate)
+                        client-certificate
+                        id)
   "ERC is a powerful, modular, and extensible IRC client.
 This function is the main entry point for ERC over TLS.
 
@@ -2347,6 +2368,7 @@ Non-interactively, it takes the keyword arguments
    password
    (full-name (erc-compute-full-name))
    client-certificate
+   id
 
 That is, if called with
 
@@ -2369,12 +2391,18 @@ Example usage:
     (erc-tls :server \"irc.libera.chat\" :port 6697
              :client-certificate
              '(\"/home/bandali/my-cert.key\"
-               \"/home/bandali/my-cert.crt\"))"
+               \"/home/bandali/my-cert.crt\"))
+
+When present, ID should be an opaque object for identifying the
+connection unequivocally.  (In most cases, this would be a string or a
+symbol composed of letters from the Latin alphabet.)  This option is
+generally unneeded, however.  See info node `(erc) Connecting' for use
+cases.  Not available interactively."
   (interactive (let ((erc-default-port erc-default-port-tls))
                 (erc-select-read-args)))
   (let ((erc-server-connect-function 'erc-open-tls-stream))
     (erc-open server port nick full-name t password
-              nil nil nil client-certificate user)))
+              nil nil nil client-certificate user id)))
 
 (defun erc-open-tls-stream (name buffer host port &rest parameters)
   "Open an TLS stream to an IRC server.
@@ -2439,13 +2467,20 @@ The buffer is created if it doesn't exist.
 
 If OUTBOUND is non-nil, STRING is being sent to the IRC server and
 appears in face `erc-input-face' in the buffer.  Lines must already
-contain CRLF endings.  Peer is identified by the most precise label
-available at run time, starting with the network name, followed by the
-announced host name, and falling back to the dialed <server>:<port>."
+contain CRLF endings.  A peer is identified by the most precise label
+available, starting with the session ID followed by the server-reported
+hostname, and falling back to the dialed <server>:<port> pair.
+
+When capturing logs for multiple peers and sorting them into buckets,
+such inconsistent labeling may pose a problem until the MOTD is
+received.  Setting a fixed `erc-networks--id' can serve as a
+workaround."
   (when erc-debug-irc-protocol
-    (let ((esid (or (and (erc-network) (erc-network-name))
-                    erc-server-announced-name
-                    (format "%s:%s" erc-session-server erc-session-port)))
+    (let ((esid (if-let ((erc-networks--id)
+                         (esid (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id)))
+                    (symbol-name esid)
+                  (or erc-server-announced-name
+                      (format "%s:%s" erc-session-server erc-session-port))))
           (ts (when erc-debug-irc-protocol-time-format
                 (format-time-string erc-debug-irc-protocol-time-format))))
       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "*erc-protocol*")
@@ -6602,21 +6637,13 @@ This should be a string with substitution variables 
recognized by
   "Return the network or the current target and network combined.
 If the name of the network is not available, then use the
 shortened server name instead."
-  (let ((network-name (or (and (fboundp 'erc-network-name) (erc-network-name))
-                          (erc-shorten-server-name
-                           (or erc-server-announced-name
-                               erc-session-server)))))
-    (when (and network-name (symbolp network-name))
-      (setq network-name (symbol-name network-name)))
-    (cond ((erc-default-target)
-           (concat (erc-string-no-properties (erc-default-target))
-                   "@" network-name))
-          ((and network-name
-                (not (get-buffer network-name)))
-           (when erc-rename-buffers
-            (rename-buffer network-name))
-           network-name)
-          (t (buffer-name (current-buffer))))))
+  (if-let ((erc--target)
+           (name (if-let ((esid (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id)))
+                     (symbol-name esid)
+                   (erc-shorten-server-name (or erc-server-announced-name
+                                                erc-session-server)))))
+      (concat (erc--target-string erc--target) "@" name)
+    (buffer-name)))
 
 (defun erc-format-away-status ()
   "Return a formatted `erc-mode-line-away-status-format' if `erc-away' is 
non-nil."
@@ -7036,20 +7063,29 @@ See also `format-spec'."
 ;; FIXME: Don't set the hook globally!
 (add-hook 'kill-buffer-hook #'erc-kill-buffer-function)
 
-(defcustom erc-kill-server-hook '(erc-kill-server)
-  "Invoked whenever a server buffer is killed via `kill-buffer'."
+(defcustom erc-kill-server-hook '(erc-kill-server
+                                  erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names)
+  "Invoked whenever a live server buffer is killed via `kill-buffer'."
+  :package-version '(ERC . "5.4.1") ; FIXME increment upon publishing to ELPA
   :group 'erc-hooks
   :type 'hook)
 
-(defcustom erc-kill-channel-hook '(erc-kill-channel)
+(defcustom erc-kill-channel-hook
+  '(erc-kill-channel
+    erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names
+    erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer)
   "Invoked whenever a channel-buffer is killed via `kill-buffer'."
+  :package-version '(ERC . "5.4.1") ; FIXME increment upon publishing to ELPA
   :group 'erc-hooks
   :type 'hook)
 
-(defcustom erc-kill-buffer-hook nil
-  "Hook run whenever a non-server or channel buffer is killed.
+(defcustom erc-kill-buffer-hook
+  '(erc-networks-shrink-ids-and-buffer-names
+    erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer)
+  "Hook run whenever a query buffer or a dead server buffer is killed.
 
 See also `kill-buffer'."
+  :package-version '(ERC . "5.4.1") ; FIXME increment upon publishing to ELPA
   :group 'erc-hooks
   :type 'hook)
 
diff --git a/test/lisp/erc/erc-networks-tests.el 
b/test/lisp/erc/erc-networks-tests.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..588c15786e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lisp/erc/erc-networks-tests.el
@@ -0,0 +1,1616 @@
+;;; erc-networks-tests.el --- Tests for erc-networks.  -*- lexical-binding:t 
-*-
+
+;; Copyright (C) 2020-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+;;
+;; GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
+;; by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
+;; or (at your option) any later version.
+;;
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+;; WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+;; General Public License for more details.
+;;
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GNU Emacs.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(require 'ert-x) ; cl-lib
+
+(require 'erc-networks)
+
+(defun erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc (&optional buf)
+  (let ((p (start-process "true" (or buf (current-buffer)) "true")))
+    (while (process-live-p p) (sit-for 0.1))
+    p))
+
+(defun erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc (&optional buf)
+  (let ((proc (start-process "sleep" (or buf (current-buffer)) "sleep" "1")))
+    (set-process-query-on-exit-flag proc nil)
+    proc))
+
+(defun erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs ()
+  (let (erc-kill-channel-hook
+        erc-kill-server-hook
+        erc-kill-buffer-hook)
+    (dolist (buf (erc-buffer-list))
+      (kill-buffer buf))))
+
+(defun erc-networks-tests--bufnames (prefix)
+  (let* ((case-fold-search)
+         (pred (lambda (b) (string-prefix-p prefix (buffer-name b))))
+         (prefixed (seq-filter pred (buffer-list))))
+    (sort (mapcar #'buffer-name prefixed) #'string<)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--id ()
+  (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'float-time)
+             (lambda () 0.0)))
+
+    ;; Fixed
+    (should (equal (erc-networks--id-fixed-create 'foo)
+                   (make-erc-networks--id-fixed :ts (float-time)
+                                                :symbol 'foo)))
+
+    ;; Dynamic
+    (let* ((erc-network 'FooNet)
+           (erc-server-current-nick "Joe")
+           (identity (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+      (should (equal identity
+                     #s(erc-networks--id-telescopic 0.0 FooNet
+                                                    [FooNet "joe"] 1)))
+
+      (should (equal (erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id identity)
+                     'FooNet/joe))
+      (should (equal identity
+                     #s(erc-networks--id-telescopic 0.0 FooNet/joe
+                                                    [FooNet "joe"] 2)))
+      (should-not (erc-networks--id-telescopic-grow-id identity))
+      (should (equal identity
+                     #s(erc-networks--id-telescopic 0.0 FooNet/joe
+                                                    [FooNet "joe"] 2))))
+
+    ;; Compat
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "fake.chat")
+      (with-suppressed-warnings ((obsolete erc-rename-buffers))
+        (let (erc-rename-buffers)
+          (should (equal (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+                         (make-erc-networks--id-fixed :ts (float-time)
+                                                      :symbol 'fake.chat)))))
+      (kill-buffer))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--id-create ()
+  (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'float-time)
+             (lambda () 0.0)))
+
+    (should (equal (erc-networks--id-create 'foo)
+                   (make-erc-networks--id-fixed :ts (float-time)
+                                                :symbol 'foo)))
+    (should (equal (erc-networks--id-create "foo")
+                   (make-erc-networks--id-fixed :ts (float-time)
+                                                :symbol 'foo)))
+    (should (equal (erc-networks--id-create [h i])
+                   (make-erc-networks--id-fixed :ts (float-time)
+                                                :symbol (quote \[h\ \i\]))))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length ()
+  (should-not (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+               (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic)
+               (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic)))
+
+  (should-not (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+               (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 2])
+               (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [2 3])))
+
+  (should (= 1 (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1])
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 2]))))
+
+  (should (= 1 (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 2])
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 3]))))
+
+  (should (= 2 (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 2])
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [1 2]))))
+
+  (should (= 1 (erc-networks--id-telescopic-prefix-length
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts ["1"])
+                (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts ["1"])))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--id-sort-buffers ()
+  (let (oldest middle newest)
+
+    (with-temp-buffer
+      (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-fixed-create 'oldest)
+            oldest (current-buffer))
+
+      (with-temp-buffer
+        (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-fixed-create 'middle)
+              middle (current-buffer))
+
+        (with-temp-buffer
+          (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-fixed-create 'newest)
+                newest (current-buffer))
+
+          (should (equal (erc-networks--id-sort-buffers
+                          (list oldest newest middle))
+                         (list newest middle oldest))))))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer--channel ()
+  (should (memq #'erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer
+                erc-kill-channel-hook))
+
+  (let ((chan-foonet-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet")))
+
+    (with-current-buffer chan-foonet-buffer
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [foonet "bob"] :len 1))
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [barnet "bob"] :len 1))
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (kill-buffer "#chan@barnet")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan") '("#chan")))
+    (should (eq chan-foonet-buffer (get-buffer "#chan"))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer--query ()
+  (should (memq #'erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer
+                erc-kill-buffer-hook))
+
+  (let ((bob-foonet (get-buffer-create "bob@foonet")))
+
+    (with-current-buffer bob-foonet
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [foonet "bob"] :len 1))
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "bob")))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "bob@barnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [barnet "bob"] :len 1))
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "bob")))
+
+    (kill-buffer "bob@barnet")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "bob") '("bob")))
+    (should (eq bob-foonet (get-buffer "bob"))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer--multi ()
+
+  (ert-info ("Multiple leftover channels untouched")
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@baznet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+    (kill-buffer "#chan@baznet")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                   '("#chan@barnet" "#chan@foonet")))
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+  (ert-info ("Multiple leftover queries untouched")
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "bob@foonet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "bob")))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "bob@barnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "bob")))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "bob@baznet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "bob")))
+    (kill-buffer "bob@baznet")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "bob")
+                   '("bob@barnet" "bob@foonet")))
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--perform-outstanding ()
+  ;; Not collapsed because we have one collision outstanding.
+  ;;
+  ;; Overlaps with quite a bit with the
+  ;; `erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-*' stuff
+  ;; below.  If this ever fails, just delete this and fix those.
+
+  ;; Presumably, some buffer foonet/chester was just killed
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/tester
+                            :parts [foonet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create
+                        (elt ["#a" "#a@foonet" "#a@foonet/tester"] (random 3)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/tester
+                            :parts [barnet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/chester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/chester
+                            :parts [barnet "chester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  ;; Presumably, some buffer #a@barnet/chester was just killed
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create
+                        (elt ["#a@barnet" "#a@barnet/tester"] (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")))
+
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+    (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names))
+
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet"
+                   "#a@foonet"
+                   "barnet/tester"
+                   "barnet/chester"
+                   "#a@barnet/tester")))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--perform-collapse ()
+  ;; Overlaps with `erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--collapse-hook-*'
+  ;; quite a bit.  If this ever fails, just delete it and fix ^.
+
+  ;; Presumably, some buffer foonet/chester was just killed
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/tester
+                            :parts [foonet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer
+      (get-buffer-create (elt ["#a" "#a@foonet/tester"] (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/tester
+                            :parts [barnet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer
+      (get-buffer-create (elt ["#b" "#b@foonet/tester"] (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#b")))
+
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic))
+    (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names))
+
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet" "#a" "barnet" "#b")))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(defun erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-common ()
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/tester
+                            :parts [foonet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#a@foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/tester
+                            :parts [barnet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/chester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/chester
+                            :parts [barnet "chester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#a@barnet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a"))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-srv ()
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-common)
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/chester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/chester
+                            :parts [foonet "chester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer "foonet/chester" (kill-buffer))
+
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet"
+                   "#a@foonet"
+                   "barnet/tester"
+                   "barnet/chester"
+                   "#a@barnet/tester")))
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-tgt ()
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-common)
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#a@foonet/chester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/chester
+                            :parts [foonet "chester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")
+          erc-server-process (with-temp-buffer
+                               (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))))
+
+  (with-current-buffer "#a@foonet/chester" (kill-buffer))
+
+  ;; Identical to *-server variant above
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet"
+                   "#a@foonet"
+                   "barnet/tester"
+                   "barnet/chester"
+                   "#a@barnet/tester")))
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks-rename-surviving-target-buffer--shrink ()
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-outstanding-common)
+
+  ;; This buffer isn't "#a@foonet" (yet) because the shrink-ids hook
+  ;; hasn't run.  However, when it's the rename hook runs, its network
+  ;; id *is* "foonet", not "foonet/tester".
+  (with-current-buffer "#a@foonet/tester" (kill-buffer))
+
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet"
+                   "barnet/tester"
+                   "barnet/chester"
+                   "#a")))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(defun erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-collapse (check)
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/tester
+                            :parts [foonet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#a@foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'barnet/tester
+                            :parts [barnet "tester"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create  "#b@foonet/tester")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "barnet/tester"
+                             erc-networks--id)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#b")))
+
+  (funcall check)
+
+  (should (equal (mapcar #'buffer-name (erc-buffer-list))
+                 '("foonet" "#a" "barnet" "#b")))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-collapse-server ()
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-collapse
+   (lambda ()
+     (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/chester")
+       (erc-mode)
+       (setq erc-network 'foonet
+             erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+             erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                               :symbol 'foonet/chester
+                               :parts [foonet "chester"]
+                               :len 2)
+             erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+     (with-current-buffer "foonet/chester"
+       (kill-buffer)))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-collapse-target ()
+  (erc-networks--shrink-ids-and-buffer-names--hook-collapse
+   (lambda ()
+     (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#a@foonet/chester")
+       (erc-mode)
+       (setq erc-network 'foonet
+             erc-server-current-nick "chester"
+             erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                               :symbol 'foonet/chester
+                               :parts [foonet "chester"]
+                               :len 2)
+             ;; `erc-kill-buffer-function' uses legacy target detection
+             ;; but falls back on buffer name, so no need for:
+             ;;
+             ;;   erc-default-recipients '("#a")
+             ;;
+             erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#a")
+             erc-server-process (with-temp-buffer
+                                  (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))))
+
+     (with-current-buffer "#a@foonet/chester" (kill-buffer)))))
+
+;; FIXME this test is old and may describe impossible states:
+;; leftover identities being qual-equal but not eq (implies
+;; `erc-networks--reclaim-orphaned-target-buffers' is somehow broken).
+;;
+;; Otherwise, the point of this test is to show that server process
+;; identity does not impact the hunt for duplicates.
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--duplicates (start)
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+          erc-server-process (funcall start)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan") ; prior session
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet" erc-server-process)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+  (ert-info ("Conflicts not recognized as ERC buffers and not renamed")
+    (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                   '("#chan" "#chan@foonet"))))
+
+  ;; These are dupes (not "collisions")
+
+  (with-current-buffer "#chan@foonet" ; same proc
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet" erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet<dead>")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet<live>")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+  (let ((created (list (get-buffer "#chan@foonet<live>")
+                       (get-buffer "#chan@foonet<dead>")
+                       (get-buffer "#chan@foonet"))))
+
+    (with-current-buffer "foonet"
+      (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                       "#chan")))
+
+    (ert-info ("All buffers considered dupes renamed")
+      (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                     '("#chan" "#chan<2>" "#chan<3>" "#chan<4>"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("All buffers renamed from newest to oldest")
+      (should (equal created (list (get-buffer "#chan<2>")
+                                   (get-buffer "#chan<3>")
+                                   (get-buffer "#chan<4>"))))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--dupes-given (go)
+
+  ;; The connection's network is discovered before target buffers are
+  ;; created.  This shows that the network doesn't matter when only
+  ;; "given" IDs are present.
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "oofnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet)
+          erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (funcall go)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan") ; prior session
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet)
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "oofnet" erc-server-process)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@oofnet") ;dupe/not collision
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet)
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "oofnet" erc-server-process)
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+  (with-current-buffer "oofnet"
+    (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                      (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                     "#chan")))
+
+  (ert-info ("All buffers matching target and network renamed")
+    (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                   '("#chan" "#chan<2>"))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--duplicates ()
+  (ert-info ("Process live, no error")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--duplicates
+     #'erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc))
+
+  (ert-info ("Process live, no error, given ID")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--dupes-given
+     #'erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc))
+
+  (ert-info ("Process dead")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--duplicates
+     #'erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))
+
+  (ert-info ("Process dead, given ID")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--dupes-given
+     #'erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf (check)
+  (let ((foonet-proc (with-temp-buffer
+                       (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'barnet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+            erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+    ;; Different proc and not "qual-equal" (different elts)
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'foonet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+            erc-server-process foonet-proc))
+    (funcall check)
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-server-buf ()
+  (ert-info ("Existing #chan buffer respected")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+         (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                           (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                          "#chan@barnet")))
+       (ert-info ("Existing #chan buffer found and renamed")
+         (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                        '("#chan@foonet")))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Existing #chan buffer")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+         (erc-mode)
+         (setq erc-network 'foonet
+               erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+               erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+               erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))
+         (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                           (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                          "#chan")))
+       (ert-info ("Nothing renamed")
+         (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan") '("#chan")))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Existing #chan@foonet and #chan@barnet buffers")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+         (rename-buffer "#chan@foonet"))
+       (should-not (get-buffer "#chan@barnet"))
+       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+         (erc-mode)
+         (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+               erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+                                    erc-server-process)
+               erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+         (erc-mode)
+         (setq erc-network 'foonet
+               erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+               erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+               erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+         (set-process-query-on-exit-flag erc-server-process nil)
+         (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                           (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                          "#chan@foonet")))
+       (ert-info ("Nothing renamed")
+         (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                        '("#chan@barnet" "#chan@foonet"))))))))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf-given
+    (check)
+  (let ((oofnet-proc (with-temp-buffer 
(erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc))))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "rabnet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      ;; Again, given name preempts network lookup (unrealistic but
+      ;; highlights priorities)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'rabnet)
+            erc-network 'barnet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+    ;; Identity is not "qual-equal" to above
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet)
+            erc-network 'foonet
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+            erc-server-process oofnet-proc))
+    (funcall check)
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-server-buf-given ()
+
+  (ert-info ("Existing #chan buffer respected")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf-given
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "rabnet"
+         (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                           (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                          "#chan@rabnet")))
+
+       (ert-info ("Existing #chan buffer found and renamed")
+         (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                        '("#chan@oofnet")))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Existing #chan@oofnet and #chan@rabnet buffers")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf-given
+     (lambda ()
+       ;; #chan has already been uniquified (but not grown)
+       (with-current-buffer "#chan" (rename-buffer "#chan@oofnet"))
+       (should-not (get-buffer "#chan@rabnet"))
+
+       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@rabnet")
+         (erc-mode)
+         (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+               erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "rabnet"
+                                    erc-server-process)
+               erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "rabnet"
+                                  erc-networks--id)))
+
+       (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "oofnet")
+         (erc-mode)
+         (setq erc-network 'oofnet
+               erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+               erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+               erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet)) ; given
+         (set-process-query-on-exit-flag erc-server-process nil)
+         (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                           (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                          "#chan@oofnet")))
+
+       (ert-info ("Nothing renamed")
+         (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                        '("#chan@oofnet" "#chan@rabnet"))))))))
+
+;; This shows a corner case where a user explicitly assigns a "given"
+;; ID via `erc-tls' but later connects again without one.  It would
+;; actually probably be better if the given identity were to win and
+;; the derived one got an <n>-suffix.
+;;
+;; If we just compared net identities, the two would match, but they
+;; don't here because one has a given name and the other a
+;; discovered/assembled one; so they are *not* qual-equal.
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf-given-mismatch ()
+  ;; Existing #chan buffer *not* respected
+  (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--no-srv-buf-given
+   (lambda ()
+     (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "oofnet")
+       (erc-mode)
+       (setq erc-network 'oofnet
+             erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+             erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+             erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)) ; derived
+       (should (string= (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                         (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)
+                        "#chan@oofnet")))
+
+     (ert-info ("Collision renamed but not grown (because it's a given)")
+       ;; Original chan uniquified and moved out of the way
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@oofnet<2>")))))))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net (check)
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))) ; derived
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))) ; derived
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create (elt ["#chan" "#chan@foonet"]
+                                               (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "foonet"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (funcall check)
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net ()
+  (ert-info ("Same network rename")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "foonet"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@foonet"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@barnet" "#chan@foonet"))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Same network keep name")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@barnet"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@barnet" "#chan@foonet")))))))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-given
+    (check)
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "oofnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'oofnet) ; one given
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "rabnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'rabnet) ; another given
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create (elt ["chan" "#chan@oofnet"]
+                                               (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "oofnet"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "rabnet"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (funcall check)
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-given ()
+  (ert-info ("Same network rename")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-given
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "oofnet"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@oofnet"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@oofnet" "#chan@rabnet"))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Same network keep name")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-given
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "rabnet"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@rabnet"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@oofnet" "#chan@rabnet")))))))
+
+(defun erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-mixed
+    (check)
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil) ; one derived
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "my-conn")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'my-conn) ; one given
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create (elt ["#chan" "#chan@foonet"]
+                                               (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "foonet"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@my-conn")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan"))
+    (cl-multiple-value-setq (erc-server-process erc-networks--id)
+      (with-current-buffer "my-conn"
+        (list erc-server-process erc-networks--id))))
+
+  (funcall check)
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-existing ()
+
+  (ert-info ("Buf name derived from network")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-mixed
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "foonet"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@foonet"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@foonet" "#chan@my-conn"))))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Buf name given")
+    (erc-tests--prep-erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-mixed
+     (lambda ()
+       (with-current-buffer "my-conn"
+         (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                        (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+           (should (string= result "#chan@my-conn"))))
+
+       (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                      '("#chan@foonet" "#chan@my-conn")))))))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--multi-net-suffixed ()
+  ;; Two networks, same channel.  One network has two connections.
+  ;; When the same channel is joined on the latter under a different
+  ;; nick, all buffer names involving that network are suffixed with
+  ;; the network identity.
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/bob")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "bob"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/bob
+                            :parts [foonet "bob"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create
+                        (elt ["#chan@foonet" "#chan@foonet/bob"] (random 2)))
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "foonet/bob"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/bob"
+                             erc-networks--id)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "barnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'barnet
+          erc-server-current-nick (elt ["alice" "bob"] (random 2))
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'barnet)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@barnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-server-process (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+                               erc-server-process)
+          erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "barnet"
+                             erc-networks--id)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/alice")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'foonet
+          erc-server-current-nick "alice"
+          erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :symbol 'foonet/alice
+                            :parts [foonet "alice"]
+                            :len 2)
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer "foonet/alice"
+    (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                   (erc--target-from-string "#chan") erc-networks--id)))
+      (should (string= result "#chan@foonet/alice"))))
+
+  (should (equal (erc-networks-tests--bufnames "#chan")
+                 '("#chan@barnet" "#chan@foonet/bob")))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names--local ()
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "DALnet")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'DALnet
+          erc-server-announced-name "elysium.ga.us.dal.net"
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+          erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table)
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+    (puthash 'CHANTYPES '("&#") erc--isupport-params))
+
+  (ert-info ("Local chan buffer from older, disconnected identity")
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "&chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      ;; Cheat here because localp is determined on identity init
+      (setq erc--target (with-current-buffer "DALnet"
+                          (erc--target-from-string "&chan"))
+            erc-network 'DALnet
+            erc-server-announced-name "twisted.ma.us.dal.net"
+            erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc)
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))))
+
+  (ert-info ("Local channels renamed using network server names")
+    (with-current-buffer "DALnet"
+      (let ((result (erc-networks--reconcile-buffer-names
+                     (erc--target-from-string "&chan") erc-networks--id)))
+        (should (string= result "&chan@elysium.ga.us.dal.net")))))
+
+  (should (get-buffer "&chan@twisted.ma.us.dal.net"))
+  (should-not (get-buffer "&chan"))
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--set-name ()
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "localhost:6667")
+    (let (erc-server-announced-name
+          (erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table))
+          erc-network
+          calls)
+      (erc-mode)
+
+      (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'erc-display-line-1)
+                 (lambda (&rest r) (push r calls))))
+
+        (ert-info ("Signals when `erc-server-announced-name' unset")
+          (should-error (erc-networks--set-name nil (make-erc-response)))
+          (should-not calls))
+
+        (ert-info ("Signals when table empty and NETWORK param unset")
+          (setq erc-server-announced-name "irc.fake.gnu.org")
+          (let ((err (should-error (erc-networks--set-name
+                                    nil (make-erc-response)))))
+            (should (string-match-p "failed" (cadr err)))
+            (should (eq (car err) 'error)))
+          (should (string-match-p "*** Failed" (car (pop calls)))))))
+
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--no-existing--orphan ()
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+  (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+          erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+          erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+          erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+    (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+    (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet")))
+
+  (ert-info ("Channel buffer reassociated")
+    (erc-server-process-alive "#chan")
+    (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+      (should erc-server-connected)
+      (erc-with-server-buffer
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet")))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--existing--reuse ()
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (ert-info ("New buffer steals name, content")
+      (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+        (erc-mode)
+        (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+              erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+              erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+              erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should (search-forward "Old buf"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer reassociated")
+      (erc-server-process-alive "#chan")
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should-not (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet")))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Original buffer killed off")
+      (should-not (buffer-live-p old-buf))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--existing--noreuse ()
+  (should erc-reuse-buffers) ; default
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf))
+         erc-reuse-buffers)
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (ert-info ("Server buffer uniquely renamed")
+      (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+        (erc-mode)
+        (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+              erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+              erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+              erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet<2>"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should-not (search-forward "Old buf" nil t))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer reassociated")
+      (erc-server-process-alive "#chan")
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should-not (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet<2>")))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Old buffer still around")
+      (should (buffer-live-p old-buf))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--reconnecting ()
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+    (ert-info ("No new buffer")
+      (with-current-buffer old-buf
+        (setq erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc))
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should (search-forward "Old buf"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer updated with live proc")
+      (erc-server-process-alive "#chan")
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should-not (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet"))))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--id ()
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "MySession"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'MySession)
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'MySession)
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (ert-info ("No new buffer")
+      (with-current-buffer old-buf
+        (setq erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc))
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "MySession"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should (search-forward "Old buf"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer updated with live proc")
+      (erc-server-process-alive "#chan")
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should-not (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "MySession"))))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--existing--live ()
+  (let* (erc-kill-server-hook
+         erc-insert-modify-hook
+         (old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc old-buf))) ; live
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+      (should (erc-server-process-alive)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)
+            erc-server-connected t
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")))
+
+    (ert-info ("New buffer rejected, abandoned, not killed")
+      (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+        (erc-mode)
+        (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+              erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+              erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+              erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+              erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (eq erc-active-buffer old-buf))
+        (should-not (erc-server-process-alive))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "irc.foonet.org"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (search-forward "still connected")))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer updated with live proc")
+      (should (erc-server-process-alive "#chan"))
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should (erc-server-buffer-live-p))
+        (should (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (should (buffer-live-p (process-buffer erc-server-process)))
+        (with-current-buffer (process-buffer erc-server-process)
+          (should (eq (current-buffer) (get-buffer "FooNet")))
+          (should (eq (current-buffer) old-buf))))))
+
+  (should (get-buffer "FooNet"))
+  (should (get-buffer "irc.foonet.org"))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--local-match ()
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-server-announced-name "us-east.foonet.org"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table)
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+      (puthash 'CHANTYPES '("&#") erc--isupport-params))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "&chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-server-announced-name "us-east.foonet.org"
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "&chan")
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+    (ert-info ("New server buffer steals name, content")
+      (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+        (erc-mode)
+        (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+              erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+              erc-server-announced-name "us-east.foonet.org"
+              erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+              erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table)
+              erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+        (puthash 'CHANTYPES '("&#") erc--isupport-params)
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should (search-forward "Old buf"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer reassociated when &local server matches")
+      (should (erc-server-process-alive "&chan"))
+      (with-current-buffer "&chan"
+        (should erc-server-connected)
+        (should-not (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet")))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Original buffer killed off")
+      (should-not (buffer-live-p old-buf)))
+
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--rename-server-buffer--local-nomatch ()
+  (let* ((old-buf (get-buffer-create "FooNet"))
+         (old-proc (erc-networks-tests--create-dead-proc old-buf)))
+
+    (with-current-buffer old-buf
+      (erc-mode)
+      (insert "*** Old buf")
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+            erc-server-announced-name "us-west.foonet.org"
+            erc-insert-marker (set-marker (make-marker) (point-max))
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table)
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+      (puthash 'CHANTYPES '("&#") erc--isupport-params))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "&chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+            erc-server-process old-proc
+            erc-server-announced-name "us-west.foonet.org" ; west
+            erc--target (erc--target-from-string "&chan")
+            erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil)))
+
+    (ert-info ("New server buffer steals name, content")
+      (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "irc.foonet.org")
+        (erc-mode)
+        (setq erc-network 'FooNet
+              erc-server-current-nick "tester"
+              erc-server-announced-name "us-east.foonet.org" ; east
+              erc-server-process (erc-networks-tests--create-live-proc)
+              erc--isupport-params (make-hash-table)
+              erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
+
+        (puthash 'CHANTYPES '("&#") erc--isupport-params)
+        (should-not (erc-networks--rename-server-buffer erc-server-process))
+        (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (should (search-forward "Old buf"))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Channel buffer now orphaned even though network matches")
+      (should-not (erc-server-process-alive "&chan"))
+      (with-current-buffer "&chan"
+        (should-not erc-server-connected)
+        (should (eq erc-server-process old-proc))
+        (erc-with-server-buffer
+          (should (string= (buffer-name) "FooNet")))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Original buffer killed off")
+      (should-not (buffer-live-p old-buf)))
+
+    (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs)))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--update-server-identity--double-existing ()
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :parts [foonet "bob"]
+                            :len 1))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet/bob")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [foonet "bob"]
+                              :len 2)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/alice")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id
+            (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "alice"] :len 2)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Adopt equivalent identity")
+      (should (eq (erc-networks--update-server-identity)
+                  (with-current-buffer "#chan@foonet/bob" erc-networks--id))))
+
+    (ert-info ("Ignore non-matches")
+      (should-not (erc-networks--update-server-identity))
+      (should (eq erc-networks--id
+                  (with-current-buffer "#chan@foonet/bob" erc-networks--id)))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--update-server-identity--double-new ()
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :parts [foonet "bob"]
+                            :len 1))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/alice")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id
+            (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "alice"] :len 2)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet/alice")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/alice"
+                               erc-networks--id)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Evolve identity to prevent ambiguity")
+      (should-not (erc-networks--update-server-identity))
+      (should (= (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len erc-networks--id) 2))
+      (should (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id) 'foonet/bob))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--update-server-identity--double-bounded ()
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                            :parts [foonet "bob"]
+                            :len 1))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/alice/home")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic
+                              :parts [foonet "alice" home] :len 3)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet/alice/home")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/alice/home"
+                               erc-networks--id)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Evolve identity to prevent ambiguity")
+      (should-not (erc-networks--update-server-identity))
+      (should (= (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len erc-networks--id) 2))
+      (should (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id) 'foonet/bob))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--update-server-identity--double-even ()
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id
+          (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "bob"] :len 1))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id
+            (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "alice"] :len 1)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc--target (erc--target-from-string "#chan")
+            erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet" erc-networks--id)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Evolve identity to prevent ambiguity")
+      (should-not (erc-networks--update-server-identity))
+      (should (= (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len erc-networks--id) 2))
+      (should (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id) 'foonet/bob)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Collision renamed")
+      (with-current-buffer "foonet/alice"
+        (should (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id) 'foonet/alice)))
+
+      (with-current-buffer "#chan@foonet/alice"
+        (should (eq (erc-networks--id-symbol erc-networks--id)
+                    'foonet/alice)))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+(ert-deftest erc-networks--update-server-identity--triple-new ()
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (erc-mode)
+    (setq erc-networks--id
+          (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "bob" home] :len 1))
+
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "foonet/bob/office")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id
+            (make-erc-networks--id-telescopic :parts [foonet "bob" office]
+                                              :len 3)))
+    (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create "#chan@foonet/bob/office")
+      (erc-mode)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (with-current-buffer "foonet/bob/office"
+                               erc-networks--id)))
+
+    (ert-info ("Extend our identity's canonical ID so that it's unique")
+      (should-not (erc-networks--update-server-identity))
+      (should (= (erc-networks--id-telescopic-len erc-networks--id) 3))))
+
+  (erc-networks-tests--clean-bufs))
+
+;;; erc-networks-tests.el ends here
diff --git a/test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el b/test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el
index e60899969d..0392005a43 100644
--- a/test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/erc/erc-tests.el
@@ -523,8 +523,9 @@
       (erc-log-irc-protocol ":irc.gnu.org 001 tester :Welcome")
       (erc-log-irc-protocol ":irc.gnu.org 002 tester :Your host is 
irc.gnu.org")
       (setq erc-network 'FooNet)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create nil))
       (erc-log-irc-protocol ":irc.gnu.org 422 tester :MOTD missing")
-      (setq erc-network 'BarNet)
+      (setq erc-networks--id (erc-networks--id-create 'BarNet))
       (erc-log-irc-protocol ":irc.gnu.org 221 tester +i")
       (set-process-query-on-exit-flag erc-server-process nil)))
   (with-current-buffer "*erc-protocol*"



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