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[Emacs-diffs] Changes to faq.texi
|
From: |
Glenn Morris |
|
Subject: |
[Emacs-diffs] Changes to faq.texi |
|
Date: |
Thu, 06 Sep 2007 04:59:58 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/emacs
Module name: emacs
Changes by: Glenn Morris <gm> 07/09/06 04:59:58
Index: faq.texi
===================================================================
RCS file: faq.texi
diff -N faq.texi
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ faq.texi 6 Sep 2007 04:59:58 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,5590 @@
+\input texinfo @c -*- mode: texinfo; -*-
address@hidden %**start of header
address@hidden ../info/efaq
address@hidden GNU Emacs FAQ
address@hidden %**end of header
+
address@hidden odd
+
address@hidden This is used in many places
address@hidden VER 22.1
+
address@hidden This file is maintained by Romain Francoise <address@hidden>.
address@hidden Feel free to install changes without prior permission (but I'd
address@hidden appreciate a notice if you do).
+
address@hidden
+Copyright @copyright{} 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
+Free Software Foundation, address@hidden
+Copyright 1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 Reuven M. address@hidden
+Copyright 1992,1993 Steven address@hidden
+Copyright 1990,1991,1992 Joseph Brian address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs with answers
+(``FAQ'') may be translated into other languages, transformed into other
+formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW, WAIS), and updated with new information.
+
+The same conditions apply to any derivative of the FAQ as apply to the FAQ
+itself. Every copy of the FAQ must include this notice or an approved
+translation, information on who is currently maintaining the FAQ and how to
+contact them (including their e-mail address), and information on where the
+latest version of the FAQ is archived (including FTP information).
+
+The FAQ may be copied and redistributed under these conditions, except that
+the FAQ may not be embedded in a larger literary work unless that work
+itself allows free copying and redistribution.
+
+[This version has been heavily edited since it was included in the Emacs
+distribution.]
address@hidden quotation
address@hidden copying
+
address@hidden Emacs
address@hidden
+* Emacs FAQ: (efaq). Frequently Asked Questions about Emacs.
address@hidden direntry
+
address@hidden The @titlepage stuff only appears in the printed version
address@hidden
address@hidden 10
address@hidden @titlefont{GNU Emacs FAQ}
+
address@hidden The following two commands start the copyright page.
address@hidden
address@hidden 0pt plus 1filll
address@hidden
address@hidden titlepage
+
address@hidden Top, FAQ notation, (dir), (dir)
+
+This is the GNU Emacs FAQ, last updated on @today{}.
+
+This FAQ is maintained as a part of GNU Emacs. If you find any errors,
+or have any suggestions, please use @kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug} to report
+them.
+
address@hidden
+* FAQ notation::
+* General questions::
+* Getting help::
+* Status of Emacs::
+* Common requests::
+* Bugs and problems::
+* Compiling and installing Emacs::
+* Finding Emacs and related packages::
+* Major packages and programs::
+* Key bindings::
+* Alternate character sets::
+* Mail and news::
+* Concept index::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden FAQ notation, General questions, Top, Top
address@hidden FAQ notation
address@hidden FAQ notation
+
+This chapter describes notation used in the GNU Emacs FAQ, as well as in
+the Emacs documentation. Consult this section if this is the first time
+you are reading the FAQ, or if you are confused by notation or terms
+used in the FAQ.
+
address@hidden
+* Basic keys::
+* Extended commands::
+* On-line manual::
+* File-name conventions::
+* Common acronyms::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Basic keys, Extended commands, FAQ notation, FAQ notation
address@hidden What do these mean: @kbd{C-h}, @kbd{C-M-a}, @key{RET},
@address@hidden a}, etc.?
address@hidden Basic keys
address@hidden Control key, notation for
address@hidden @key{Meta} key, notation for
address@hidden Control-Meta characters, notation for
address@hidden @kbd{C-h}, definition of
address@hidden @kbd{C-M-h}, definition of
address@hidden @key{DEL}, definition of
address@hidden @key{ESC}, definition of
address@hidden @key{LFD}, definition of
address@hidden @key{RET}, definition of
address@hidden @key{SPC}, definition of
address@hidden @key{TAB}, definition of
address@hidden Notation for keys
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: press the @key{x} key while holding down the @key{Control} key
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: press the @key{x} key while holding down the @key{Meta} key
+(if your computer doesn't have a @key{Meta} key, @pxref{No Meta key})
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: press the @key{x} key while holding down both @key{Control}
+and @key{Meta}
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: a synonym for the above
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: Linefeed or Newline; same as @kbd{C-j}
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: @key{Return}, sometimes marked @key{Enter}; same as @kbd{C-m}
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: @key{Delete}, usually @strong{not} the same as
address@hidden; same as @kbd{C-?} (see @ref{Backspace invokes help}, if
+deleting invokes Emacs help)
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: Escape; same as @kbd{C-[}
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: Tab; same as @kbd{C-i}
+
address@hidden
address@hidden: Space bar
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+Key sequences longer than one key (and some single-key sequences) are
+written inside quotes or on lines by themselves, like this:
+
address@hidden
+ @kbd{M-x frobnicate-while-foo RET}
address@hidden display
+
address@hidden
+Any real spaces in such a key sequence should be ignored; only @key{SPC}
+really means press the space key.
+
+The @acronym{ASCII} code sent by @kbd{C-x} (except for @kbd{C-?}) is the value
+that would be sent by pressing just @key{x} minus 96 (or 64 for
+upper-case @key{X}) and will be from 0 to 31. On Unix and GNU/Linux
+terminals, the @acronym{ASCII} code sent by @kbd{M-x} is the sum of 128 and the
address@hidden code that would be sent by pressing just @key{x}. Essentially,
address@hidden turns off bits 5 and 6 and @key{Meta} turns on bit
address@hidden
+DOS and Windows terminals don't set bit 7 when the @key{Meta} key is
+pressed.}.
+
address@hidden (aka @key{DEL}) is @acronym{ASCII} code 127. It is a misnomer
to call
address@hidden a ``control'' key, since 127 has both bits 5 and 6 turned ON.
+Also, on very few keyboards does @kbd{C-?} generate @acronym{ASCII} code 127.
+
address@hidden Characters, Text Characters, emacs}, and @inforef{Keys,
+Keys, emacs}, for more information. (@xref{On-line manual}, for more
+information about Info.)
+
address@hidden Extended commands, On-line manual, Basic keys, FAQ notation
address@hidden What does @file{M-x @var{command}} mean?
address@hidden Extended commands
address@hidden Commands, extended
address@hidden M-x, meaning of
+
address@hidden @var{command}} means type @kbd{M-x}, then type the name of the
+command, then type @key{RET}. (@xref{Basic keys}, if you're not sure
+what @kbd{M-x} and @key{RET} mean.)
+
address@hidden (by default) invokes the command
address@hidden This command allows you to run any
+Emacs command if you can remember the command's name. If you can't
+remember the command's name, you can type @key{TAB} and @key{SPC} for
+completion, @key{?} for a list of possibilities, and @kbd{M-p} and
address@hidden (or up-arrow and down-arrow on terminals that have these
+editing keys) to see previous commands entered. An Emacs @dfn{command}
+is an @dfn{interactive} Emacs function.
+
address@hidden @key{Do} key
+Your system administrator may have bound other key sequences to invoke
address@hidden A function key labeled @kbd{Do} is a
+good candidate for this, on keyboards that have such a key.
+
+If you need to run non-interactive Emacs functions, see @ref{Evaluating
+Emacs Lisp code}.
+
address@hidden On-line manual, File-name conventions, Extended commands, FAQ
notation
address@hidden How do I read topic XXX in the on-line manual?
address@hidden On-line manual, reading topics in
address@hidden Reading topics in the on-line manual
address@hidden Finding topics in the on-line manual
address@hidden Info, finding topics in
+
+When we refer you to some @var{topic} in the on-line manual, you can
+read this manual node inside Emacs (assuming nothing is broken) by
+typing @kbd{C-h i m emacs @key{RET} m @var{topic} @key{RET}}.
+
+This invokes Info, the GNU hypertext documentation browser. If you don't
+already know how to use Info, type @key{?} from within Info.
+
+If we refer to @var{topic}:@var{subtopic}, type @kbd{C-h i m emacs
address@hidden m @var{topic} @key{RET} m @var{subtopic} @key{RET}}.
+
+If these commands don't work as expected, your system administrator may
+not have installed the Info files, or may have installed them
+improperly. In this case you should complain.
+
address@hidden a printed manual}, if you would like a paper copy of the
+Emacs manual.
+
address@hidden File-name conventions, Common acronyms, On-line manual, FAQ
notation
address@hidden What are @file{etc/SERVICE}, @file{src/config.h}, and
@file{lisp/default.el}?
address@hidden File-name conventions
address@hidden Conventions for file names
address@hidden Directories and files that come with Emacs
+
+These are files that come with Emacs. The Emacs distribution is divided
+into subdirectories; the important ones are @file{etc}, @file{lisp}, and
address@hidden
+
+If you use Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system, start
+Emacs, then type @kbd{C-h v data-directory @key{RET}}. The directory
+name displayed by this will be the full pathname of the installed
address@hidden directory. (This full path is recorded in the Emacs variable
address@hidden, and @kbd{C-h v} displays the value and the
+documentation of a variable.)
+
+The location of your Info directory (i.e., where on-line documentation
+is stored) is kept in the variable @code{Info-default-directory-list}. Use
address@hidden v Info-default-directory-list @key{RET}} to see the value of
+this variable, which will be a list of directory names. The last
+directory in that list is probably where most Info files are stored. By
+default, Info documentation is placed in @file{/usr/local/info}.
+
+Some of these files are available individually via FTP or e-mail; see
address@hidden files for Emacs}. They all are available in the
+source distribution. Many of the files in the @file{etc} directory are
+also available via the Emacs @samp{Help} menu, or by typing @kbd{C-h ?}
+(@kbd{M-x help-for-help}).
+
+Your system administrator may have removed the @file{src} directory and
+many files from the @file{etc} directory.
+
address@hidden Common acronyms, , File-name conventions, FAQ notation
address@hidden What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?
address@hidden FSF, definition of
address@hidden LPF, definition of
address@hidden OSF, definition of
address@hidden GNU, definition of
address@hidden RMS, definition of
address@hidden Stallman, Richard, acronym for
address@hidden Richard Stallman, acronym for
address@hidden FTP, definition of
address@hidden GPL, definition of
address@hidden Acronyms, definitions for
address@hidden Common acronyms, definitions for
+
address@hidden @asis
+
address@hidden FSF
+Free Software Foundation
+
address@hidden LPF
+League for Programming Freedom
+
address@hidden OSF
+Open Software Foundation
+
address@hidden GNU
+GNU's Not Unix
+
address@hidden RMS
+Richard Matthew Stallman
+
address@hidden FTP
+File Transfer Protocol
+
address@hidden GPL
+GNU General Public License
+
address@hidden table
+
+Avoid confusing the FSF, the LPF, and the OSF. The LPF opposes
+look-and-feel copyrights and software patents. The FSF aims to make
+high quality free software available for everyone. The OSF is a
+consortium of computer vendors which develops commercial software for
+Unix systems.
+
+The word ``free'' in the title of the Free Software Foundation refers to
+``freedom,'' not ``zero cost.'' Anyone can charge any price for
+GPL-covered software that they want to. However, in practice, the
+freedom enforced by the GPL leads to low prices, because you can always
+get the software for less money from someone else, since everyone has
+the right to resell or give away GPL-covered software.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden General questions, Getting help, FAQ notation, Top
address@hidden General questions
address@hidden General questions
+
+This chapter contains general questions having to do with Emacs, the
+Free Software Foundation, and related organizations.
+
address@hidden
+* The LPF::
+* Real meaning of copyleft::
+* Guidelines for newsgroup postings::
+* Newsgroup archives::
+* Reporting bugs::
+* Unsubscribing from Emacs lists::
+* Contacting the FSF::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden The LPF, Real meaning of copyleft, General questions, General
questions
address@hidden What is the LPF?
address@hidden LPF, description of
address@hidden League for Programming Freedom
address@hidden Software patents, opposition to
address@hidden Patents for software, opposition to
+
+The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and
+look-and-feel copyrights. To get more information, feel free to contact
+the LPF via e-mail or otherwise. You may also contact
address@hidden@@cs.bu.edu, Joe Wells}; he will be happy to talk to you
+about the LPF.
+
+You can find more information about the LPF in the file @file{etc/LPF}.
+More papers describing the LPF's views are available on the Internet and
+also from @uref{http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/, the LPF home page}.
+
address@hidden Real meaning of copyleft, Guidelines for newsgroup postings, The
LPF, General questions
address@hidden What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
address@hidden Copyleft, real meaning of
address@hidden GPL, real meaning of
address@hidden General Public License, real meaning of
address@hidden Discussion of the GPL
+
+The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public License (copyleft) will
+only be known if and when a judge rules on its validity and scope.
+There has never been a copyright infringement case involving the GPL to
+set any precedents. Please take any discussion regarding this issue to
+the newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, which was created to hold the
+extensive flame wars on the subject.
+
+RMS writes:
+
address@hidden
+The legal meaning of the GNU copyleft is less important than the spirit,
+which is that Emacs is a free software project and that work pertaining
+to Emacs should also be free software. ``Free'' means that all users
+have the freedom to study, share, change and improve Emacs. To make
+sure everyone has this freedom, pass along source code when you
+distribute any version of Emacs or a related program, and give the
+recipients the same freedom that you enjoyed.
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden Guidelines for newsgroup postings, Newsgroup archives, Real
meaning of copyleft, General questions
address@hidden What are appropriate messages for @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help},
@uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, @uref{news:comp.emacs}, etc.?
address@hidden Newsgroups, appropriate messages for
address@hidden GNU newsgroups, appropriate messages for
address@hidden Usenet groups, appropriate messages for
address@hidden Mailing lists, appropriate messages for
address@hidden Posting messages to newsgroups
+
address@hidden GNU mailing lists
+The file @file{etc/MAILINGLISTS} describes the purpose of each GNU
+mailing list. (@xref{Informational files for Emacs}, if you want a copy
+of the file.) For those lists which are gatewayed with newsgroups, it
+lists both the newsgroup name and the mailing list address.
+
+The newsgroup @uref{news:comp.emacs} is for discussion of Emacs programs
+in general. This includes Emacs along with various other
+implementations, such as XEmacs, JOVE, MicroEmacs, Freemacs, MG,
+Unipress, CCA, and Epsilon.
+
+Many people post Emacs questions to @uref{news:comp.emacs} because they
+don't receive any of the @code{gnu.*} newsgroups. Arguments have been
+made both for and against posting GNU-Emacs-specific material to
address@hidden:comp.emacs}. You have to decide for yourself.
+
+Messages advocating ``non-free'' software are considered unacceptable on
+any of the @code{gnu.*} newsgroups except for @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss},
+which was created to hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject.
+``Non-free'' software includes any software for which the end user can't
+freely modify the source code and exchange enhancements. Be careful to
+remove the @code{gnu.*} groups from the @samp{Newsgroups:} line when
+posting a followup that recommends such software.
+
address@hidden:gnu.emacs.bug} is a place where bug reports appear, but avoid
+posting bug reports to this newsgroup directly (@pxref{Reporting bugs}).
+
address@hidden Newsgroup archives, Reporting bugs, Guidelines for newsgroup
postings, General questions
address@hidden Where can I get old postings to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} and
other GNU groups?
address@hidden Archived postings from @code{gnu.emacs.help}
address@hidden Usenet archives for GNU groups
address@hidden Old Usenet postings for GNU groups
+
+The FSF has maintained archives of all of the GNU mailing lists for many
+years, although there may be some unintentional gaps in coverage. The
+archive is not particularly well organized or easy to retrieve
+individual postings from, but pretty much everything is there.
+
+The archive is at @uref{ftp://lists.gnu.org/}.
+
+The archive can be browsed over the web at
address@hidden://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/, the GNU mail archive}.
+
+Web-based Usenet search services, such as
address@hidden://groups.google.com/groups/dir?sel=33592484, Google}, also
+archive the @code{gnu.*} groups.
+
+You can read the archives of the @code{gnu.*} groups and post new
+messages at @uref{http://gmane.org/, Gmane}.
+
address@hidden Reporting bugs, Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, Newsgroup
archives, General questions
address@hidden Where should I report bugs and other problems with Emacs?
address@hidden Bug reporting
address@hidden Good bug reports
address@hidden How to submit a bug report
address@hidden Reporting bugs
+
+The correct way to report Emacs bugs is to use the command
address@hidden report-emacs-bug}. It sets up a mail buffer with the
+essential information and the correct e-mail address which is
address@hidden@@gnu.org} for the released versions of Emacs.
+Anything sent to @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} also appears in the
+newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, but please use e-mail instead of
+news to submit the bug report. This ensures a reliable return address
+so you can be contacted for further details.
+
+Be sure to read the ``Bugs'' section of the Emacs manual before reporting
+a bug! The manual describes in detail how to submit a useful bug
+report (@pxref{Bugs, , Reporting Bugs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
+(@xref{On-line manual}, if you don't know how to read the manual.)
+
+RMS says:
+
address@hidden
+Sending bug reports to @email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} (which has the
+effect of posting on @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help}) is undesirable because
+it takes the time of an unnecessarily large group of people, most of
+whom are just users and have no idea how to fix these problem.
address@hidden@@gnu.org} reaches a much smaller group of people
+who are more likely to know what to do and have expressed a wish to
+receive more messages about Emacs than the others.
address@hidden quotation
+
+RMS says it is sometimes fine to post to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help}:
+
address@hidden
+If you have reported a bug and you don't hear about a possible fix,
+then after a suitable delay (such as a week) it is okay to post on
address@hidden asking if anyone can help you.
address@hidden quotation
+
+If you are unsure whether you have found a bug, consider the following
+non-exhaustive list, courtesy of RMS:
+
address@hidden
+If Emacs crashes, that is a bug. If Emacs gets compilation errors
+while building, that is a bug. If Emacs crashes while building, that
+is a bug. If Lisp code does not do what the documentation says it
+does, that is a bug.
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, Contacting the FSF, Reporting
bugs, General questions
address@hidden How do I unsubscribe from this mailing list?
address@hidden Unsubscribing from GNU mailing lists
address@hidden Removing yourself from GNU mailing lists
+
+If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named @var{list}, you might be
+able to unsubscribe from it by sending a request to the address
address@hidden@var{list}-request@@gnu.org}. However, this will not work if you
are
+not listed on the main mailing list, but instead receive the mail from a
+distribution point. In that case, you will have to track down at which
+distribution point you are listed. Inspecting the @samp{Received} headers
+on the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the @samp{EXPN} or
address@hidden sendmail commands through @samp{telnet @var{site-address}
+smtp}. Ask your postmaster for help, if you cannot figure out these
+details.
+
address@hidden Contacting the FSF, , Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, General
questions
address@hidden What is the current address of the FSF?
address@hidden Snail mail address of the FSF
address@hidden Postal address of the FSF
address@hidden Contracting the FSF
address@hidden Free Software Foundation, contacting
+
address@hidden @asis
+
address@hidden E-mail
+gnu@@gnu.org
+
address@hidden Telephone
++1-617-542-5942
+
address@hidden Fax
++1-617-542-2652
+
address@hidden World Wide Web
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/}
+
address@hidden Postal address
+Free Software address@hidden
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth address@hidden
+Boston, MA address@hidden
address@hidden
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden Ordering GNU software
+For details on how to order items directly from the FSF, see the
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Getting help, Status of Emacs, General questions, Top
address@hidden Getting help
address@hidden Getting help
+
+This chapter tells you how to get help with Emacs
+
address@hidden
+* Basic editing::
+* Learning how to do something::
+* Getting a printed manual::
+* Emacs Lisp documentation::
+* Installing Texinfo documentation::
+* Printing a Texinfo file::
+* Viewing Info files outside of Emacs::
+* Informational files for Emacs::
+* Help installing Emacs::
+* Obtaining the FAQ::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Basic editing, Learning how to do something, Getting help,
Getting help
address@hidden I'm just starting Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
address@hidden Basic editing with Emacs
address@hidden Beginning editing
address@hidden Tutorial, invoking the
address@hidden Self-paced tutorial, invoking the
address@hidden Help system, entering the
+
+Type @kbd{C-h t} to invoke the self-paced tutorial. Just typing
address@hidden enters the help system. Starting with Emacs 22, the tutorial
+is available in many foreign languages such as French, German, Japanese,
+Russian, etc. Use @kbd{M-x help-with-tutorial-spec-language @key{RET}}
+to choose your language and start the tutorial.
+
+Your system administrator may have changed @kbd{C-h} to act like
address@hidden to deal with local keyboards. You can use @kbd{M-x
+help-for-help} instead to invoke help. To discover what key (if any)
+invokes help on your system, type @kbd{M-x where-is @key{RET}
+help-for-help @key{RET}}. This will print a comma-separated list of key
+sequences in the echo area. Ignore the last character in each key
+sequence listed. Each of the resulting key sequences invokes help.
+
+Emacs help works best if it is invoked by a single key whose value
+should be stored in the variable @code{help-char}.
+
address@hidden Learning how to do something, Getting a printed manual, Basic
editing, Getting help
address@hidden How do I find out how to do something in Emacs?
address@hidden Help for Emacs
address@hidden Learning to do something in Emacs
address@hidden Reference card for Emacs
address@hidden Overview of help systems
+
+There are several methods for finding out how to do things in Emacs.
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden Reading the Emacs manual
address@hidden
+The complete text of the Emacs manual is available on-line via the Info
+hypertext reader. Type @kbd{C-h r} to display the manual in Info mode.
+Typing @key{h} immediately after entering Info will provide a short
+tutorial on how to use it.
+
address@hidden Lookup a subject in a manual
address@hidden Index search in a manual
address@hidden
+To quickly locate the section of the manual which discusses a certain
+issue, or describes a command or a variable, type @kbd{C-h i m emacs
address@hidden i @var{topic} @key{RET}}, where @var{topic} is the name of the
+topic, the command, or the variable which you are looking for. If this
+does not land you on the right place in the manual, press @kbd{,}
+(comma) repeatedly until you find what you need. (The @kbd{i} and
address@hidden,} keys invoke the index-searching functions, which look for the
address@hidden you type in all the indices of the Emacs manual.)
+
address@hidden Apropos
address@hidden
+You can list all of the commands whose names contain a certain word
+(actually which match a regular expression) using @kbd{C-h a} (@kbd{M-x
+command-apropos}).
+
address@hidden Command description in the manual
address@hidden
+The command @kbd{C-h F} (@code{Info-goto-emacs-command-node}) prompts
+for the name of a command, and then attempts to find the section in the
+Emacs manual where that command is described.
+
address@hidden Finding commands and variables
address@hidden
+You can list all of the functions and variables whose names contain a
+certain word using @kbd{M-x apropos}.
+
address@hidden
+You can list all of the functions and variables whose documentation
+matches a regular expression or a string, using @kbd{M-x
+apropos-documentation}.
+
address@hidden
+You can order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF. @xref{Getting a
+printed manual}.
+
address@hidden Reference cards, in other languages
address@hidden
+You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to
+invoke them. You can order one from the FSF for $1 (or 10 for $5),
+or you can print your own from the @file{etc/refcards/refcard.tex} or
address@hidden/refcards/refcard.ps} files in the Emacs distribution.
+Beginning with version 21.1, the Emacs distribution comes with
+translations of the reference card into several languages; look for
+files named @file{etc/refcards/@var{lang}-refcard.*}, where @var{lang}
+is a two-letter code of the language. For example, the German version
+of the reference card is in the files @file{etc/refcards/de-refcard.tex}
+and @file{etc/recards/de-refcard.ps}.
+
address@hidden
+There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and
+information. To get a list of these commands, type @samp{?} after
address@hidden
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Getting a printed manual, Emacs Lisp documentation, Learning how
to do something, Getting help
address@hidden How do I get a printed copy of the Emacs manual?
address@hidden Printed Emacs manual, obtaining
address@hidden Manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of
address@hidden Emacs manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of
+
+You can order a printed copy of the Emacs manual from the FSF. For
+details see the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+
address@hidden The number 620 below is version-dependent!
+The full Texinfo source for the manual also comes in the @file{man}
+directory of the Emacs distribution, if you're daring enough to try to
+print out this 620-page manual yourself (@pxref{Printing a Texinfo
+file}).
+
+If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have @TeX{},
+you can get a PostScript version from
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/emacs.ps.gz}
+
address@hidden HTML version of Emacs manual, obtaining
+An HTML version of the manual is at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html}
+
+The manual is available in other formats at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/}
+
address@hidden how to do something}, for how to view the manual on-line.
+
address@hidden Emacs Lisp documentation, Installing Texinfo documentation,
Getting a printed manual, Getting help
address@hidden Where can I get documentation on Emacs Lisp?
address@hidden Documentation on Emacs Lisp
address@hidden Function documentation
address@hidden Variable documentation
address@hidden Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
address@hidden Reference manual for Emacs Lisp
+
+Within Emacs, you can type @kbd{C-h f} to get the documentation for a
+function, @kbd{C-h v} for a variable.
+
+For more information, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available
+on-line, in Info format. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
+Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
+
+You can also order a hardcopy of the manual, details on ordering it from
+FSF are on the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+
+An HTML version of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/elisp-manual/elisp.html}
+
address@hidden Installing Texinfo documentation, Printing a Texinfo file, Emacs
Lisp documentation, Getting help
address@hidden How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
address@hidden Texinfo documentation, installing
address@hidden Installing Texinfo documentation
address@hidden New Texinfo files, installing
address@hidden Documentation, installing new Texinfo files
address@hidden Info files, how to install
+
+First, you must turn the Texinfo files into Info files. You may do this
+using the stand-alone @file{makeinfo} program, available as part of the latest
+Texinfo package at
+
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-4.8.tar.gz}
+
+and all mirrors of @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (for a list, @pxref{Current GNU
+distributions}).
+
+For information about the Texinfo format, read the Texinfo manual which
+comes with the Texinfo package. This manual also comes installed in
+Info format, so you can read it on-line; type @kbd{C-h i m texinfo
address@hidden
+
+Alternatively, you could use the Emacs command @kbd{M-x
+texinfo-format-buffer}, after visiting the Texinfo source file of the
+manual you want to convert.
+
+Neither @code{texinfo-format-buffer} nor @file{makeinfo} installs the
+resulting Info files in Emacs's Info tree. To install Info files,
+perform these steps:
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
+Move the files to the @file{info} directory in the installed Emacs
+distribution. @xref{File-name conventions}, if you don't know where that
+is.
+
address@hidden
+Run the @code{install-info} command, which is part of the Texinfo
+distribution, to update the main Info directory menu, like this:
+
address@hidden
+ install-info address@hidden @var{dir-path}/@var{file}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+where @var{dir-path} is the full path to the directory where you copied
+the produced Info file(s), and @var{file} is the name of the Info file
+you produced and want to install.
+
+If you don't have the @code{install-info} command installed, you can
+edit the file @file{info/dir} in the installed Emacs distribution, and
+add a line for the top level node in the Info package that you are
+installing. Follow the examples already in this file. The format is:
+
address@hidden
+* Topic: (relative-pathname). Short description of topic.
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden enumerate
+
+If you want to install Info files and you don't have the necessary
+privileges, you have several options:
+
address@hidden @bullet
address@hidden
+Info files don't actually need to be installed before being used.
+You can use a prefix argument for the @code{info} command and specify
+the name of the Info file in the minibuffer. This goes to the node
+named @samp{Top} in that file. For example, to view a Info file named
address@hidden@var{info-file}} in your home directory, you can type this:
+
address@hidden
address@hidden C-h i ~/@var{info-file} @key{RET}}
address@hidden example
+
+Alternatively, you can feed a file name to the @code{Info-goto-node}
+command (invoked by pressing @key{g} in Info mode) by typing the name
+of the file in parentheses, like this:
+
address@hidden
address@hidden i g (~/@var{info-file}) @key{RET}}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+You can create your own Info directory. You can tell Emacs where that
+Info directory is by adding its pathname to the value of the variable
address@hidden For example, to use a private Info
+directory which is a subdirectory of your home directory named @file{Info},
+you could put this in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(setq Info-default-directory-list
+ (cons "~/Info" Info-default-directory-list))
address@hidden lisp
+
+You will need a top-level Info file named @file{dir} in this directory
+which has everything the system @file{dir} file has in it, except it should
+list only entries for Info files in that directory. You might not need
+it if all files in this directory were referenced by other @file{dir}
+files. The node lists from all @file{dir} files in
address@hidden are merged by the Info system.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Printing a Texinfo file, Viewing Info files outside of Emacs,
Installing Texinfo documentation, Getting help
address@hidden How do I print a Texinfo file?
address@hidden Printing a Texinfo file
address@hidden Texinfo file, printing
address@hidden Printing documentation
+
+You can't get nicely printed output from Info files; you must still have
+the original Texinfo source file for the manual you want to print.
+
+Assuming you have @TeX{} installed on your system, follow these steps:
+
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+Make sure the first line of the Texinfo file looks like this:
+
address@hidden
+\input texinfo
address@hidden example
+
+You may need to change @samp{texinfo} to the full pathname of the
address@hidden file, which comes with Emacs as
address@hidden/texinfo.tex} (or copy or link it into the current directory).
+
address@hidden
+Type @kbd{texi2dvi @var{texinfo-source}}, where @var{texinfo-source} is
+the name of the Texinfo source file for which you want to produce a
+printed copy.
+
+The @samp{texi2dvi} script is part of the GNU Texinfo distribution
+(@pxref{Installing Texinfo documentation}).
+
address@hidden
+Print the DVI file @address@hidden in the normal way for
+printing DVI files at your site. For example, if you have a PostScript
+printer, run the @code{dvips} program to print the DVI file on that
+printer.
+
address@hidden enumerate
+
+To get more general instructions, retrieve the latest Texinfo package
+(@pxref{Installing Texinfo documentation}).
+
address@hidden Viewing Info files outside of Emacs, Informational files for
Emacs, Printing a Texinfo file, Getting help
address@hidden Can I view Info files without using Emacs?
address@hidden Viewing Info files
address@hidden Info file viewers
address@hidden Alternative Info file viewers
+
+Yes. Here are some alternative programs:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
address@hidden, a stand-alone version of the Info program, comes as part of
+the Texinfo package. @xref{Installing Texinfo documentation}, for
+details.
+
address@hidden
+Xinfo, a stand-alone version of the Info program that runs under X
+Window system. You can get it at
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/xinfo/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.gz} and all
+mirrors of @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (see @ref{Current GNU distributions}, for a
+list of mirrors).
+
address@hidden
+Tkinfo, an Info viewer that runs under X Window system and uses Tcl/Tk.
+You can get Tkinfo at
address@hidden://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/tkinfo/}.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Informational files for Emacs, Help installing Emacs, Viewing
Info files outside of Emacs, Getting help
address@hidden What informational files are available for Emacs?
address@hidden Informational files included with Emacs
address@hidden Files included with Emacs
address@hidden @file{COPYING}, description of file
address@hidden @file{DISTRIB}, description of file
address@hidden @file{FTP}, description of file
address@hidden @file{GNU}, description of file
address@hidden @file{INTERVIEW}, description of file
address@hidden @file{LPF}, description of file
address@hidden @file{MACHINES}, description of file
address@hidden @file{MAILINGLISTS}, description of file
address@hidden @file{NEWS}, description of file
address@hidden @file{SERVICE}, description of file
address@hidden @file{SUN-SUPPORT}, description of file
+
+This isn't a frequently asked question, but it should be! A variety of
+informational files about Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU project
+are available for you to read.
+
+The following files are available in the @file{etc} directory of the
+Emacs distribution (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if you're not sure
+where that is).
+
address@hidden @file
+
address@hidden COPYING
+GNU General Public License
+
address@hidden DISTRIB
+Emacs Availability Information, including the popular Free Software
+Foundation Order Form
+
address@hidden FTP
+How to get GNU Software by Internet FTP or by UUCP
+
address@hidden GNU
+The GNU Manifesto
+
address@hidden INTERVIEW
+Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain UNIX-compatible software
+system with BYTE editors
+
address@hidden LPF
+Why you should join the League for Programming Freedom
+
address@hidden MACHINES
+Status of Emacs on Various Machines and Systems
+
address@hidden MAILINGLISTS
+GNU Project Electronic Mailing Lists
+
address@hidden NEWS
+Emacs news, a history of recent user-visible changes
+
address@hidden SERVICE
+GNU Service Directory
+
address@hidden SUN-SUPPORT
+including ``Using Emacstool with GNU Emacs''
+
address@hidden table
+
+More GNU information, including back issues of the @cite{GNU's
+Bulletin}, are at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bulletins.html} and
+
address@hidden://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/gnu.html}
+
address@hidden Help installing Emacs, Obtaining the FAQ, Informational files
for Emacs, Getting help
address@hidden Where can I get help in installing Emacs?
address@hidden Installation help
address@hidden Help installing Emacs
+
address@hidden Emacs}, for some basic installation hints, and see
address@hidden building Emacs}, or @ref{Linking with -lX11 fails}, if you
+have problems with the installation.
+
+The file @file{etc/SERVICE} (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if you're
+not sure where that is) lists companies and individuals willing to sell
+you help in installing or using Emacs. An up-to-date version this file
+is available on @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (@pxref{Informational files for
+Emacs}).
+
address@hidden Obtaining the FAQ, , Help installing Emacs, Getting help
address@hidden Where can I get the latest version of this FAQ?
address@hidden FAQ, obtaining the
address@hidden Latest FAQ version, obtaining the
address@hidden Retrieving the latest FAQ version
address@hidden E-mail, retrieving the FAQ via
address@hidden Web, reading the FAQ on the
+
+The Emacs FAQ is available in several ways:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Inside of Emacs itself. You can get it from selecting the @samp{Emacs
+FAQ} option from the @samp{Help} menu of the Emacs menu bar at the top
+of any Emacs frame, or by typing @kbd{C-h C-f} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-FAQ}).
+
address@hidden
+Via USENET. If you can read news, the FAQ should be available in your
+news spool, in both the @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} and
address@hidden:comp.emacs} newsgroups. Every news reader should allow you
+to read any news article that is still in the news spool, even if you
+have read the article before. You may need to read the instructions for
+your news reader to discover how to do this. In @file{rn}, this command
+will do this for you at the article selection level:
+
address@hidden
+?GNU Emacs Frequently Asked Questions?rc:m
address@hidden example
+
+In Gnus, you should type @kbd{C-u C-x C-s} from the @file{*Summary*}
+buffer or @kbd{C-u @key{SPC}} from the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer to view
+all articles in a newsgroup.
+
+If the FAQ articles have expired and have been deleted from your news
+spool, it might (or might not) do some good to complain to your news
+administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire for a
+while.
+
address@hidden
+In the Emacs distribution. Since Emacs 18.56, the FAQ at the time
+of release has been part of the Emacs distribution as either
address@hidden/FAQ} or @file{man/faq.texi} (@pxref{File-name conventions}).
+
address@hidden
+Via anonymous ftp and e-mail from @file{rtfm.mit.edu} (and its mirror in
+Europe), the main repository for FAQs and other items posted to
+news.answers. The Emacs FAQs are available at
+
address@hidden://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/} and
+
address@hidden://ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/doc/FAQ/comp/emacs/}
+
+If you do not have access to anonymous FTP, you can access the archives
+using the @file{rtfm.mit.edu} mail server. The Emacs FAQ can be
+retrieved by sending mail to @email{mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu} with a
+blank subject and containing
+
address@hidden
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/diffs
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part1
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part2
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part3
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part4
+send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part5
address@hidden example
+
+For more information, send email to @email{mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu}
+with @samp{help} and @samp{index} in the body on separate lines.
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Status of Emacs, Common requests, Getting help, Top
address@hidden Status of Emacs
address@hidden Status of Emacs
+
+This chapter gives you basic information about Emacs, including its
+latest version status.
+
address@hidden
+* Origin of the term Emacs::
+* Latest version of Emacs::
+* New in Emacs 20::
+* New in Emacs 21::
+* New in Emacs 22::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Origin of the term Emacs, Latest version of Emacs, Status of
Emacs, Status of Emacs
address@hidden Where does the name ``Emacs'' come from?
address@hidden Origin of the term ``Emacs''
address@hidden Emacs name origin
address@hidden TECO
address@hidden Original version of Emacs
+
+Emacs originally was an acronym for Editor MACroS. RMS says he ``picked
+the name Emacs because @key{E} was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at
+the time.'' The first Emacs was a set of macros written in 1976 at MIT
+by RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector, originally Tape
+Editor and COrrector) under ITS on a PDP-10. RMS had already extended
+TECO with a ``real-time'' full-screen mode with reprogrammable keys.
+Emacs was started by @email{gls@@east.sun.com, Guy Steele} as a project
+to unify the many divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT,
+and completed by RMS.
+
+Many people have said that TECO code looks a lot like line noise; you
+can read more at @uref{news:alt.lang.teco}. Someone has written a TECO
+implementation in Emacs Lisp (to find it, see @ref{Packages that do not
+come with Emacs}); it would be an interesting project to run the
+original TECO Emacs inside of Emacs.
+
address@hidden Why Emacs?
+For some not-so-serious alternative reasons for Emacs to have that
+name, check out the file @file{etc/JOKES} (@pxref{File-name
+conventions}).
+
address@hidden Latest version of Emacs, New in Emacs 20, Origin of the term
Emacs, Status of Emacs
address@hidden What is the latest version of Emacs?
address@hidden Version, latest
address@hidden Latest version of Emacs
+
+Emacs @value{VER} is the current version as of this writing.
+
address@hidden New in Emacs 20, New in Emacs 21, Latest version of Emacs,
Status of Emacs
address@hidden What is different about Emacs 20?
address@hidden Differences between Emacs 19 and Emacs 20
address@hidden Emacs 20, new features in
+
+To find out what has changed in recent versions, type @kbd{C-h C-n}
+(@kbd{M-x view-emacs-news}). The oldest changes are at the bottom of
+the file, so you might want to read it starting there, rather than at
+the top.
+
+The differences between Emacs versions 18 and 19 was rather dramatic;
+the introduction of frames, faces, and colors on windowing systems was
+obvious to even the most casual user.
+
+There are differences between Emacs versions 19 and 20 as well, but many
+are more subtle or harder to find. Among the changes are the inclusion
+of MULE code for languages that use non-Latin characters and for mixing
+several languages in the same document; the ``Customize'' facility for
+modifying variables without having to use Lisp; and automatic conversion
+of files from Macintosh, Microsoft, and Unix platforms.
+
+A number of older Lisp packages, such as Gnus, Supercite and the
+calendar/diary, have been updated and enhanced to work with Emacs 20,
+and are now included with the standard distribution.
+
+
address@hidden New in Emacs 21, New in Emacs 22, New in Emacs 20, Status of
Emacs
address@hidden What is different about Emacs 21?
address@hidden Differences between Emacs 20 and Emacs 21
address@hidden Emacs 21, new features in
address@hidden Recently introduced features
+
address@hidden Variable-size fonts
address@hidden Toolbar support
+Emacs 21 features a thorough rewrite of the display engine. The new
+display engine supports variable-size fonts, images, and can play sounds
+on platforms which support that. As a result, the visual appearance of
+Emacs, when it runs on a windowed display, is much more reminiscent of
+modern GUI programs, and includes 3D widgets (used for the mode line and
+the scroll bars), a configurable and extensible toolbar, tooltips
+(a.k.a.@: balloon help), and other niceties.
+
address@hidden Colors on text-only terminals
address@hidden TTY colors
+In addition, Emacs 21 supports faces on text-only terminals. This means
+that you can now have colors when you run Emacs on a GNU/Linux console
+and on @code{xterm} with @kbd{emacs -nw}.
+
address@hidden New in Emacs 22, , New in Emacs 21, Status of Emacs
address@hidden What is different about Emacs 22?
address@hidden Differences between Emacs 21 and Emacs 22
address@hidden Emacs 22, new features in
address@hidden Recently introduced features
address@hidden Default features
+
address@hidden
address@hidden GTK+ Toolkit
address@hidden Drag-and-drop
address@hidden
+Emacs can be built with GTK+ widgets, and supports drag-and-drop
+operation on X.
+
address@hidden Supported systems
address@hidden
+Emacs 22 features support for GNU/Linux systems on S390 and x86-64
+machines, as well as support for the Mac OS X and Cygwin operating
+systems.
+
address@hidden
+The native MS-Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X builds include full support
+for images, toolbar, and tooltips.
+
address@hidden
+Font Lock mode, Auto Compression mode, and File Name Shadow Mode are
+enabled by default.
+
address@hidden
+The maximum size of buffers has been doubled and is 256M on 32-bit
+machines.
+
address@hidden
+Links can be followed with @kbd{mouse-1}, in addition to @kbd{mouse-2}.
+
address@hidden Mouse wheel
address@hidden
+Mouse wheel support is enabled by default.
+
address@hidden
+Window fringes are customizable.
+
address@hidden
+The mode line of the selected window is now highlighted.
+
address@hidden
+The minibuffer prompt is displayed in a distinct face.
+
address@hidden
+Abbrev definitions are read automatically at startup.
+
address@hidden
+Grep mode is separate from Compilation mode and has many new options and
+commands specific to grep.
+
address@hidden
+The original Emacs macro system has been replaced by the new Kmacro
+package, which provides many new commands and features and a simple
+interface that uses the function keys F3 and F4. Macros are stored in a
+macro ring, and can be debugged and edited interactively.
+
address@hidden
+The Grand Unified Debugger (GUD) can be used with a full graphical user
+interface to GDB; this provides many features found in traditional
+development environments, making it easy to manipulate breakpoints, add
+watch points, display the call stack, etc. Breakpoints are visually
+indicated in the source buffer.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden New modes
+Many new modes and packages have been included in Emacs, such as Calc,
+TRAMP, URL, IDO, CUA, ERC, rcirc, Table, Image-Dired, SES, Ruler, Org,
+PGG, Flymake, Password, Printing, Reveal, wdired, t-mouse, longlines,
+savehist, Conf mode, Python mode, DNS mode, etc.
+
address@hidden Multilingual Environment
address@hidden
+Leim is now part of Emacs. Unicode support has been much improved, and
+the following input methods have been added: belarusian, bulgarian-bds,
+bulgarian-phonetic, chinese-sisheng, croatian, dutch, georgian,
+latin-alt-postfix, latin-postfix, latin-prefix, latvian-keyboard,
+lithuanian-numeric, lithuanian-keyboard, malayalam-inscript, rfc1345,
+russian-computer, sgml, slovenian, tamil-inscript, ucs,
+ukrainian-computer, vietnamese-telex, and welsh.
+
+The following language environments have also been added: Belarusian,
+Bulgarian, Chinese-EUC-TW, Croatian, French, Georgian, Italian, Latin-6,
+Latin-7, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Russian, Slovenian, Swedish,
+Tajik, Tamil, UTF-8, Ukrainian, Welsh, and Windows-1255.
+
address@hidden Documentation
address@hidden Emacs Lisp Manual
address@hidden
+In addition, Emacs 22 now includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
+(@pxref{Emacs Lisp documentation}) and the Emacs Lisp Intro.
address@hidden itemize
+
+Many other changes have been made in Emacs 22, use @kbd{C-h n} to get a
+full list.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Common requests, Bugs and problems, Status of Emacs, Top
address@hidden Common requests
address@hidden Common requests
+
address@hidden
+* Setting up a customization file::
+* Using Customize::
+* Colors on a TTY::
+* Debugging a customization file::
+* Displaying the current line or column::
+* Displaying the current file name in the titlebar::
+* Turning on abbrevs by default::
+* Associating modes with files::
+* Highlighting a region::
+* Replacing highlighted text::
+* Controlling case sensitivity::
+* Working with unprintable characters::
+* Searching for/replacing newlines::
+* Yanking text in isearch::
+* Wrapping words automatically::
+* Turning on auto-fill by default::
+* Spell-checkers::
+* Checking TeX and *roff documents::
+* Changing load-path::
+* Using an already running Emacs process::
+* Compiler error messages::
+* Indenting switch statements::
+* Customizing C and C++ indentation::
+* Horizontal scrolling::
+* Overwrite mode::
+* Turning off beeping::
+* Turning the volume down::
+* Automatic indentation::
+* Matching parentheses::
+* Hiding #ifdef lines::
+* Repeating commands::
+* Valid X resources::
+* Evaluating Emacs Lisp code::
+* Changing the length of a Tab::
+* Inserting text at the beginning of each line::
+* Underlining paragraphs::
+* Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column::
+* Forcing Emacs to iconify itself::
+* Using regular expressions::
+* Replacing text across multiple files::
+* Documentation for etags::
+* Disabling backups::
+* Disabling auto-save-mode::
+* Going to a line by number::
+* Modifying pull-down menus::
+* Deleting menus and menu options::
+* Turning on syntax highlighting::
+* Scrolling only one line::
+* Editing MS-DOS files::
+* Filling paragraphs with a single space::
+* Escape sequences in shell output::
+* Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Setting up a customization file, Using Customize, Common
requests, Common requests
address@hidden How do I set up a @file{.emacs} file properly?
address@hidden @file{.emacs} file, setting up
address@hidden @file{.emacs} file, locating
address@hidden Init file, setting up
address@hidden Customization file, setting up
+
address@hidden File, Init File, emacs}.
+
+In general, new Emacs users should not have @file{.emacs} files, because
+it causes confusing non-standard behavior. Then they send questions to
address@hidden@@gnu.org} asking why Emacs isn't behaving as
+documented.
+
+Beginning with version 20.1, Emacs includes the new Customize facility
+(@pxref{Using Customize}). This allows users who are unfamiliar with
+Emacs Lisp to modify their @file{.emacs} files in a relatively
+straightforward way, using menus rather than Lisp code. Most packages
+support Customize as of this writing.
+
+While Customize might indeed make it easier to configure Emacs,
+consider taking a bit of time to learn Emacs Lisp and modifying your
address@hidden directly. Simple configuration options are described
+rather completely in @inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}, for users
+interested in performing frequently requested, basic tasks.
+
+Sometimes users are unsure as to where their @file{.emacs} file should
+be found. Visiting the file as @file{~/.emacs} from Emacs will find
+the correct file.
+
address@hidden Using Customize, Colors on a TTY, Setting up a customization
file, Common requests
address@hidden How do I start using Customize?
address@hidden Customize groups
address@hidden Customizing variables
address@hidden Customizing faces
+
+The main Customize entry point is @kbd{M-x customize @key{RET}}. This
+command takes you to a buffer listing all the available Customize
+groups. From there, you can access all customizable options and faces,
+change their values, and save your changes to your init file.
address@hidden Customization, Easy Customization, emacs}.
+
+If you know the name of the group in advance (e.g. ``shell''), use
address@hidden customize-group @key{RET}}.
+
+If you wish to customize a single option, use @kbd{M-x customize-option
address@hidden This command prompts you for the name of the option to
+customize, with completion.
+
address@hidden Colors on a TTY, Debugging a customization file, Using
Customize, Common requests
address@hidden How do I get colors and syntax highlighting on a TTY?
address@hidden Colors on a TTY
address@hidden Syntax highlighting on a TTY
address@hidden Console, colors
+
+In Emacs 21.1 and later, colors and faces are supported in non-windowed mode,
+i.e.@: on Unix and GNU/Linux text-only terminals and consoles, and when
+invoked as @samp{emacs -nw} on X, MS-Windows, and Mac. (Colors and faces were
+supported in the MS-DOS port since Emacs 19.29.) Emacs automatically
+detects color support at startup and uses it if available. If you think
+that your terminal supports colors, but Emacs won't use them, check the
address@hidden entry for your display type for color-related
+capabilities.
+
+The command @kbd{M-x list-colors-display} pops up a window which
+exhibits all the colors Emacs knows about on the current display.
+
+Syntax highlighting is on by default since version 22.1.
+
address@hidden Debugging a customization file, Displaying the current line or
column, Colors on a TTY, Common requests
address@hidden How do I debug a @file{.emacs} file?
address@hidden Debugging @file{.emacs} file
address@hidden @file{.emacs} debugging
address@hidden Init file debugging
address@hidden @samp{-debug-init} option
+
+Start Emacs with the @samp{-debug-init} command-line option. This
+enables the Emacs Lisp debugger before evaluating your @file{.emacs}
+file, and places you in the debugger if something goes wrong. The top
+line in the @file{trace-back} buffer will be the error message, and the
+second or third line of that buffer will display the Lisp code from your
address@hidden file that caused the problem.
+
+You can also evaluate an individual function or argument to a function
+in your @file{.emacs} file by moving the cursor to the end of the
+function or argument and typing @kbd{C-x C-e} (@kbd{M-x
+eval-last-sexp}).
+
+Use @kbd{C-h v} (@kbd{M-x describe-variable}) to check the value of
+variables which you are trying to set or use.
+
address@hidden Displaying the current line or column, Displaying the current
file name in the titlebar, Debugging a customization file, Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
address@hidden @code{line-number-mode}
address@hidden Displaying the current line or column
address@hidden Line number, displaying the current
address@hidden Column, displaying the current
address@hidden @code{mode-line-format}
+
+To have Emacs automatically display the current line number of the point
+in the mode line, do @kbd{M-x line-number-mode}. You can also put the
+form
+
address@hidden
+(setq line-number-mode t)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+in your @file{.emacs} file to achieve this whenever you start Emacs.
+(Line number display is on by default, unless your site-specific
+initialization disables it.) Note that Emacs will not display the line
+number if the buffer's size in bytes is larger than the value of the
+variable @code{line-number-display-limit}.
+
+You can similarly display the current column with
address@hidden column-number-mode}, or by putting the form
+
address@hidden
+(setq column-number-mode t)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+in your @file{.emacs} file.
+
+The @code{"%c"} format specifier in the variable @code{mode-line-format}
+will insert the current column's value into the mode line. See the
+documentation for @code{mode-line-format} (using @kbd{C-h v
+mode-line-format @key{RET}}) for more information on how to set and use
+this variable.
+
+Users of all Emacs versions can display the current column using the
address@hidden package written by @email{abraham@@dina.kvl.dk, Per
+Abrahamsen}. @xref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}, for
+instructions on how to get it.
+
address@hidden Set number capability in @code{vi} emulators
+None of the @code{vi} emulation modes provide the ``set number''
+capability of @code{vi} (as far as we know). The @samp{setnu} package
+written by @email{kyle@@wonderworks.com, Kyle Jones} provides this
+feature. So too does @samp{wb-line-number}, written by
address@hidden@@nifty.com, Naoki Nakamura}.
+
address@hidden Displaying the current file name in the titlebar, Turning on
abbrevs by default, Displaying the current line or column, Common requests
address@hidden How can I modify the titlebar to contain the current file name?
address@hidden Titlebar, displaying the current file name in
address@hidden File name, displaying in the titlebar
address@hidden @code{frame-title-format}
+
+The contents of an Emacs frame's titlebar is controlled by the variable
address@hidden, which has the same structure as the variable
address@hidden (Use @kbd{C-h v} or @kbd{M-x
+describe-variable} to get information about one or both of these
+variables.)
+
+By default, the titlebar for a frame does contain the name of the buffer
+currently being visited, except if there is a single frame. In such a
+case, the titlebar contains Emacs invocation name and the name of the
+machine at which Emacs was invoked. This is done by setting
address@hidden to the default value of
+
address@hidden
+(multiple-frames "%b" ("" invocation-name "@@" system-name))
address@hidden lisp
+
+To modify the behavior such that frame titlebars contain the buffer's
+name regardless of the number of existing frames, include the following
+in your @file{.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+(setq frame-title-format "%b")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Turning on abbrevs by default, Associating modes with files,
Displaying the current file name in the titlebar, Common requests
address@hidden How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode @var{mymode}?
address@hidden Abbrevs, turning on by default
+
+Put this in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(condition-case ()
+ (quietly-read-abbrev-file)
+ (file-error nil))
+
+(add-hook '@var{mymode}-mode-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (setq abbrev-mode t)))
address@hidden lisp
+
+Starting with Emacs 22, the standard abbrevs file is read automatically
+at startup, so the first of these two forms becomes unnecessary.
+
address@hidden Associating modes with files, Highlighting a region, Turning on
abbrevs by default, Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
address@hidden Associating modes with files
address@hidden File extensions and modes
address@hidden @code{auto-mode-alist}, modifying
address@hidden Modes, associating with file extensions
+
+If you want to use a certain mode @var{foo} for all files whose names end
+with the extension @address@hidden, this will do it for you:
+
address@hidden
+(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("address@hidden'" . @var{foo}-mode)
auto-mode-alist))
address@hidden lisp
+
+Otherwise put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to
+edit in the mode @var{foo} (in the second line, if the first line begins
+with @samp{#!}):
+
address@hidden
+-*- @var{foo} -*-
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Major mode for shell scripts
+Beginning with Emacs 19, the variable @code{interpreter-mode-alist}
+specifies which mode to use when loading a shell script. (Emacs
+determines which interpreter you're using by examining the first line of
+the script.) This feature only applies when the file name doesn't
+indicate which mode to use. Use @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x
+describe-variable}) on @code{interpreter-mode-alist} to learn more.
+
address@hidden Highlighting a region, Replacing highlighted text, Associating
modes with files, Common requests
address@hidden How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
address@hidden Highlighting text
address@hidden Text, highlighting
address@hidden @code{transient-mark-mode}
address@hidden Region, highlighting a
+
+You can cause the region to be highlighted when the mark is active by
+including
+
address@hidden
+(transient-mark-mode t)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+in your @file{.emacs} file.
+
address@hidden Replacing highlighted text, Controlling case sensitivity,
Highlighting a region, Common requests
address@hidden How can I replace highlighted text with what I type?
address@hidden @code{delete-selection-mode}
address@hidden Replacing highlighted text
address@hidden Highlighting and replacing text
+
+Use @code{delete-selection-mode}, which you can start automatically by
+placing the following Lisp form in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(delete-selection-mode 1)
address@hidden lisp
+
+According to the documentation string for @code{delete-selection-mode}
+(which you can read using @kbd{M-x describe-function @key{RET}
+delete-selection-mode @key{RET}}):
+
address@hidden
+When ON, typed text replaces the selection if the selection is active.
+When OFF, typed text is just inserted at point.
address@hidden quotation
+
+This mode also allows you to delete (not kill) the highlighted region by
+pressing @key{DEL}.
+
address@hidden Controlling case sensitivity, Working with unprintable
characters, Replacing highlighted text, Common requests
address@hidden How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when
searching/replacing?
address@hidden @code{case-fold-search}
address@hidden Case sensitivity of searches
address@hidden Searching without case sensitivity
address@hidden Ignoring case in searches
+
+For searching, the value of the variable @code{case-fold-search}
+determines whether they are case sensitive:
+
address@hidden
+(setq case-fold-search nil) ; make searches case sensitive
+(setq case-fold-search t) ; make searches case insensitive
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Case sensitivity in replacements
address@hidden Replacing, and case sensitivity
address@hidden @code{case-replace}
+Similarly, for replacing, the variable @code{case-replace} determines
+whether replacements preserve case.
+
+You can also toggle case sensitivity at will in isearch with @kbd{M-c}.
+
+To change the case sensitivity just for one major mode, use the major
+mode's hook. For example:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook '@var{foo}-mode-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (setq case-fold-search nil)))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Working with unprintable characters, Searching for/replacing
newlines, Controlling case sensitivity, Common requests
address@hidden How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (eight-bit
or control) characters?
address@hidden Unprintable characters, working with
address@hidden Working with unprintable characters
address@hidden Control characters, working with
address@hidden Eight-bit characters, working with
address@hidden Searching for unprintable characters
address@hidden Regexps and unprintable characters
+
+To search for a single character that appears in the buffer as, for
+example, @samp{\237}, you can type @kbd{C-s C-q 2 3 7}. (This assumes
+the value of @code{search-quote-char} is 17 (i.e., @kbd{C-q}).)
+Searching for @strong{all} unprintable characters is best done with a
+regular expression (@dfn{regexp}) search. The easiest regexp to use for
+the unprintable chars is the complement of the regexp for the printable
+chars.
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Regexp for the printable chars: @samp{[\t\n\r\f -~]}
+
address@hidden
+Regexp for the unprintable chars: @samp{[^\t\n\r\f -~]}
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+To type these special characters in an interactive argument to
address@hidden or @code{re-search-forward}, you need to
+use @kbd{C-q}. (@samp{\t}, @samp{\n}, @samp{\r}, and @samp{\f} stand
+respectively for @key{TAB}, @key{LFD}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-l}.) So,
+to search for unprintable characters using @code{re-search-forward}:
+
address@hidden re-search-forward @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q
@key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET}}
+
+Using @code{isearch-forward-regexp}:
+
address@hidden [^ @key{TAB} @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~]}
+
+To delete all unprintable characters, simply use replace-regexp:
+
address@hidden replace-regexp @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q
@key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET} @key{RET}}
+
+Replacing is similar to the above. To replace all unprintable
+characters with a colon, use:
+
+M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l
@key{SPC} -~] @key{RET} : @key{RET}
+
address@hidden Searching for/replacing newlines, Yanking text in isearch,
Working with unprintable characters, Common requests
address@hidden How do I input a newline character in isearch or query-replace?
address@hidden Searching for newlines
address@hidden Replacing newlines
+
+Use @kbd{C-q C-j}. For more information, see @inforef{Special Isearch,
+Special Input for Incremental Search, emacs}.
+
+
address@hidden Yanking text in isearch, Wrapping words automatically, Searching
for/replacing newlines, Common requests
address@hidden How do I copy text from the kill ring into the search string?
address@hidden Yanking text into the search string
address@hidden isearch yanking
+
+Use @kbd{M-y}. @inforef{Isearch Yank, Isearch Yanking, emacs}.
+
address@hidden Wrapping words automatically, Turning on auto-fill by default,
Yanking text in isearch, Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
address@hidden Wrapping word automatically
address@hidden Wrapping lines
address@hidden Line wrap
address@hidden @code{auto-fill-mode}, introduction to
address@hidden Maximum line width, default value
address@hidden @code{fill-column}, default value
+
+Use @code{auto-fill-mode}, activated by typing @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode}.
+The default maximum line width is 70, determined by the variable
address@hidden To learn how to turn this on automatically, see
address@hidden on auto-fill by default}.
+
address@hidden Turning on auto-fill by default, Spell-checkers, Wrapping words
automatically, Common requests
address@hidden How do I turn on @code{auto-fill-mode} by default?
address@hidden @code{auto-fill-mode}, activating automatically
address@hidden Filling automatically
address@hidden Automatic entry to @code{auto-fill-mode}
+
+To turn on @code{auto-fill-mode} just once for one buffer, use @kbd{M-x
+auto-fill-mode}.
+
+To turn it on for every buffer in a certain mode, you must use the hook
+for that mode. For example, to turn on @code{auto-fill} mode for all
+text buffers, including the following in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
address@hidden lisp
+
+If you want @code{auto-fill} mode on in all major modes, do this:
+
address@hidden
+(setq-default auto-fill-function 'do-auto-fill)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Spell-checkers, Checking TeX and *roff documents, Turning on
auto-fill by default, Common requests
address@hidden Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
address@hidden Checking spelling
address@hidden Spelling, checking text documents
+
+Use Ispell. @xref{Ispell}.
+
address@hidden Checking TeX and *roff documents, Changing load-path,
Spell-checkers, Common requests
address@hidden How can I spell-check @TeX{} or *roff documents?
address@hidden Spelling, checking @TeX{} documents
address@hidden @TeX{} documents, checking spelling in
+
+Use Ispell. Ispell can handle @TeX{} and *roff documents.
address@hidden
+
address@hidden Changing load-path, Using an already running Emacs process,
Checking TeX and *roff documents, Common requests
address@hidden How do I change @code{load-path}?
address@hidden @code{load-path}, modifying
address@hidden Modifying @code{load-path}
address@hidden Adding to @code{load-path}
+
+In general, you should only add to the @code{load-path}. You can add
+directory @var{/dir/subdir} to the load path like this:
+
address@hidden
+(setq load-path (cons "/dir/subdir/" load-path))
address@hidden lisp
+
+To do this relative to your home directory:
+
address@hidden
+(setq load-path (cons "~/mysubdir/" load-path))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Using an already running Emacs process, Compiler error messages,
Changing load-path, Common requests
address@hidden How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
address@hidden @code{emacsclient}
address@hidden Emacs server functions
address@hidden Using an existing Emacs process
+
address@hidden, which comes with Emacs, is for editing a file using
+an already running Emacs rather than starting up a new Emacs. It does
+this by sending a request to the already running Emacs, which must be
+expecting the request.
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Setup:
+
+Emacs must have executed the @code{server-start} function for
address@hidden to work. This can be done either by a command line
+option:
+
address@hidden
+emacs -f server-start
address@hidden example
+
+or by invoking @code{server-start} from @file{.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+(if (@var{some conditions are met}) (server-start))
address@hidden lisp
+
+When this is done, Emacs creates a Unix domain socket named
address@hidden in @file{/tmp/address@hidden See
address@hidden
+
+To get your news reader, mail reader, etc., to invoke
address@hidden, try setting the environment variable @code{EDITOR}
+(or sometimes @code{VISUAL}) to the value @samp{emacsclient}. You may
+have to specify the full pathname of the @samp{emacsclient} program
+instead. Examples:
+
address@hidden
+# csh commands:
+setenv EDITOR emacsclient
+
+# using full pathname
+setenv EDITOR /usr/local/emacs/etc/emacsclient
+
+# sh command:
+EDITOR=emacsclient ; export EDITOR
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Normal use:
+
+When @samp{emacsclient} is run, it connects to the socket and passes its
+command line options to Emacs, which at the next opportunity will visit
+the files specified. (Line numbers can be specified just like with
+Emacs.) The user will have to switch to the Emacs window by hand. When
+the user is done editing a file, the user can type @kbd{C-x #} (or
address@hidden server-edit}) to indicate this. If there is another buffer
+requested by @code{emacsclient}, Emacs will switch to it; otherwise
address@hidden will exit, signaling the calling program to continue.
+
address@hidden @code{gnuserv}
+There is an enhanced version of @samp{emacsclient} called
address@hidden, written by @email{ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com, Andy Norman}
+(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). @samp{gnuserv} uses
+Internet domain sockets, so it can work across most network connections.
+
+The most recent @samp{gnuserv} package is available at
+
address@hidden://meltin.net/hacks/emacs/}
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Compiler error messages, Indenting switch statements, Using an
already running Emacs process, Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
address@hidden Compiler error messages, recognizing
address@hidden Recognizing non-standard compiler errors
address@hidden Regexps for recognizing compiler errors
address@hidden Errors, recognizing compiler
+
+Customize the @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} variable.
+
address@hidden Indenting switch statements, Customizing C and C++ indentation,
Compiler error messages, Common requests
address@hidden How do I change the indentation for @code{switch}?
address@hidden @code{switch}, indenting
address@hidden Indenting of @code{switch}
+
+Many people want to indent their @code{switch} statements like this:
+
address@hidden
+f()
address@hidden
+ switch(x) @{
+ case A:
+ x1;
+ break;
+ case B:
+ x2;
+ break;
+ default:
+ x3;
+ @}
address@hidden
address@hidden example
+
+The solution at first appears to be: set @code{c-indent-level} to 4 and
address@hidden to -2. However, this will give you an indentation
+spacing of four instead of two.
+
+The @emph{real} solution is to use @code{cc-mode} (the default mode for
+C programming in Emacs 20 and later) and add the following line to your
address@hidden:
+
address@hidden
+(c-set-offset 'case-label '+)
address@hidden lisp
+
+There appears to be no way to do this with the old @code{c-mode}.
+
address@hidden Customizing C and C++ indentation, Horizontal scrolling,
Indenting switch statements, Common requests
address@hidden How to customize indentation in C, address@hidden, and Java
buffers?
address@hidden Indentation, how to customize
address@hidden Customize indentation
+
+The Emacs @code{cc-mode} features an interactive procedure for
+customizing the indentation style, which is fully explained in the
address@hidden Mode} manual that is part of the Emacs distribution, see
address@hidden Indentation, , Customization Indentation, ccmode,
+The CC Mode Manual}. Here's a short summary of the procedure:
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
+Go to the beginning of the first line where you don't like the
+indentation and type @kbd{C-c C-o}. Emacs will prompt you for the
+syntactic symbol; type @key{RET} to accept the default it suggests.
+
address@hidden
+Emacs now prompts for the offset of this syntactic symbol, showing the
+default (the current definition) inside parentheses. You can choose
+one of these:
+
address@hidden @code
address@hidden 0
+No extra indentation.
address@hidden +
+Indent one basic offset.
address@hidden -
+Outdent one basic offset.
address@hidden ++
+Indent two basic offsets
address@hidden --
+Outdent two basic offsets.
address@hidden *
+Indent half basic offset.
address@hidden /
+Outdent half basic offset.
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden
+After choosing one of these symbols, type @kbd{C-c C-q} to reindent
+the line or the block according to what you just specified.
+
address@hidden
+If you don't like the result, go back to step 1. Otherwise, add the
+following line to your @file{.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+(c-set-offset '@var{syntactic-symbol} @var{offset})
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+where @var{syntactic-symbol} is the name Emacs shows in the minibuffer
+when you type @kbd{C-c C-o} at the beginning of the line, and
address@hidden is one of the indentation symbols listed above (@code{+},
address@hidden/}, @code{0}, etc.) that you've chosen during the interactive
+procedure.
+
address@hidden
+Go to the next line whose indentation is not to your liking and repeat
+the process there.
address@hidden enumerate
+
+It is recommended to put all the resulting @code{(c-set-offset ...)}
+customizations inside a C mode hook, like this:
+
address@hidden
+(defun my-c-mode-hook ()
+ (c-set-offset ...)
+ (c-set-offset ...))
+(add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'my-c-mode-hook)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+Using @code{c-mode-hook} avoids the need to put a @address@hidden(require
+'cc-mode)}} into your @file{.emacs} file, because @code{c-set-offset}
+might be unavailable when @code{cc-mode} is not loaded.
+
+Note that @code{c-mode-hook} runs for C source files only; use
address@hidden for address@hidden sources, @code{java-mode-hook} for
+Java sources, etc. If you want the same customizations to be in
+effect in @emph{all} languages supported by @code{cc-mode}, use
address@hidden
+
address@hidden Horizontal scrolling, Overwrite mode, Customizing C and C++
indentation, Common requests
address@hidden How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
address@hidden @code{hscroll-mode}
address@hidden Horizontal scrolling
address@hidden Scrolling horizontally
+
+In Emacs 21 and later, this is on by default: if the variable
address@hidden is address@hidden in the current buffer, Emacs
+automatically scrolls the display horizontally when point moves off the
+left or right edge of the window.
+
+Note that this is overridden by the variable
address@hidden if that variable is non-nil
+and the current buffer is not full-frame width.
+
+In Emacs 20, use the @code{hscroll-mode}. Here is some information from
+the documentation, available by typing @kbd{C-h f hscroll-mode @key{RET}}:
+
+Automatically scroll horizontally when the point moves off the
+left or right edge of the window.
+
address@hidden @minus
address@hidden
+Type @kbd{M-x hscroll-mode} to enable it in the current buffer.
+
address@hidden
+Type @kbd{M-x hscroll-global-mode} to enable it in every buffer.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden is useful in mode hooks as in:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-hscroll)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
address@hidden controls how close the cursor can get to the
+edge of the window.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden controls how far to jump once we decide to do so.
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Overwrite mode, Turning off beeping, Horizontal scrolling,
Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs ``typeover'' or ``overwrite'' instead of
inserting?
address@hidden @key{Insert}
address@hidden @code{overwrite-mode}
address@hidden Overwriting existing text
address@hidden Toggling @code{overwrite-mode}
+
address@hidden overwrite-mode} (a minor mode). This toggles
address@hidden on and off, so exiting from @code{overwrite-mode}
+is as easy as another @kbd{M-x overwrite-mode}.
+
+On some systems, @key{Insert} toggles @code{overwrite-mode} on and off.
+
address@hidden Turning off beeping, Turning the volume down, Overwrite mode,
Common requests
address@hidden How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
address@hidden Beeping, turning off
address@hidden Visible bell
address@hidden Bell, visible
+
address@hidden@@cc.gatech.edu, Martin R. Frank} writes:
+
+Tell Emacs to use the @dfn{visible bell} instead of the audible bell,
+and set the visible bell to nothing.
+
+That is, put the following in your @code{TERMCAP} environment variable
+(assuming you have one):
+
address@hidden
+... :vb=: ...
address@hidden example
+
+And evaluate the following Lisp form:
+
address@hidden
+(setq visible-bell t)
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Turning the volume down, Automatic indentation, Turning off
beeping, Common requests
address@hidden How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X?
address@hidden Bell, volume of
address@hidden Volume of bell
+
+On X Window system, you can adjust the bell volume and duration for all
+programs with the shell command @code{xset}.
+
+Invoking @code{xset} without any arguments produces some basic
+information, including the following:
+
address@hidden
+usage: xset [-display host:dpy] option ...
+ To turn bell off:
+ -b b off b 0
+ To set bell volume, pitch and duration:
+ b [vol [pitch [dur]]] b on
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Automatic indentation, Matching parentheses, Turning the volume
down, Common requests
address@hidden How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
indentation of the previous line?
address@hidden Indenting new lines
address@hidden New lines, indenting of
address@hidden Previous line, indenting according to
address@hidden Text indentation
+
+Such behavior is automatic in Emacs 20 and later. From the
address@hidden/NEWS} file for Emacs 20.2:
+
address@hidden
+** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. This makes
+it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode in Text mode,
+and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). @key{TAB} in Text
+mode now runs the command @code{indent-relative}; this makes a practical
+difference only when you use indented paragraphs.
+
+As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode,
+and is an alias for it.
+
+If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, use
+the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode.
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Prefixing lines
address@hidden Fill prefix
+If you have @code{auto-fill-mode} turned on (@pxref{Turning on auto-fill
+by default}), you can tell Emacs to prefix every line with a certain
+character sequence, the @dfn{fill prefix}. Type the prefix at the
+beginning of a line, position point after it, and then type @kbd{C-x .}
+(@code{set-fill-prefix}) to set the fill prefix. Thereafter,
+auto-filling will automatically put the fill prefix at the beginning of
+new lines, and @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) will maintain any fill
+prefix when refilling the paragraph.
+
+If you have paragraphs with different levels of indentation, you will
+have to set the fill prefix to the correct value each time you move to a
+new paragraph. There are many packages available to deal with this
+(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). Look for ``fill'' and
+``indent'' keywords for guidance.
+
address@hidden Matching parentheses, Hiding #ifdef lines, Automatic
indentation, Common requests
address@hidden How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
address@hidden Parentheses, matching
address@hidden @file{paren.el}
address@hidden Highlighting matching parentheses
address@hidden Pairs of parentheses, highlighting
address@hidden Matching parentheses
+
+Call @code{show-paren-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(show-paren-mode 1)
address@hidden lisp
+
+You can also enable this mode by selecting the @samp{Paren Match
+Highlighting} option from the @samp{Options} menu of the Emacs menu bar
+at the top of any Emacs frame.
+
+Alternatives to this mode include:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+If you're looking at a right parenthesis (or brace or bracket) you can
+delete it and reinsert it. Emacs will momentarily move the cursor to
+the matching parenthesis.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden (@code{forward-sexp}) and @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp})
+will skip over one set of balanced parentheses, so you can see which
+parentheses match. (You can train it to skip over balanced brackets
+and braces at the same time by modifying the syntax table.)
+
address@hidden Show matching paren as in @code{vi}
address@hidden
+Here is some Emacs Lisp that will make the @key{%} key show the matching
+parenthesis, like in @code{vi}. In addition, if the cursor isn't over a
+parenthesis, it simply inserts a % like normal.
+
address@hidden
+;; By an unknown contributor
+
+(global-set-key "%" 'match-paren)
+
+(defun match-paren (arg)
+ "Go to the matching paren if on a paren; otherwise insert %."
+ (interactive "p")
+ (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(") (forward-list 1) (backward-char 1))
+ ((looking-at "\\s\)") (forward-char 1) (backward-list 1))
+ (t (self-insert-command (or arg 1)))))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Hiding #ifdef lines, Repeating commands, Matching parentheses,
Common requests
address@hidden In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after
@code{#ifdef} commands are handled by the compiler?
address@hidden @code{#ifdef}, selective display of
address@hidden @code{hide-ifdef-mode}
address@hidden Hiding @code{#ifdef} text
address@hidden Selectively displaying @code{#ifdef} code
+
address@hidden hide-ifdef-mode}. (This is a minor mode.) You might also want
+to investigate @file{cpp.el}, which is distributed with Emacs.
+
address@hidden Repeating commands, Valid X resources, Hiding #ifdef lines,
Common requests
address@hidden How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
address@hidden Repeating commands many times
address@hidden Commands, repeating many times
address@hidden @code{.}, equivalent to @code{vi} command
+
+As of Emacs 20.3, there is indeed a @code{repeat} command (@kbd{C-x z})
+that repeats the last command. If you preface it with a prefix
+argument, the prefix arg is applied to the command.
+
+You can also type @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC}}
+(@code{repeat-complex-command}) to reinvoke commands that used the
+minibuffer to get arguments. In @code{repeat-complex-command} you can
+type @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} (and also up-arrow and down-arrow, if your
+keyboard has these keys) to scan through all the different complex
+commands you've typed.
+
+To repeat a set of commands, use keyboard macros. Use @kbd{C-x (} and
address@hidden )} to make a keyboard macro that invokes the command and then
+type @kbd{C-x e}. (@inforef{Keyboard Macros, Keyboard Macros, emacs}.)
+
+If you're really desperate for the @code{.} command in @code{vi} that
+redoes the last insertion/deletion, use VIPER, a @code{vi} emulation
+mode which comes with Emacs, and which appears to support it.
+(@xref{VIPER}.)
+
address@hidden Valid X resources, Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Repeating
commands, Common requests
address@hidden What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in
.Xdefaults)?
address@hidden Resources, X
address@hidden X resources
address@hidden Setting X resources
+
address@hidden Resources, X Resources, emacs}.
+
+You can also use a resource editor, such as editres (for X11R5 and
+onwards), to look at the resource names for the menu bar, assuming Emacs
+was compiled with the X toolkit.
+
address@hidden Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Changing the length of a Tab, Valid
X resources, Common requests
address@hidden How do I execute (``evaluate'') a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
address@hidden Evaluating Lisp code
address@hidden Lisp forms, evaluating
+
+There are a number of ways to execute (@dfn{evaluate}, in Lisp lingo) an
+Emacs Lisp @dfn{form}:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+If you want it evaluated every time you run Emacs, put it in a file
+named @file{.emacs} in your home directory. This is known as ``your
address@hidden file,'' and contains all of your personal customizations.
+
address@hidden
+You can type the form in the @file{*scratch*} buffer, and then type
address@hidden (or @kbd{C-j}) after it. The result of evaluating the form
+will be inserted in the buffer.
+
address@hidden
+In @code{emacs-lisp-mode}, typing @kbd{C-M-x} evaluates a top-level form
+before or around point.
+
address@hidden
+Typing @kbd{C-x C-e} in any buffer evaluates the Lisp form immediately
+before point and prints its value in the echo area.
+
address@hidden
+Typing @kbd{M-:} or @kbd{M-x eval-expression} allows you to type a Lisp
+form in the minibuffer which will be evaluated once you press @key{RET}.
+
address@hidden
+You can use @kbd{M-x load-file} to have Emacs evaluate all the Lisp
+forms in a file. (To do this from Lisp use the function @code{load}
+instead.)
+
+The functions @code{load-library}, @code{eval-region},
address@hidden, @code{require}, and @code{autoload} are also
+useful; see @ref{Emacs Lisp documentation}, if you want to learn more
+about them.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Changing the length of a Tab, Inserting text at the beginning of
each line, Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Common requests
address@hidden How do I change Emacs's idea of the @key{TAB} character's length?
address@hidden Tab length
address@hidden Length of tab character
address@hidden @code{default-tab-width}
+
+Set the variable @code{default-tab-width}. For example, to set
address@hidden stops every 10 characters, insert the following in your
address@hidden file:
+
address@hidden
+(setq default-tab-width 10)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Do not confuse variable @code{tab-width} with variable
address@hidden The former is used for the display of literal
address@hidden characters. The latter controls what characters are inserted
+when you press the @key{TAB} character in certain modes.
+
address@hidden Inserting text at the beginning of each line, Underlining
paragraphs, Changing the length of a Tab, Common requests
address@hidden How do I insert <some text> at the beginning of every line?
address@hidden Prefixing a region with some text
address@hidden Prefix character, inserting in mail/news replies
address@hidden Replies to mail/news, inserting a prefix character
address@hidden @code{mail-yank-prefix}
address@hidden Mail replies, inserting a prefix character
address@hidden News replies, inserting a prefix character
+
+To do this to an entire buffer, type @kbd{M-< M-x replace-regexp
address@hidden ^ @key{RET} your text @key{RET}}.
+
+To do this to a region, use @code{string-insert-rectangle}.
+Set the mark (@address@hidden) at the beginning of the first line you
+want to prefix, move the cursor to last line to be prefixed, and type
address@hidden string-insert-rectangle @key{RET}}. To do this for the whole
+buffer, type @kbd{C-x h M-x string-insert-rectangle @key{RET}}.
+
+If you are trying to prefix a yanked mail message with @samp{>}, you
+might want to set the variable @code{mail-yank-prefix}. In Message
+buffers, you can even use @kbd{M-;} to cite yanked messages (@kbd{M-;}
+runs the function @code{comment-region}, it is a general-purpose
+mechanism to comment regions) (@pxref{Changing the included text prefix}).
+
address@hidden Underlining paragraphs, Forcing the cursor to remain in the same
column, Inserting text at the beginning of each line, Common requests
address@hidden How do I insert @samp{_^H} before each character in a region to
get an underlined paragraph?
address@hidden Underlining a region of text
address@hidden @code{underline-region}
+
+Mark the region and then type @kbd{M-x underline-region @key{RET}}.
+
address@hidden Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column, Forcing Emacs
to iconify itself, Underlining paragraphs, Common requests
address@hidden How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the
cursor should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
address@hidden @code{picture-mode}
address@hidden Remaining in the same column, regardless of contents
address@hidden Vertical movement in empty documents
+
+Use @kbd{M-x picture-mode}.
+
+See also the variable @code{track-eol} and the command
address@hidden bound to @kbd{C-x C-n}
+(@pxref{Moving Point, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
+
address@hidden Forcing Emacs to iconify itself, Using regular expressions,
Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column, Common requests
address@hidden How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
address@hidden Iconification under the X Window System
address@hidden X Window System and iconification
address@hidden Suspending Emacs
+
address@hidden iconifies Emacs when running under X and suspends Emacs
+otherwise. @inforef{Frame Commands, Frame Commands, emacs}.
+
address@hidden Using regular expressions, Replacing text across multiple files,
Forcing Emacs to iconify itself, Common requests
address@hidden How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
address@hidden Regexps
address@hidden Regular expressions
address@hidden Differences between Unix and Emacs regexps
address@hidden Unix regexps, differences from Emacs
address@hidden Text strings, putting regexps in
+
address@hidden Backslash, Regexp Backslash, emacs}.
+
+The @code{or} operator is @samp{\|}, not @samp{|}, and the grouping operators
+are @samp{\(} and @samp{\)}. Also, the string syntax for a backslash is
address@hidden To specify a regular expression like @samp{xxx\(foo\|bar\)}
+in a Lisp string, use @samp{xxx\\(foo\\|bar\\)}.
+
+Note the doubled backslashes!
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Unlike in Unix @file{grep}, @file{sed}, etc., a complement character set
+(@samp{[^...]}) can match a newline character (@key{LFD} a.k.a.@:
address@hidden a.k.a.@: @samp{\n}), unless newline is mentioned as one of the
+characters not to match.
+
address@hidden
+The character syntax regexps (e.g., @samp{\sw}) are not
+meaningful inside character set regexps (e.g., @samp{[aeiou]}). (This
+is actually typical for regexp syntax.)
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Replacing text across multiple files, Documentation for etags,
Using regular expressions, Common requests
address@hidden How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
address@hidden Replacing strings across files
address@hidden Multiple files, replacing across
address@hidden Files, replacing strings across multiple
address@hidden Recursive search/replace operations
+
+As of Emacs 19.29, Dired mode (@kbd{M-x dired @key{RET}}, or @kbd{C-x
+d}) supports the command @code{dired-do-query-replace} (@kbd{Q}), which
+allows users to replace regular expressions in multiple files.
+
+You can use this command to perform search/replace operations on
+multiple files by following the following steps:
+
address@hidden @bullet
address@hidden
+Assemble a list of files you want to operate on with either
address@hidden, @code{find-name-dired} or @code{find-grep-dired}.
+
address@hidden
+Mark all files in the resulting Dired buffer using @kbd{t}.
+
address@hidden
+Use @kbd{Q} to start a @code{query-replace-regexp} session on the marked
+files.
+
address@hidden
+To accept all replacements in each file, hit @kbd{!}.
address@hidden itemize
+
+Another way to do the same thing is to use the ``tags'' feature of
+Emacs: it includes the command @code{tags-query-replace} which performs
+a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the @file{TAGS} file.
address@hidden Search, Tags Search, emacs}.
+
address@hidden Documentation for etags, Disabling backups, Replacing text
across multiple files, Common requests
address@hidden Where is the documentation for @code{etags}?
address@hidden Documentation for @code{etags}
address@hidden @code{etags}, documentation for
+
+The @code{etags} man page should be in the same place as the
address@hidden man page.
+
+Quick command-line switch descriptions are also available. For example,
address@hidden -H}.
+
address@hidden Disabling backups, Disabling auto-save-mode, Documentation for
etags, Common requests
address@hidden How do I disable backup files?
address@hidden Backups, disabling
address@hidden Disabling backups
+
+You probably don't want to do this, since backups are useful, especially
+when something goes wrong.
+
+To avoid seeing backup files (and other ``uninteresting'' files) in Dired,
+load @code{dired-x} by adding the following to your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'dired-load-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (load "dired-x")))
address@hidden lisp
+
+With @code{dired-x} loaded, @kbd{M-o} toggles omitting in each dired buffer.
+You can make omitting the default for new dired buffers by putting the
+following in your @file{.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'dired-mode-hook 'dired-omit-toggle)
address@hidden lisp
+
+If you're tired of seeing backup files whenever you do an @samp{ls} at
+the Unix shell, try GNU @code{ls} with the @samp{-B} option. GNU
address@hidden is part of the GNU Fileutils package, available from
address@hidden and its mirrors (@pxref{Current GNU distributions}).
+
+To disable or change the way backups are made, @inforef{Backup Names, ,
+emacs}.
+
address@hidden Backup files in a single directory
+Beginning with Emacs 21.1, you can control where Emacs puts backup files
+by customizing the variable @code{backup-directory-alist}. This
+variable's value specifies that files whose names match specific patters
+should have their backups put in certain directories. A typical use is
+to add the element @code{("." . @var{dir})} to force Emacs to put
address@hidden backup files in the directory @file{dir}.
+
address@hidden Disabling auto-save-mode, Going to a line by number, Disabling
backups, Common requests
address@hidden How do I disable @code{auto-save-mode}?
address@hidden Disabling @code{auto-save-mode}
address@hidden Auto-saving
address@hidden Saving at frequent intervals
+
+You probably don't want to do this, since auto-saving is useful,
+especially when Emacs or your computer crashes while you are editing a
+document.
+
+Instead, you might want to change the variable
address@hidden, which specifies how many keystrokes Emacs
+waits before auto-saving. Increasing this value forces Emacs to wait
+longer between auto-saves, which might annoy you less.
+
+You might also want to look into Sebastian Kremer's @code{auto-save}
+package (@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). This
+package also allows you to place all auto-save files in one directory,
+such as @file{/tmp}.
+
+To disable or change how @code{auto-save-mode} works, @inforef{Auto
+Save, , emacs}.
+
address@hidden Going to a line by number, Modifying pull-down menus, Disabling
auto-save-mode, Common requests
address@hidden How can I go to a certain line given its number?
address@hidden Going to a line by number
address@hidden Compilation error messages
address@hidden Recompilation
+
+Are you sure you indeed need to go to a line by its number? Perhaps all
+you want is to display a line in your source file for which a compiler
+printed an error message? If so, compiling from within Emacs using the
address@hidden compile} and @kbd{M-x recompile} commands is a much more
+effective way of doing that. Emacs automatically intercepts the compile
+error messages, inserts them into a special buffer called
address@hidden, and lets you visit the locus of each message in
+the source. Type @kbd{C-x `} to step through the offending lines one by
+one (starting with Emacs 22, you can also use @kbd{M-g M-p} and
address@hidden M-n} to go to the previous and next matches directly). Click
address@hidden or press @key{RET} on a message text in the
address@hidden buffer to go to the line whose number is mentioned
+in that message.
+
+But if you indeed need to go to a certain text line, type @kbd{M-g M-g}
+(which is the default binding of the @code{goto-line} function starting
+with Emacs 22). Emacs will prompt you for the number of the line and go
+to that line.
+
+You can do this faster by invoking @code{goto-line} with a numeric
+argument that is the line's number. For example, @kbd{C-u 286 M-g M-g}
+will jump to line number 286 in the current buffer.
+
address@hidden Modifying pull-down menus, Deleting menus and menu options,
Going to a line by number, Common requests
address@hidden How can I create or modify new pull-down menu options?
address@hidden Pull-down menus, creating or modifying
address@hidden Menus, creating or modifying
address@hidden Creating new menu options
address@hidden Modifying pull-down menus
address@hidden Menus and keymaps
address@hidden Keymaps and menus
+
+Each menu title (e.g., @samp{File}, @samp{Edit}, @samp{Buffers})
+represents a local or global keymap. Selecting a menu title with the
+mouse displays that keymap's address@hidden contents in the form of a menu.
+
+So to add a menu option to an existing menu, all you have to do is add a
+new definition to the appropriate keymap. Adding a @samp{Forward Word}
+item to the @samp{Edit} menu thus requires the following Lisp code:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key global-map
+ [menu-bar edit forward]
+ '("Forward word" . forward-word))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+The first line adds the entry to the global keymap, which includes
+global menu bar entries. Replacing the reference to @code{global-map}
+with a local keymap would add this menu option only within a particular
+mode.
+
+The second line describes the path from the menu-bar to the new entry.
+Placing this menu entry underneath the @samp{File} menu would mean
+changing the word @code{edit} in the second line to @code{file}.
+
+The third line is a cons cell whose first element is the title that will
+be displayed, and whose second element is the function that will be
+called when that menu option is invoked.
+
+To add a new menu, rather than a new option to an existing menu, we must
+define an entirely new keymap:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key global-map [menu-bar words]
+ (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words")))
address@hidden lisp
+
+The above code creates a new sparse keymap, gives it the name
address@hidden, and attaches it to the global menu bar. Adding the
address@hidden Word} item to this new menu would thus require the
+following code:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key global-map
+ [menu-bar words forward]
+ '("Forward word" . forward-word))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+Note that because of the way keymaps work, menu options are displayed
+with the more recently defined items at the top. Thus if you were to
+define menu options @samp{foo}, @samp{bar}, and @samp{baz} (in that
+order), the menu option @samp{baz} would appear at the top, and
address@hidden would be at the bottom.
+
+One way to avoid this problem is to use the function @code{define-key-after},
+which works the same as @code{define-key}, but lets you modify where items
+appear. The following Lisp code would insert the @samp{Forward Word}
+item in the @samp{Edit} menu immediately following the @samp{Undo} item:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key-after
+ (lookup-key global-map [menu-bar edit])
+ [forward]
+ '("Forward word" . forward-word)
+ 'undo)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Note how the second and third arguments to @code{define-key-after} are
+different from those of @code{define-key}, and that we have added a new
+(final) argument, the function after which our new key should be
+defined.
+
+To move a menu option from one position to another, simply evaluate
address@hidden with the appropriate final argument.
+
+More detailed information---and more examples of how to create and
+modify menu options---are in the @cite{Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, under
+``Menu Keymaps.'' (@xref{Emacs Lisp documentation}, for information on
+this manual.)
+
address@hidden Deleting menus and menu options, Turning on syntax highlighting,
Modifying pull-down menus, Common requests
address@hidden How do I delete menus and menu options?
address@hidden Deleting menus and menu options
address@hidden Menus, deleting
+
+The simplest way to remove a menu is to set its keymap to @samp{nil}.
+For example, to delete the @samp{Words} menu (@pxref{Modifying pull-down
+menus}), use:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key global-map [menu-bar words] nil)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Similarly, removing a menu option requires redefining a keymap entry to
address@hidden For example, to delete the @samp{Forward word} menu option
+from the @samp{Edit} menu (we added it in @ref{Modifying pull-down
+menus}), use:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key global-map [menu-bar edit forward] nil)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Turning on syntax highlighting, Scrolling only one line,
Deleting menus and menu options, Common requests
address@hidden How do I turn on syntax highlighting?
address@hidden Syntax highlighting
address@hidden @code{font-lock-mode}
address@hidden Highlighting based on syntax
address@hidden Colorizing text
address@hidden FAQ, @code{font-lock-mode}
+
address@hidden is the standard way to have Emacs perform syntax
+highlighting in the current buffer. It is enabled by default in Emacs
+22.1 and later.
+
+With @code{font-lock-mode} turned on, different types of text will
+appear in different colors. For instance, in a programming mode,
+variables will appear in one face, keywords in a second, and comments in
+a third.
+
address@hidden hilit19 is deprecated
+Earlier versions of Emacs supported hilit19, a similar package. Use of
+hilit19 is now considered non-standard, although @file{hilit19.el} comes
+with the stock Emacs distribution. It is no longer maintained.
+
+To turn @code{font-lock-mode} off within an existing buffer, use
address@hidden font-lock-mode @key{RET}}.
+
+In Emacs 21 and earlier versions, you could use the following code in
+your @file{.emacs} file to turn on @code{font-lock-mode} globally:
+
address@hidden
+(global-font-lock-mode 1)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Highlighting a buffer with @code{font-lock-mode} can take quite a while,
+and cause an annoying delay in display, so several features exist to
+work around this.
+
address@hidden Just-In-Time syntax highlighting
+In Emacs 21 and later, turning on @code{font-lock-mode} automatically
+activates the new @dfn{Just-In-Time fontification} provided by
address@hidden @code{jit-lock-mode} defers the fontification of
+portions of buffer until you actually need to see them, and can also
+fontify while Emacs is idle. This makes display of the visible portion
+of a buffer almost instantaneous. For details about customizing
address@hidden, type @kbd{C-h f jit-lock-mode @key{RET}}.
+
address@hidden Levels of syntax highlighting
address@hidden Decoration level, in @code{font-lock-mode}
+In versions of Emacs before 21, different levels of decoration are
+available, from slight to gaudy. More decoration means you need to wait
+more time for a buffer to be fontified (or a faster machine). To
+control how decorated your buffers should become, set the value of
address@hidden in your @file{.emacs} file, with a
address@hidden value indicating default (usually minimum) decoration, and a
address@hidden value indicating the maximum decoration. For the gaudiest
+possible look, then, include the line
+
address@hidden
+(setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+in your @file{.emacs} file. You can also set this variable such that
+different modes are highlighted in a different ways; for more
+information, see the documentation for
address@hidden with @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x
+describe-variable @key{RET}}).
+
+Also see the documentation for the function @code{font-lock-mode},
+available by typing @kbd{C-h f font-lock-mode} (@kbd{M-x
+describe-function @key{RET} font-lock-mode @key{RET}}).
+
+To print buffers with the faces (i.e., colors and fonts) intact, use
address@hidden ps-print-buffer-with-faces} or @kbd{M-x
+ps-print-region-with-faces}. You will need a way to send text to a
+PostScript printer, or a PostScript interpreter such as Ghostscript;
+consult the documentation of the variables @code{ps-printer-name},
address@hidden, and @code{ps-lpr-switches} for more details.
+
address@hidden Scrolling only one line, Editing MS-DOS files, Turning on syntax
highlighting, Common requests
address@hidden How can I force Emacs to scroll only one line when I move past
the bottom of the screen?
address@hidden Scrolling only one line
address@hidden Reducing the increment when scrolling
+
+Customize the @code{scroll-conservatively} variable with @kbd{M-x
+customize-variable @key{RET} scroll-conservatively @key{RET}} and set it
+to a large value like, say, 10000. For an explanation of what this
+means, @inforef{Auto Scrolling, Auto Scrolling, emacs}.
+
+Alternatively, use the following Lisp form in your @file{.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+(setq scroll-conservatively most-positive-fixnum)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Editing MS-DOS files, Filling paragraphs with a single space,
Scrolling only one line, Common requests
address@hidden How can I edit MS-DOS files using Emacs?
address@hidden Editing MS-DOS files
address@hidden MS-DOS files, editing
address@hidden Microsoft files, editing
address@hidden Windows files, editing
+
+As of Emacs 20, detection and handling of MS-DOS (and Windows) files is
+performed transparently. You can open MS-DOS files on a Unix system,
+edit it, and save it without having to worry about the file format.
+
+When editing an MS-DOS style file, the mode line will indicate that it
+is a DOS file. On Unix and GNU/Linux systems, and also on a Macintosh,
+the string @samp{(DOS)} will appear near the left edge of the mode line;
+on DOS and Windows, where the DOS end-of-line (EOL) format is the
+default, a backslash (@samp{\}) will appear in the mode line.
+
+If you are running a version of Emacs before 20.1, get @code{crypt++}
+(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). Among other things,
address@hidden transparently modifies MS-DOS files as they are loaded
+and saved, allowing you to ignore the different conventions that Unix
+and MS-DOS have for delineating the end of a line.
+
address@hidden Filling paragraphs with a single space, Escape sequences in
shell output, Editing MS-DOS files, Common requests
address@hidden How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space
after each period?
address@hidden One space following periods
address@hidden Single space following periods
address@hidden Periods, one space following
+
+Add the following line to your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(setq sentence-end-double-space nil)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Escape sequences in shell output, Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows,
Filling paragraphs with a single space, Common requests
address@hidden Why these strange escape sequences from @code{ls} from the Shell
mode?
address@hidden Escape sequences in @code{ls} output
address@hidden @code{ls} in Shell mode
+
+This happens because @code{ls} is aliased to @samp{ls --color} in your
+shell init file. You have two alternatives to solve this:
+
address@hidden @bullet
address@hidden
+Make the alias conditioned on the @code{EMACS} variable in the
+environment. When Emacs runs a subsidiary shell, it exports the
address@hidden variable to that shell, with value equal to the absolute
+file name of Emacs. You can
+unalias @code{ls} when that happens, thus limiting the alias to your
+interactive sessions.
+
address@hidden
+Install the @code{ansi-color} package (bundled with Emacs 21.1 and
+later), which converts these ANSI escape sequences into colors.
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows, , Escape sequences in shell
output, Common requests
address@hidden How can I start Emacs in fullscreen mode on MS-Windows?
address@hidden Maximize frame
address@hidden Fullscreen mode
+
+Use the function @code{w32-send-sys-command}. For example, you can
+put the following in your @file{.emacs} file:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'term-setup-hook
+ #'(lambda () (w32-send-sys-command ?\xF030)))
address@hidden lisp
+
+To avoid the slightly distracting visual effect of Emacs starting with
+its default frame size and then growing to fullscreen, you can add an
address@hidden entry to the Windows registry settings (see
address@hidden(emacs)X Resources}).
+
+To compute the correct values for width and height, first maximize the
+Emacs frame and then evaluate @code{(frame-height)} and
address@hidden(frame-width)} with @kbd{M-:}.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Bugs and problems, Compiling and installing Emacs, Common
requests, Top
address@hidden Bugs and problems
address@hidden Bugs and problems
+
+The Emacs manual lists some common kinds of trouble users could get
+into, see @ref{Lossage, , Dealing with Emacs Trouble, emacs, The GNU
+Emacs Manual}, so you might look there if the problem you encounter
+isn't described in this chapter. If you decide you've discovered a bug,
+see @ref{Bugs, , Reporting Bugs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for
+instructions how to do that.
+
+The file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} in the Emacs distribution lists various
+known problems with building and using Emacs on specific platforms;
+type @kbd{C-h C-e} to read it.
+
address@hidden
+* Problems with very large files::
+* ^M in the shell buffer::
+* Shell process exits abnormally::
+* Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows::
+* Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs::
+* Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode::
+* Problems talking to certain hosts::
+* Errors with init files::
+* Emacs ignores X resources::
+* Emacs ignores frame parameters::
+* Emacs takes a long time to visit files::
+* Editing files with $ in the name::
+* Shell mode loses the current directory::
+* Security risks with Emacs::
+* Dired claims that no file is on this line::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Problems with very large files, ^M in the shell buffer, Bugs and
problems, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
address@hidden Very large files, opening
address@hidden Large files, opening
address@hidden Opening very large files
address@hidden Maximum file size
address@hidden Files, maximum size
+
+Old versions (i.e., anything before 19.29) of Emacs had problems editing
+files larger than 8 megabytes. In versions 19.29 and later, the maximum
+buffer size is at least 2^27-1, or 134,217,727 bytes, or 132 MBytes.
+And in Emacs 22, the maximum buffer size has been increased to
+268,435,455 bytes (or 256 MBytes) on 32-bit machines.
+
address@hidden ^M in the shell buffer, Shell process exits abnormally, Problems
with very large files, Bugs and problems
address@hidden How do I get rid of @samp{^M} or echoed commands in my shell
buffer?
address@hidden Shell buffer, echoed commands and @samp{^M} in
address@hidden Echoed commands in @code{shell-mode}
+
+Try typing @kbd{M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m @key{RET}} while in @code{shell-mode} to
+make them go away. If that doesn't work, you have several options:
+
+For @code{tcsh}, put this in your @file{.cshrc} (or @file{.tcshrc})
+file:
+
address@hidden
+if ($?EMACS) then
+ if ("$EMACS" =~ /*) then
+ if ($?tcsh) unset edit
+ stty nl
+ endif
+endif
address@hidden example
+
+Or put this in your @file{.emacs_tcsh} or @file{~/.emacs.d/init_tcsh.sh} file:
+
address@hidden
+unset edit
+stty nl
address@hidden example
+
+Alternatively, use @code{csh} in your shell buffers instead of
address@hidden One way is:
+
address@hidden
+(setq explicit-shell-file-name "/bin/csh")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+and another is to do this in your @file{.cshrc} (or @file{.tcshrc})
+file:
+
address@hidden
+setenv ESHELL /bin/csh
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+(You must start Emacs over again with the environment variable properly
+set for this to take effect.)
+
+You can also set the @code{ESHELL} environment variable in Emacs Lisp
+with the following Lisp form,
+
address@hidden
+(setenv "ESHELL" "/bin/csh")
address@hidden lisp
+
+The above solutions try to prevent the shell from producing the
address@hidden characters in the first place. If this is not possible
+(e.g., if you use a Windows shell), you can get Emacs to remove these
+characters from the buffer by adding this to your @file{.emacs} init
+file:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 'shell-strip-ctrl-m)
address@hidden smalllisp
+
+On a related note: if your shell is echoing your input line in the shell
+buffer, you might want to customize the @code{comint-process-echoes}
+variable in your shell buffers, or try the following command in your
+shell start-up file:
+
address@hidden
+stty -icrnl -onlcr -echo susp ^Z
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Shell process exits abnormally, Problems with Shell Mode on
MS-Windows, ^M in the shell buffer, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why do I get ``Process shell exited abnormally with code 1''?
address@hidden Abnormal exits from @code{shell-mode}
address@hidden @code{shell-mode} exits
address@hidden Process shell exited
+
+The most likely reason for this message is that the @samp{env} program
+is not properly installed. Compile this program for your architecture,
+and install it with @samp{a+x} permission in the architecture-dependent
+Emacs program directory. (You can find what this directory is at your
+site by inspecting the value of the variable @code{exec-directory} by
+typing @kbd{C-h v exec-directory @key{RET}}.)
+
+You should also check for other programs named @samp{env} in your path
+(e.g., SunOS has a program named @file{/usr/bin/env}). We don't
+understand why this can cause a failure and don't know a general
+solution for working around the problem in this case.
+
+The @samp{make clean} command will remove @samp{env} and other vital
+programs, so be careful when using it.
+
+It has been reported that this sometimes happened when Emacs was started
+as an X client from an xterm window (i.e., had a controlling tty) but the
+xterm was later terminated.
+
+See also @samp{PROBLEMS} (in the @file{etc} subdirectory of the
+top-level directory when you unpack the Emacs source) for other
+possible causes of this message.
+
address@hidden Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows, Termcap/Terminfo entries
for Emacs, Shell process exits abnormally, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why do I get an error message when I try to run @kbd{M-x shell}?
+
address@hidden Shell Mode, and MS-Windows
address@hidden @code{explicit-shell-file-name}
+On MS-Windows, this might happen because Emacs tries to look for the
+shell in a wrong place. The default file name @file{/bin/sh} is
+usually incorrect for non-Unix systems. If you know where your shell
+executable is, set the variable @code{explicit-shell-file-name} in
+your @file{.emacs} file to point to its full file name, like this:
+
address@hidden
+(setq explicit-shell-file-name "d:/shells/bash.exe")
address@hidden lisp
+
+If you don't know what shell does Emacs use, try the @kbd{M-!}
+command; if that works, put the following line into your
address@hidden:
+
address@hidden
+(setq explicit-shell-file-name shell-file-name)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Antivirus programs, and Shell Mode
+Some people have trouble with Shell Mode because of intrusive
+antivirus software; disabling the resident antivirus program solves
+the problems in those cases.
+
address@hidden Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs, Spontaneous entry into
isearch-mode, Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type
@samp{emacs}?
address@hidden Termcap
address@hidden Terminfo
address@hidden Emacs entries for termcap/terminfo
+
+The termcap entry for terminal type @samp{emacs} is ordinarily put in
+the @samp{TERMCAP} environment variable of subshells. It may help in
+certain situations (e.g., using rlogin from shell buffer) to add an
+entry for @samp{emacs} to the system-wide termcap file. Here is a
+correct termcap entry for @samp{emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+emacs:tc=unknown:
address@hidden example
+
+To make a terminfo entry for @samp{emacs}, use @code{tic} or
address@hidden You need to generate
address@hidden/usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs}. It may work to simply copy
address@hidden/usr/lib/terminfo/d/dumb} to @file{/usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs}.
+
+Having a termcap/terminfo entry will not enable the use of full screen
+programs in shell buffers. Use @kbd{M-x terminal-emulator} for that
+instead.
+
+A workaround to the problem of missing termcap/terminfo entries is to
+change terminal type @samp{emacs} to type @samp{dumb} or @samp{unknown}
+in your shell start up file. @code{csh} users could put this in their
address@hidden files:
+
address@hidden
+if ("$term" == emacs) set term=dumb
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode, Problems talking to certain
hosts, Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying @samp{I-search:}
and beeping?
address@hidden Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode
address@hidden isearch-mode, spontaneous entry into
address@hidden Beeping without obvious reason
+
+Your terminal (or something between your terminal and the computer) is
+sending @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control, and Emacs is receiving
+these characters and interpreting them as commands. (The @kbd{C-s}
+character normally invokes the @code{isearch-forward} command.) For
+possible solutions, see @ref{Handling C-s and C-q with flow control}.
+
address@hidden Problems talking to certain hosts, Errors with init files,
Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
address@hidden Hosts, Emacs cannot talk to
address@hidden @code{gethostbyname}, problematic version
+
+The problem may be that Emacs is linked with a wimpier version of
address@hidden than the rest of the programs on the machine. This
+is often manifested as a message on startup of ``X server not responding.
+Check your @samp{DISPLAY} environment variable.'' or a message of
+``Unknown host'' from @code{open-network-stream}.
+
+On a Sun, this may be because Emacs had to be linked with the static C
+library. The version of @code{gethostbyname} in the static C library
+may only look in @file{/etc/hosts} and the NIS (YP) maps, while the
+version in the dynamic C library may be smart enough to check DNS in
+addition to or instead of NIS. On a Motorola Delta running System V
+R3.6, the version of @code{gethostbyname} in the standard library works,
+but the one that works with NIS doesn't (the one you get with -linet).
+Other operating systems have similar problems.
+
+Try these options:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Explicitly add the host you want to communicate with to @file{/etc/hosts}.
+
address@hidden
+Relink Emacs with this line in @file{src/config.h}:
+
address@hidden
+#define LIBS_SYSTEM -lresolv
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Replace @code{gethostbyname} and friends in @file{libc.a} with more
+useful versions such as the ones in @file{libresolv.a}. Then relink
+Emacs.
+
address@hidden
+If you are actually running NIS, make sure that @code{ypbind} is
+properly told to do DNS lookups with the correct command line switch.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Errors with init files, Emacs ignores X resources, Problems
talking to certain hosts, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why does Emacs say @samp{Error in init file}?
address@hidden Error in @file{.emacs}
address@hidden Error in init file
address@hidden Init file, errors in
address@hidden @file{.emacs} file, errors in
address@hidden Debugging @file{.emacs} file
+
+An error occurred while loading either your @file{.emacs} file or the
+system-wide file @file{lisp/default.el}. Emacs 21.1 and later pops the
address@hidden buffer, and puts there some additional information
+about the error, to provide some hints for debugging.
+
+For information on how to debug your @file{.emacs} file, see
address@hidden a customization file}.
+
+It may be the case that you need to load some package first, or use a
+hook that will be evaluated after the package is loaded. A common case
+of this is explained in @ref{Terminal setup code works after Emacs has
+begun}.
+
address@hidden Emacs ignores X resources, Emacs ignores frame parameters,
Errors with init files, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
address@hidden X resources being ignored
address@hidden Ignored X resources
address@hidden @file{.Xdefaults}
+
+As of version 19, Emacs searches for X resources in the files specified
+by the following environment variables:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden @code{XFILESEARCHPATH}
address@hidden @code{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH}
address@hidden @code{XAPPLRESDIR}
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+This emulates the functionality provided by programs written using the
+Xt toolkit.
+
address@hidden and @code{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH} should be a list
+of file names separated by colons. @code{XAPPLRESDIR} should be a list
+of directory names separated by colons.
+
+Emacs searches for X resources:
+
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+specified on the command line, with the @samp{-xrm RESOURCESTRING} option,
+
address@hidden
+then in the value of the @samp{XENVIRONMENT} environment variable,
+
address@hidden @minus
+
address@hidden
+or if that is unset, in the file named
address@hidden/address@hidden if it exists (where @var{hostname} is
+the name of the machine Emacs is running on),
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden
+then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties provided
+by the server,
+
address@hidden @minus
+
address@hidden
+or if those properties are unset, in the file named @file{~/.Xdefaults}
+if it exists,
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden
+then in the files listed in @samp{XUSERFILESEARCHPATH},
+
address@hidden @minus
+
address@hidden
+or in files named @address@hidden/Emacs} in directories listed in
address@hidden (where @var{lang} is the value of the @code{LANG}
+environment variable), if the @samp{LANG} environment variable is set,
address@hidden
+or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in @samp{XAPPLRESDIR}
address@hidden
+or in @file{~/@var{lang}/Emacs} (if the @code{LANG} environment variable
+is set),
address@hidden
+or in @file{~/Emacs},
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden
+then in the files listed in @code{XFILESEARCHPATH}.
+
address@hidden enumerate
+
address@hidden Emacs ignores frame parameters, Emacs takes a long time to visit
files, Emacs ignores X resources, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why don't my customizations of the frame parameters work?
address@hidden Frame parameters
+
+This probably happens because you have set the frame parameters in the
+variable @code{initial-frame-alist}. That variable holds parameters
+used only for the first frame created when Emacs starts. To customize
+the parameters of all frames, change the variable
address@hidden instead.
+
+These two variables exist because many users customize the initial frame
+in a special way. For example, you could determine the position and
+size of the initial frame, but would like to control the geometry of the
+other frames by individually positioning each one of them.
+
+
address@hidden Emacs takes a long time to visit files, Editing files with $ in
the name, Emacs ignores frame parameters, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
address@hidden Visiting files takes a long time
address@hidden Delay when visiting files
address@hidden Files, take a long time to visit
+
+Old versions of Emacs (i.e., versions before Emacs 20.x) often
+encountered this when the master lock file, @file{!!!SuperLock!!!}, has
+been left in the lock directory somehow. Delete it.
+
address@hidden@@geom.umn.edu, Mark Meuer} says that NeXT NFS has a bug
+where an exclusive create succeeds but returns an error status. This
+can cause the same problem. Since Emacs's file locking doesn't work
+over NFS anyway, the best solution is to recompile Emacs with
address@hidden undefined.
+
address@hidden Editing files with $ in the name, Shell mode loses the current
directory, Emacs takes a long time to visit files, Bugs and problems
address@hidden How do I edit a file with a @samp{$} in its name?
address@hidden Editing files with @samp{$} in the name
address@hidden @samp{$} in file names
address@hidden File names containing @samp{$}, editing
+
+When entering a file name in the minibuffer, Emacs will attempt to expand
+a @samp{$} followed by a word as an environment variable. To suppress
+this behavior, type @kbd{$$} instead.
+
address@hidden Shell mode loses the current directory, Security risks with
Emacs, Editing files with $ in the name, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
address@hidden Current directory and @code{shell-mode}
address@hidden @code{shell-mode} and current directory
address@hidden Directory, current in @code{shell-mode}
+
+Emacs has no way of knowing when the shell actually changes its
+directory. This is an intrinsic limitation of Unix. So it tries to
+guess by recognizing @samp{cd} commands. If you type @kbd{cd} followed
+by a directory name with a variable reference (@kbd{cd $HOME/bin}) or
+with a shell metacharacter (@kbd{cd ../lib*}), Emacs will fail to
+correctly guess the shell's new current directory. A huge variety of
+fixes and enhancements to shell mode for this problem have been written
+to handle this problem (@pxref{Finding a package with particular
+functionality}).
+
+You can tell Emacs the shell's current directory with the command
address@hidden dirs}.
+
address@hidden Security risks with Emacs, Dired claims that no file is on this
line, Shell mode loses the current directory, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Are there any security risks in Emacs?
address@hidden Security with Emacs
address@hidden @samp{movemail} and security
address@hidden @code{file-local-variable} and security
address@hidden Synthetic X events and security
address@hidden X events and security
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+The @file{movemail} incident. (No, this is not a risk.)
+
+In his book @cite{The Cuckoo's Egg}, Cliff Stoll describes this in
+chapter 4. The site at LBL had installed the @file{/etc/movemail}
+program setuid root. (As of version 19, @file{movemail} is in your
+architecture-specific directory; type @kbd{C-h v exec-directory
address@hidden to see what it is.) Since @code{movemail} had not been
+designed for this situation, a security hole was created and users could
+get root privileges.
+
address@hidden has since been changed so that this security hole will
+not exist, even if it is installed setuid root. However,
address@hidden no longer needs to be installed setuid root, which
+should eliminate this particular risk.
+
+We have heard unverified reports that the 1988 Internet worm took
+advantage of this configuration problem.
+
address@hidden
+The @code{file-local-variable} feature. (Yes, a risk, but easy to
+change.)
+
+There is an Emacs feature that allows the setting of local values for
+variables when editing a file by including specially formatted text near
+the end of the file. This feature also includes the ability to have
+arbitrary Emacs Lisp code evaluated when the file is visited.
+Obviously, there is a potential for Trojan horses to exploit this
+feature.
+
+As of Emacs 22, Emacs has a list of local variables that are known to
+be safe to set. If a file tries to set any variable outside this
+list, it asks the user to confirm whether the variables should be set.
+You can also tell Emacs whether to allow the evaluation of Emacs Lisp
+code found at the bottom of files by setting the variable
address@hidden
+
+For more information, @inforef{File Variables, File Variables, emacs}.
+
address@hidden
+Synthetic X events. (Yes, a risk; use @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1} or
+better.)
+
+Emacs accepts synthetic X events generated by the @code{SendEvent}
+request as though they were regular events. As a result, if you are
+using the trivial host-based authentication, other users who can open X
+connections to your X workstation can make your Emacs process do
+anything, including run other processes with your privileges.
+
+The only fix for this is to prevent other users from being able to open
+X connections. The standard way to prevent this is to use a real
+authentication mechanism, such as @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1}. If using
+the @code{xauth} program has any effect, then you are probably using
address@hidden Your site may be using a superior
+authentication method; ask your system administrator.
+
+If real authentication is not a possibility, you may be satisfied by
+just allowing hosts access for brief intervals while you start your X
+programs, then removing the access. This reduces the risk somewhat by
+narrowing the time window when hostile users would have access, but
address@hidden not eliminate the risk}.
+
+On most computers running Unix and X, you enable and disable
+access using the @code{xhost} command. To allow all hosts access to
+your X server, use
+
address@hidden
+xhost +
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+at the shell prompt, which (on an HP machine, at least) produces the
+following message:
+
address@hidden
+access control disabled, clients can connect from any host
address@hidden example
+
+To deny all hosts access to your X server (except those explicitly
+allowed by name), use
+
address@hidden
+xhost -
address@hidden example
+
+On the test HP computer, this command generated the following message:
+
address@hidden
+access control enabled, only authorized clients can connect
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Dired claims that no file is on this line, , Security risks
with Emacs, Bugs and problems
address@hidden Dired says, @samp{no file on this line} when I try to do
something.
address@hidden Dired does not see a file
+
address@hidden FIXME: I think this is fixed in Emacs 21, but I didn't have time
to
address@hidden check.
+Chances are you're using a localized version of Unix that doesn't use US
+date format in dired listings. You can check this by looking at dired
+listings or by typing @kbd{ls -l} to a shell and looking at the dates that
+come out.
+
+Dired uses a regular expression to find the beginning of a file name.
+In a long Unix-style directory listing (@samp{ls -l}), the file name
+starts after the date. The regexp has thus been written to look for the
+date, the format of which can vary on non-US systems.
+
+There are two approaches to solving this. The first one involves
+setting things up so that @samp{ls -l} outputs US date format. This can
+be done by setting the locale. See your OS manual for more information.
+
+The second approach involves changing the regular expression used by
+dired, @code{directory-listing-before-filename-regexp}.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Compiling and installing Emacs, Finding Emacs and related
packages, Bugs and problems, Top
address@hidden Compiling and installing Emacs
address@hidden Compiling and installing Emacs
+
address@hidden
+* Installing Emacs::
+* Updating Emacs::
+* Problems building Emacs::
+* Linking with -lX11 fails::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Installing Emacs, Updating Emacs, Compiling and installing
Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
address@hidden How do I install Emacs?
address@hidden Installing Emacs
address@hidden Unix systems, installing Emacs on
address@hidden Downloading and installing Emacs
address@hidden Retrieving and installing Emacs
address@hidden Building Emacs from source
address@hidden Source code, building Emacs from
address@hidden Unpacking and installing Emacs
+
+This answer is meant for users of Unix and Unix-like systems. Users of
+other operating systems should see the series of questions beginning
+with @ref{Emacs for MS-DOS}, which describe where to get non-Unix source
+and binaries, and how to install Emacs on those systems.
+
+For Unix and Unix-like systems, the easiest way is often to compile it
+from scratch. You will need:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Emacs sources. @xref{Current GNU distributions}, for a list of ftp sites
+that make them available. On @file{ftp.gnu.org}, the main GNU
+distribution site, sources are available as
+
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/address@hidden
+
+The above will obviously change as new versions of Emacs come out. For
+instance, when Emacs 22.42 is released, it will most probably be
+available as
+
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-22.42.tar.gz}
+
+Again, you should use one of the GNU mirror sites (see @ref{Current GNU
+distributions}, and adjust the URL accordingly) so as to reduce load on
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
address@hidden, the GNU compression utility. You can get @code{gzip} via
+anonymous ftp at mirrors of @file{ftp.gnu.org} sites; it should compile
+and install without much trouble on most systems. Once you have
+retrieved the Emacs sources, you will probably be able to uncompress
+them with the command
+
address@hidden
+gunzip --verbose address@hidden
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+changing the Emacs version (@value{VER}), as necessary. Once
address@hidden has finished doing its job, a file by the name of
address@hidden@value{VER}.tar} should be in your build directory.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden, the @dfn{tape archiving} program, which moves multiple files
+into and out of archive files, or @dfn{tarfiles}. All of the files
+comprising the Emacs source come in a single tarfile, and must be
+extracted using @code{tar} before you can build Emacs. Typically, the
+extraction command would look like
+
address@hidden
+tar -xvvf address@hidden
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+The @samp{x} indicates that we want to extract files from this tarfile,
+the two @samp{v}s force verbose output, and the @samp{f} tells
address@hidden to use a disk file, rather than one on the tape drive.
+
+If you're using GNU @code{tar} (available at mirrors of
address@hidden), you can combine this step and the previous one by
+using the command
+
address@hidden
+tar -zxvvf address@hidden
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+The additional @samp{z} at the beginning of the options list tells GNU
address@hidden to uncompress the file with @code{gunzip} before extracting
+the tarfile's components.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+At this point, the Emacs sources (all 70+ megabytes of them) should be
+sitting in a directory called @address@hidden On most common
+Unix and Unix-like systems, you should be able to compile Emacs (with X
+Window system support) with the following commands:
+
address@hidden
+cd address@hidden # change directory to address@hidden
+./configure # configure Emacs for your particular system
+make # use Makefile to build components, then Emacs
address@hidden example
+
+If the @code{make} completes successfully, the odds are fairly good that
+the build has gone well. (@xref{Problems building Emacs}, if you weren't
+successful.)
+
+By default, Emacs is installed in the following directories:
+
address@hidden @file
address@hidden /usr/local/bin
+binaries.
+
address@hidden /usr/local/share/emacs/@value{VER}
+Lisp code and support files.
+
address@hidden /usr/local/info
+Info documentation.
address@hidden table
+
+To install files in those default directories, become the superuser and
+type
+
address@hidden
+make install
address@hidden example
+
+Note that @samp{make install} will overwrite @file{/usr/local/bin/emacs}
+and any Emacs Info files that might be in @file{/usr/local/info}.
+
+Much more verbose instructions (with many more hints and suggestions)
+come with the Emacs sources, in the file @file{INSTALL}.
+
address@hidden Updating Emacs, Problems building Emacs, Installing Emacs,
Compiling and installing Emacs
address@hidden How do I update Emacs to the latest version?
address@hidden Updating Emacs
+
address@hidden Emacs}, and follow the instructions there for
+installation.
+
+Most files are placed in version-specific directories. Emacs
address@hidden, for instance, places files in
address@hidden/usr/local/share/emacs/@value{VER}}.
+
+Upgrading should overwrite only, @file{/usr/local/bin/emacs} (the Emacs
+binary) and documentation in @file{/usr/local/info}. Back up these
+files before you upgrade, and you shouldn't have too much trouble.
+
address@hidden Problems building Emacs, Linking with -lX11 fails, Updating
Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
address@hidden What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
address@hidden Problems building Emacs
address@hidden Errors when building Emacs
+
+First look in the file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} (where you unpack the Emacs
+source) to see if there is already a solution for your problem. Next,
+look for other questions in this FAQ that have to do with Emacs
+installation and compilation problems.
+
+If you'd like to have someone look at your problem and help solve it,
+see @ref{Help installing Emacs}.
+
+If you cannot find a solution in the documentation, send a message to
address@hidden@@gnu.org}.
+
+Please don't post it to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} or send e-mail to
address@hidden@@gnu.org}. For further guidelines, see
address@hidden for newsgroup postings} and @ref{Reporting bugs}.
+
address@hidden Linking with -lX11 fails, , Problems building Emacs, Compiling
and installing Emacs
address@hidden Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
address@hidden Linking with -lX11 fails
address@hidden lX11, linking fails with
+
+Emacs needs to be linked with the static version of the X11 library,
address@hidden This may be missing.
+
+On OpenWindows, you may need to use @code{add_services} to add the
+``OpenWindows Programmers'' optional software category from the CD-ROM.
+
+On HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run @code{update} again to load the
+X11-PRG ``fileset.'' This may be missing even if you specified ``all
+filesets'' the first time. If @file{libcurses.a} is missing, you may
+need to load the ``Berkeley Development Option.''
+
address@hidden@@armadillo.com, David Zuhn} says that MIT X builds shared
+libraries by default, and only shared libraries, on those platforms that
+support them. These shared libraries can't be used when undumping
address@hidden (the last stage of the Emacs build process). To get
+regular libraries in addition to shared libraries, add this to
address@hidden:
+
address@hidden
+#define ForceNormalLib YES
address@hidden example
+
+Other systems may have similar problems. You can always define
address@hidden and link with the shared libraries instead.
+
address@hidden X Menus don't work
+To get the Xmenu stuff to work, you need to find a copy of MIT's
address@hidden
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Finding Emacs and related packages, Major packages and programs,
Compiling and installing Emacs, Top
address@hidden Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Finding Emacs and related packages
+
address@hidden
+* Finding Emacs on the Internet::
+* Finding a package with particular functionality::
+* Packages that do not come with Emacs::
+* Current GNU distributions::
+* Difference between Emacs and XEmacs::
+* Emacs for MS-DOS::
+* Emacs for Windows::
+* Emacs for OS/2::
+* Emacs for Atari ST::
+* Emacs for the Amiga ::
+* Emacs for NeXTSTEP::
+* Emacs for Apple computers::
+* Emacs for VMS and DECwindows::
+* Modes for various languages::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Finding Emacs on the Internet, Finding a package with particular
functionality, Finding Emacs and related packages, Finding Emacs and related
packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
address@hidden Finding Emacs on the Internet
address@hidden Snail mail, ordering Emacs via
address@hidden Postal service, ordering Emacs via
address@hidden Distribution, retrieving Emacs
address@hidden Internet, retrieving from
+
+Look in the files @file{etc/DISTRIB} and @file{etc/FTP} for
+information on nearby archive sites. If you don't already have Emacs,
+see @ref{Informational files for Emacs}, for how to get these files.
+
address@hidden Emacs}, for information on how to obtain and build the latest
+version of Emacs, and see @ref{Current GNU distributions}, for a list of
+archive sites that make GNU software available.
+
address@hidden Finding a package with particular functionality, Packages that
do not come with Emacs, Finding Emacs on the Internet, Finding Emacs and
related packages
address@hidden How do I find a Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
address@hidden Package, finding
address@hidden Finding an Emacs Lisp package
address@hidden Functionality, finding a particular package
+
+First of all, you should check to make sure that the package isn't
+already available. For example, typing @kbd{M-x apropos @key{RET}
+wordstar @key{RET}} lists all functions and variables containing the
+string @samp{wordstar}.
+
+It is also possible that the package is on your system, but has not been
+loaded. To see which packages are available for loading, look through
+your computer's lisp directory (@pxref{File-name conventions}). The Lisp
+source to most packages contains a short description of how they
+should be loaded, invoked, and configured---so before you use or
+modify a Lisp package, see if the author has provided any hints in the
+source code.
+
+The command @kbd{C-h p} (@code{finder-by-keyword}) allows you to browse
+the constituent Emacs packages.
+
+For advice on how to find extra packages that are not part of Emacs,
+see @ref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}.
+
address@hidden Packages that do not come with Emacs, Current GNU distributions,
Finding a package with particular functionality, Finding Emacs and related
packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
address@hidden Unbundled packages
address@hidden Finding other packages
address@hidden Lisp packages that do not come with Emacs
address@hidden Packages, those that do not come with Emacs
address@hidden Emacs Lisp List
address@hidden Emacs Lisp Archive
+
address@hidden://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/~stephen/emacs/ell.html, The Emacs Lisp
+List (ELL)}, maintained by @email{stephen@@anc.ed.ac.uk, Stephen Eglen},
+aims to provide one compact list with links to all of the current Emacs
+Lisp files on the Internet. The ELL can be browsed over the web, or
+from Emacs with @uref{http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/~stephen/emacs/ell.el,
+the @file{ell} package}.
+
+Many authors post their packages to the @uref{news:gnu.emacs.sources,
+Emacs sources newsgroup}. You can search the archives of this
+group with @uref{http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.emacs.sources, Google},
+or @uref{http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.emacs.sources, Gmane}, for example.
+
+Several packages are stored in
address@hidden://emacswiki.org/elisp/, the Lisp area of the Emacs Wiki}.
+
+For a long time, the Emacs Lisp Archive provided a central repository
+for Emacs packages. Sadly, it has not been active for some time,
+although you can still access the old files at
+
address@hidden://www.club.cc.cmu.edu/pub/gnu/elisp-archive/}
+
+Read the file @file{etc/MORE.STUFF} for more information about
+external packages.
+
address@hidden Current GNU distributions, Difference between Emacs and XEmacs,
Packages that do not come with Emacs, Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
address@hidden Current GNU distributions
address@hidden Sources for current GNU distributions
address@hidden Stuff, current GNU
address@hidden Up-to-date GNU stuff
address@hidden Finding current GNU software
address@hidden Official GNU software sites
+
+The most up-to-date official GNU software is normally kept at
+
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu}
+
+Read the files @file{etc/DISTRIB} and @file{etc/FTP} for more
+information.
+
+A list of sites mirroring @samp{ftp.gnu.org} can be found at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html}
+
address@hidden Difference between Emacs and XEmacs, Emacs for MS-DOS, Current
GNU distributions, Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly Lucid
Emacs)?
address@hidden XEmacs
address@hidden Difference Emacs and XEmacs
address@hidden Lucid Emacs
address@hidden Epoch
+
+XEmacs is a branch version of Emacs. It was first called Lucid Emacs,
+and was initially derived from a prerelease version of Emacs 19. In
+this FAQ, we use the name ``Emacs'' only for the official version.
+
+Emacs and XEmacs each come with Lisp packages that are lacking in the
+other. The two versions have some significant differences at the Lisp
+programming level. Their current features are roughly comparable,
+though the support for some operating systems, character sets and
+specific packages might be quite different.
+
+Some XEmacs code has been contributed to Emacs, and we would like to
+use other parts, but the earlier XEmacs maintainers did not always
+keep track of the authors of contributed code, which makes it
+impossible for the FSF to get copyright papers signed for that code.
+(The FSF requires these papers for all the code included in the Emacs
+release, aside from generic C support packages that retain their
+separate identity and are not integrated into the code of Emacs
+proper.)
+
+If you want to talk about these two versions and distinguish them,
+please call them ``Emacs'' and ``XEmacs.'' To contrast ``XEmacs''
+with ``GNU Emacs'' would be misleading, since XEmacs too has its
+origin in the work of the GNU Project. Terms such as ``Emacsen'' and
+``(X)Emacs'' are not wrong, but they are not very clear, so it
+is better to write ``Emacs and XEmacs.''
+
address@hidden Emacs for MS-DOS, Emacs for Windows, Difference between Emacs
and XEmacs, Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
address@hidden MS-DOS, Emacs for
address@hidden DOS, Emacs for
address@hidden Compiling Emacs for DOS
address@hidden Emacs for MS-DOS
address@hidden Tools needed to compile Emacs under DOS
+
+A pre-built binary distribution of Emacs is available from the
+SimTel.NET archives. This version apparently works under MS-DOS and
+Windows (3.X, 9X, ME, NT, and 2000) and supports long file names under
+Windows 9X, Windows ME, and Windows 2000. More information is available
+from
+
address@hidden://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/emacs.README}
+
+The binary itself is available in the files @file{em*.zip} in the
+directory
+
address@hidden://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/}
+
+If you prefer to compile Emacs for yourself, you can do so with the
+current distribution directly. You will need a 386 (or
+better) processor, and to be running MS-DOS 3.0 or later. According to
address@hidden@@gnu.org, Eli Zaretskii} and
address@hidden@@dms.auburn.edu, Darrel Hankerson}, you will need the
+following:
+
address@hidden @emph
+
address@hidden Compiler
+DJGPP version 1.12 maint 1 or later. Djgpp 2.0 or later is
+recommended, since 1.x is very old an unmaintained. Djgpp 2 supports
+long file names on Windows 9X/ME/2K.
+
+You can get the latest release of DJGPP by retrieving all of
+the files in
+
address@hidden://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2*}
+
address@hidden Unpacking program
+The easiest way is to use @code{djtar} which comes with DJGPP v2.x,
+because it can open gzip'ed tarfiles (i.e., those ending with
address@hidden) in one step. @code{Djtar} comes in
address@hidden@var{nnn}.zip} archive (where @var{nnn} is the DJGPP version
+number), from the URL mentioned above.
+
address@hidden Do @strong{not} use the popular WinZip program to
+unpack the Emacs distribution! WinZip is known to corrupt some of the
+files by converting them to the DOS CR-LF format, it doesn't always
+preserve the directory structure recorded in the compressed Emacs
+archive, and commits other atrocities. Some of these problems could
+actually prevent Emacs from building successfully!
+
address@hidden make, mv, sed, and rm
+All of these utilities are available at
+
address@hidden://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu}
+
+16-bit utilities can be found in GNUish, at
+
address@hidden://www.simtel.net/pub/gnuish/}
+
address@hidden
+(@code{mv} and @code{rm} are in the Fileutils package, @code{sed} and
address@hidden are each one in a separate package named after them.)
+
address@hidden table
+
+The files @file{INSTALL} (near its end) and @file{etc/PROBLEMS} in the
+directory of the Emacs sources contains some additional information
+regarding Emacs under MS-DOS.
+
+For a list of other MS-DOS implementations of Emacs (and Emacs
+look-alikes), consult the list of ``Emacs implementations and literature,''
+available at
+
address@hidden://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/}
+
+Note that while many of these programs look similar to Emacs, they often
+lack certain features, such as the Emacs Lisp extension language.
+
address@hidden Emacs for Windows, Emacs for OS/2, Emacs for MS-DOS, Finding
Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for Microsoft Windows?
address@hidden FAQ for NT Emacs
address@hidden Emacs for MS-Windows
address@hidden Microsoft Windows, Emacs for
address@hidden Windows 9X, ME, NT, 2K, and CE, Emacs for
+
+For information on Emacs for Windows 95 and NT, read the FAQ produced by
address@hidden@@cs.washington.edu, Geoff Voelker} and currently maintained
+by @email{ramprasad@@gnu.org, Ramprasad B}, available at
+
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html}
+
address@hidden for MS-DOS}, for Windows 3.1.
+
+A port of Emacs 20.7 for Windows CE, based on NTEmacs, is available at
+
address@hidden://www.rainer-keuchel.de/software.html}
+
address@hidden
+This port was done by @email{coyxc@@rainer-keuchel.de, Rainer Keuchel},
+and supports all Emacs features except async subprocesses and menus.
+You will need MSVC 6.0 and a Windows CE SDK to build this port.
+
address@hidden Emacs for OS/2, Emacs for Atari ST, Emacs for Windows, Finding
Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
address@hidden OS/2, Emacs for
+
+Emacs 20.6 is ported for emx on OS/2 2.0 or 2.1, and is available at
+
address@hidden://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/apps/editors/emacs/}
+
address@hidden
+and also at
+
address@hidden://www.dotemacs.de/os2/emacs.html}
+
+Instructions for installation, basic setup, and other useful information
+for OS/2 users of Emacs can be found at
+
address@hidden://home.snafu.de/ohei/emacs/emacs206-os2.html}
+
address@hidden Emacs for Atari ST, Emacs for the Amiga , Emacs for OS/2,
Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
address@hidden Atari ST, Emacs for
address@hidden TOS, Emacs for
+
+Roland Sch@"auble reports that Emacs 18.58 running on plain TOS and MiNT
+is available at
address@hidden://atari.archive.umich.edu/Editors/Emacs-18-58/1858b-d3.zoo}.
+
address@hidden Emacs for the Amiga , Emacs for NeXTSTEP, Emacs for Atari ST,
Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
address@hidden Amiga, Emacs for
+
+The files you need are available at
+
address@hidden://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/}
+
address@hidden@@gamiga.guelphnet.dweomer.org, David Gilbert} has released a
+beta version of Emacs 19.25 for the Amiga. You can get the binary at
+
address@hidden://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/a2.0bEmacs-bin.lha}
+
address@hidden Emacs for NeXTSTEP, Emacs for Apple computers, Emacs for the
Amiga , Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for NeXTSTEP?
address@hidden NeXTSTEP, Emacs for
+
+Emacs.app is a NeXTSTEP version of Emacs 19.34 which supports colors,
+menus, and multiple frames. You can get it from
+
address@hidden://next-ftp.peak.org/pub/next-ftp/next/apps/emacs/Emacs_for_NeXTstep.4.20a1.NIHS.b.tar.gz}
+
address@hidden Emacs for Apple computers, Emacs for VMS and DECwindows, Emacs
for NeXTSTEP, Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
address@hidden Apple computers, Emacs for
address@hidden Macintosh, Emacs for
+
+Beginning with version 21.1, the Macintosh is supported in the official
+Emacs distribution; see the files @file{mac/README} and
address@hidden/INSTALL} in the Emacs distribution for build instructions.
+
+Beginning with version 22.1, Emacs supports Mac OS X natively.
+
address@hidden Emacs for VMS and DECwindows, Modes for various languages, Emacs
for Apple computers, Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
address@hidden DECwindows, Emacs for
address@hidden VMS, Emacs for
+
+Up-to-date information about GNU software (including Emacs) for VMS is
+available at @uref{http://www.lp.se/gnu-vms/}.
+
address@hidden Modes for various languages, , Emacs for VMS and DECwindows,
Finding Emacs and related packages
address@hidden Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, csh,
address@hidden, Objective-C, Pascal, Java, and Awk?
address@hidden Awk, mode for
address@hidden @code{awk-mode}
address@hidden Bison, mode for
address@hidden Bourne Shell, mode for
address@hidden address@hidden, mode for
address@hidden Java, mode for
address@hidden Lex mode
address@hidden Objective-C, mode for
address@hidden @code{pascal-mode}
address@hidden Shell mode
address@hidden Yacc mode
address@hidden @file{csh} mode
address@hidden @code{sh-mode}
address@hidden @code{cc-mode}
+
+Most of these modes are now available in standard Emacs distribution.
+To get additional modes, see @ref{Finding a package with particular
+functionality}.
+
+Barry Warsaw's @code{cc-mode} now works for C, address@hidden, Objective-C, and
+Java code. It is distributed with Emacs, but has
address@hidden://cc-mode.sourceforge.net/, its own homepage}.
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Major packages and programs, Key bindings, Finding Emacs and
related packages, Top
address@hidden Major packages and programs
address@hidden Major packages and programs
+
address@hidden
+* VM::
+* Supercite::
+* Calc::
+* VIPER::
+* AUCTeX::
+* BBDB::
+* Ispell::
+* Emacs/W3::
+* EDB::
+* Mailcrypt::
+* JDE::
+* Patch::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden VM, Supercite, Major packages and programs, Major packages and
programs
address@hidden VM (View Mail) --- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME
support
address@hidden VM
address@hidden Alternative mail software
address@hidden View Mail
address@hidden E-mail reader, VM
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@wonderworks.com, Kyle Jones}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+7.19
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://ftp.wonderworks.com/pub/vm/vm.tar.gz}
+
address@hidden Informational newsgroup
address@hidden:address@hidden
+
address@hidden Bug reports newsgroup
address@hidden:address@hidden
+Or send reports to @email{bug-vm@@wonderworks.com}
address@hidden table
+
+VM 7 works well with Emacs 21 and Emacs 22. Older versions of VM
+suitable for use with older versions of Emacs are available from
address@hidden://ftp.wonderworks.com/pub/vm/, the same FTP site}.
+
+
address@hidden Supercite, Calc, VM, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Supercite --- mail and news citation package within Emacs
address@hidden Supercite
address@hidden Superyank
address@hidden Mail and news citations
address@hidden News and mail citations
address@hidden Citations in mail and news
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@python.org, Barry Warsaw}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+3.54 (comes bundled with Emacs since version 20)
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://www.python.org/emacs/supercite.tar.gz}
+
address@hidden Mailing list
+Subscription requests to @email{supercite-request@@address@hidden
+Submissions @email{supercite@@python.org}
+
address@hidden table
+
+Superyank is an old version of Supercite.
+
address@hidden Calc, VIPER, Supercite, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Calc --- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
address@hidden Programmable calculator
address@hidden Calc
address@hidden Mathematical package
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@csvax.cs.caltech.edu, Dave Gillespie}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+2.1 (part of Emacs since version 22.1)
+
address@hidden Distribution
+No separate distribution outside of Emacs. Older versions
+are available at @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/calc/}.
+
address@hidden table
+
+Note that Calc 2.02f needs patching to work with Emacs 21 and later.
+
address@hidden @code{calculator}, a package
+Emacs 21.1 and later comes with a package called @file{calculator.el}.
+It doesn't support all the mathematical wizardry offered by Calc, such
+as matrices, special functions, and statistics, but is more than
+adequate as a replacement for @code{xcalc} and similar programs.
+
address@hidden VIPER, AUCTeX, Calc, Major packages and programs
address@hidden VIPER --- @code{vi} emulation for Emacs
address@hidden @code{vi} emulation
address@hidden VIPER
address@hidden Emulation of @code{vi}
+
+Since Emacs 19.29, the preferred @code{vi} emulation in Emacs is VIPER
+(@kbd{M-x viper-mode @key{RET}}), which comes with Emacs. It extends
+and supersedes VIP (including VIP 4.3) and provides @code{vi} emulation
+at several levels, from one that closely follows @code{vi} to one that
+departs from @code{vi} in several significant ways.
+
+For Emacs 19.28 and earlier, the following version of VIP is generally
+better than the one distributed with Emacs:
+
address@hidden @b
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@cs.uiuc.edu, Aamod Sane}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+4.3
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://www.club.cc.cmu.edu/pub/gnu/elisp-archive/modes/vip-mode.tar.Z}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden AUCTeX, BBDB, VIPER, Major packages and programs
address@hidden address@hidden --- enhanced @TeX{} modes with debugging
facilities
address@hidden Mode for @TeX{}
address@hidden @TeX{} mode
address@hidden address@hidden mode for editing @TeX{}
address@hidden Writing and debugging @TeX{}
+
address@hidden is a set of sophisticated major modes for @TeX{}, LaTeX,
+ConTeXt, and Texinfo offering context-sensitive syntax highlighting,
+indentation, formatting and folding, macro completion, @TeX{} shell
+functionality, and debugging. Be also sure to check out
address@hidden, RefTeX, Introduction, reftex, address@hidden User Manual}.
+Current versions of address@hidden include the
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/preview-latex,preview-latex}
+package for WYSIWYG previews of various LaTeX constructs in the Emacs
+source buffer.
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Authors
address@hidden@@iesd.auc.dk, Kresten Krab Thorup}, @*
address@hidden@@dina.kvl.dk, Per Abrahamsen}, @* and others.
+
address@hidden Maintainer
address@hidden@@gnu.org, David Kastrup}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+11.84
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/auctex/}
+
address@hidden Web site
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/}
+
address@hidden Mailing list:
+Subscription requests to @email{auctex-request@@address@hidden
+Submissions to @email{auctex@@gnu.org}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden BBDB, Ispell, AUCTeX, Major packages and programs
address@hidden BBDB --- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
address@hidden BBDB
address@hidden Rolodex-like functionality
address@hidden Integrated contact database
address@hidden Contact database
address@hidden Big Brother Database
address@hidden Address book
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Maintainer
address@hidden@@waider.ie, Ronan Waide}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+2.34
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://bbdb.sourceforge.net/}
+
address@hidden Mailing lists
+Subscription requests to @email{bbdb-info-request@@address@hidden
+Submissions to @email{bbdb-info@@address@hidden
+Release announcements: @email{bbdb-announce-request@@lists.sourceforge.net}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden Ispell, Emacs/W3, BBDB, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Ispell --- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
address@hidden Spell-checker
address@hidden Checking spelling
address@hidden Ispell
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@cs.hmc.edu, Geoff Kuenning}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+3.3.02
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/tars/address@hidden
+
address@hidden Web site
address@hidden://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html}
+
address@hidden table
+
+This Ispell program is distinct from GNU Ispell 4.0. GNU Ispell 4.0 is
+no longer a supported product.
+
address@hidden Emacs/W3, EDB, Ispell, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Emacs/W3 --- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
address@hidden WWW browser
address@hidden Web browser
address@hidden HTML browser in Emacs
address@hidden @code{w3-mode}
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@gnu.org, Bill Perry}
+
address@hidden Maintainer
+Emacs/W3 needs a maintainer. It has lain dormant for several years. If
+you would like to take over the project, please contact
address@hidden@@gnu.org}.
+
address@hidden Latest version
+4.0pre.47
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://savannah.gnu.org/projects/w3}
+
address@hidden Mailing lists
+Receive announcements from @email{w3-announce@@address@hidden
+Help to develop Emacs/W3 at @email{w3-dev@@gnu.org}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden EDB, Mailcrypt, Emacs/W3, Major packages and programs
address@hidden EDB --- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes
address@hidden EDB
address@hidden Database
address@hidden Forms mode
+
address@hidden @b
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@theory.lcs.mit.edu, Michael Ernst}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+1.21
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://theory.lcs.mit.edu/pub/emacs/edb}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden Mailcrypt, JDE, EDB, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Mailcrypt --- PGP interface within Emacs mail and news
address@hidden PGP
address@hidden GPG
address@hidden Interface to PGP from Emacs mail and news
address@hidden News, interface to PGP from
address@hidden Mail, interface to PGP from
address@hidden Encryption software, interface to
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Authors
address@hidden@@lcs.mit.edu, Patrick J. LoPresti} and
address@hidden@@atype.com, Jin S. Choi}
+
address@hidden Maintainer
address@hidden@@lothar.com, Brian Warner}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+3.5.8
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden://dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/mailcrypt/mailcrypt-3.5.8.tar.gz}
+
address@hidden Web site
address@hidden://mailcrypt.sourceforge.net/}
+
address@hidden table
+
+Note that a new package called PGG is bundled with Emacs starting with
+version 22.1. It is a modern interface to various PGP implementations,
+including @uref{http://www.gnupg.org/, The GNU Privacy Guard} and
+supports symmetric encryption.
+
address@hidden JDE, Patch, Mailcrypt, Major packages and programs
address@hidden JDE --- Integrated development environment for Java
address@hidden Java development environment
address@hidden Integrated Java development environment
address@hidden JDE
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@mathworks.com, Paul Kinnucan}
+
address@hidden Latest version
+2.3.5
+
address@hidden Web site
address@hidden://jdee.sunsite.dk/}
+
address@hidden Mailing lists
+Subscription requests to @email{jde-subscribe@@address@hidden
+Receive announcements from @email{jde-announce-subscribe@@sunsite.dk}
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden Patch, , JDE, Major packages and programs
address@hidden Patch --- program to apply ``diffs'' for updating files
address@hidden Updating files with diffs
address@hidden Patching source files with diffs
address@hidden Diffs and patching
address@hidden @file{patch}
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden Author
address@hidden@@wall.org, Larry Wall} (with GNU modifications)
+
address@hidden Latest version
+2.5.4
+
address@hidden Distribution
address@hidden GNU distributions}.
+
address@hidden table
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Key bindings, Alternate character sets, Major packages and
programs, Top
address@hidden Key bindings
address@hidden Key bindings
+
address@hidden
+* Binding keys to commands::
+* Invalid prefix characters::
+* Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun::
+* Using function keys under X::
+* Working with function and arrow keys::
+* X key translations for Emacs::
+* Handling C-s and C-q with flow control::
+* Binding C-s and C-q::
+* Backspace invokes help::
+* stty and Backspace key::
+* Swapping keys::
+* Producing C-XXX with the keyboard::
+* No Meta key::
+* No Escape key::
+* Compose Character::
+* Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys::
+* Meta key does not work in xterm::
+* ExtendChar key does not work as Meta::
+* SPC no longer completes file names::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Binding keys to commands, Invalid prefix characters, Key
bindings, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
address@hidden Binding keys to commands
address@hidden Keys, binding to commands
address@hidden Commands, binding keys to
+
+Keys can be bound to commands either interactively or in your
address@hidden file. To interactively bind keys for all modes, type
address@hidden global-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}}.
+
+To bind a key just in the current major mode, type @kbd{M-x
+local-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}}.
+
address@hidden Bindings, Key Bindings, emacs}, for further details.
+
+To make the process of binding keys interactively easier, use the
+following ``trick'': First bind the key interactively, then immediately
+type @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC} C-a C-k C-g}. Now, the command needed
+to bind the key is in the kill ring, and can be yanked into your
address@hidden file. If the key binding is global, no changes to the
+command are required. For example,
+
address@hidden
+(global-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+can be placed directly into the @file{.emacs} file. If the key binding is
+local, the command is used in conjunction with the @samp{add-hook} function.
+For example, in TeX mode, a local binding might be
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'tex-mode-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (local-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))))
address@hidden lisp
+
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Control characters in key sequences, in the form yanked from the kill
+ring are given in their graphic form---i.e., @key{CTRL} is shown as
address@hidden, @key{TAB} as a set of spaces (usually 8), etc. You may want
+to convert these into their vector or string forms.
+
address@hidden
+If a prefix key of the character sequence to be bound is already
+bound as a complete key, then you must unbind it before the new
+binding. For example, if @kbd{ESC @{} is previously bound:
+
address@hidden
+(global-unset-key [?\e address@hidden) ;; or
+(local-unset-key [?\e address@hidden)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+Aside from commands and ``lambda lists,'' a vector or string also
+can be bound to a key and thus treated as a macro. For example:
+
address@hidden
+(global-set-key [f10] [?\C-x?\e?\e?\C-a?\C-k?\C-g]) ;; or
+(global-set-key [f10] "\C-x\e\e\C-a\C-k\C-g")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Invalid prefix characters, Terminal setup code works after Emacs
has begun, Binding keys to commands, Key bindings
address@hidden Why does Emacs say @samp{Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix
characters}?
address@hidden Prefix characters, invalid
address@hidden Invalid prefix characters
address@hidden Misspecified key sequences
+
+Usually, one of two things has happened. In one case, the control
+character in the key sequence has been misspecified (e.g. @samp{C-f}
+used instead of @samp{\C-f} within a Lisp expression). In the other
+case, a @dfn{prefix key} in the keystroke sequence you were trying to bind
+was already bound as a @dfn{complete key}. Historically, the @samp{ESC [}
+prefix was usually the problem, in which case you should evaluate either
+of these forms before attempting to bind the key sequence:
+
address@hidden
+(global-unset-key [?\e ?[]) ;; or
+(global-unset-key "\e[")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun, Using function
keys under X, Invalid prefix characters, Key bindings
address@hidden Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in
my @file{.emacs} file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
address@hidden Terminal setup code in @file{.emacs}
+
+During startup, Emacs initializes itself according to a given code/file
+order. If some of the code executed in your @file{.emacs} file needs to
+be postponed until the initial terminal or window-system setup code has
+been executed but is not, then you will experience this problem (this
+code/file execution order is not enforced after startup).
+
+To postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after terminal or
+window-system setup, treat the code as a @dfn{lambda list} and set the
+value of either the @code{term-setup-hook} or @code{window-setup-hook}
+variable to this lambda function. For example,
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'term-setup-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (when (string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
+ ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
+ (global-set-key [do] 'execute-extended-command))))
address@hidden lisp
+
+For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see the
address@hidden/startup.el} file.
+
address@hidden Using function keys under X, Working with function and arrow
keys, Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I use function keys under X?
address@hidden Function keys
address@hidden X Window System and function keys
address@hidden Binding function keys
+
+With Emacs 19, functions keys under X are bound like any other key.
@xref{Binding keys to commands}, for details.
+
address@hidden Working with function and arrow keys, X key translations for
Emacs, Using function keys under X, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow
keys emit?
address@hidden Working with arrow keys
address@hidden Arrow keys, symbols generated by
address@hidden Working with function keys
address@hidden Function keys, symbols generated by
address@hidden Symbols generated by function keys
+
+Type @kbd{C-h c} then the function or arrow keys. The command will
+return either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the
+Emacs on-line documentation for an explanation). This works for other
+keys as well.
+
address@hidden X key translations for Emacs, Handling C-s and C-q with flow
control, Working with function and arrow keys, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I set the X key ``translations'' for Emacs?
address@hidden X key translations
address@hidden Key translations under X
address@hidden Translations for keys under X
+
+Emacs is not written using the Xt library by default, so there are no
+``translations'' to be set. (We aren't sure how to set such translations
+if you do build Emacs with Xt; please let us know if you've done this!)
+
+The only way to affect the behavior of keys within Emacs is through
address@hidden (outside Emacs) or @code{define-key} (inside Emacs). The
address@hidden command should be used in conjunction with the
address@hidden map. For instance,
+
address@hidden
+(define-key function-key-map address@hidden [?\M-\t])
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+defines the @address@hidden key sequence.
+
address@hidden Handling C-s and C-q with flow control, Binding C-s and C-q, X
key translations for Emacs, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I handle @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} being used for flow
control?
address@hidden Flow control, @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} with
address@hidden @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} with flow control
+
address@hidden and @kbd{C-q} are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
+This messes things up when you're using Emacs over a serial line,
+because Emacs binds these keys to commands by default. Because Emacs
+won't honor them as flow control characters, too many of these
+characters are not passed on and overwhelm output buffers. Sometimes,
+intermediate software using XON/XOFF flow control will prevent Emacs
+from ever seeing @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}.
+
+Possible solutions:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Disable the use of @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control.
+
+You need to determine the cause of the flow control.
+
address@hidden @minus
+
address@hidden
+your terminal
+
+Your terminal may use XON/XOFF flow control to have time to display
+all the characters it receives. For example, VT series terminals do
+this. It may be possible to turn this off from a setup menu. For
+example, on a VT220 you may select ``No XOFF'' in the setup menu. This
+is also true for some terminal emulation programs on PCs.
+
+When you turn off flow control at the terminal, you will also need to
+turn it off at the other end, which might be at the computer you are
+logged in to or at some terminal server in between.
+
+If you turn off flow control, characters may be lost; using a printer
+connected to the terminal may fail. You may be able to get around
+this problem by modifying the @samp{termcap} entry for your terminal to
+include extra NUL padding characters.
+
address@hidden
+a modem
+
+If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using
+XON/XOFF flow control. It's not clear how to get around this.
+
address@hidden
+a router or terminal server
+
+Some network box between the terminal and your computer may be using
+XON/XOFF flow control. It may be possible to make it use some other
+kind of flow control. You will probably have to ask your local
+network experts for help with this.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden and/or @code{pty} devices
+
+If your connection to Emacs goes through multiple @code{tty} and/or
address@hidden devices, they may be using XON/XOFF flow control even when it
+is not necessary.
+
address@hidden@@theory.tn.cornell.edu, Eirik Fuller} writes:
+
address@hidden
+Some versions of @code{rlogin} (and possibly @code{telnet}) do not pass
+flow control characters to the remote system to which they connect. On
+such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow control on
+the local system. Sometimes @samp{rlogin -8} will avoid this problem.
+
+One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host (the
+one running @code{rlogin}, not the one running @code{rlogind}) using the
address@hidden command, before starting the @code{rlogin} process. On many
+systems, @samp{stty start u stop u} will do this.
+
+Some versions of @samp{tcsh} will prevent even this from working. One
+way around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin,
+and issue the @samp{stty} command to disable flow control from that shell.
address@hidden quotation
+
+Use @samp{stty -ixon} instead of @samp{stty start u stop u} on some systems.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden
+Make Emacs speak the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
+
+You can make Emacs treat @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} as flow control characters by
+evaluating the form
+
address@hidden
+(enable-flow-control)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+to unconditionally enable flow control or
+
address@hidden
+(enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+(using your terminal names instead of @samp{vt100} or @samp{h19}) to
+enable selectively. These commands will automatically swap @kbd{C-s}
+and @kbd{C-q} to @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^}. Variables can be used to
+change the default swap keys (@code{flow-control-c-s-replacement} and
address@hidden).
+
+If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your
address@hidden file. If you are fixing this for your entire site, the
+best place to put it is in the @file{site-lisp/site-start.el} file.
+(Here @file{site-lisp} is actually a subdirectory of your Emacs
+installation directory, typically @file{/usr/local/share/emacs}.)
+Putting this form in @file{site-lisp/default.el} has the problem that
+if the user's @file{.emacs} file has an error, this will prevent
address@hidden from being loaded and Emacs may be unusable for the
+user, even for correcting their @file{.emacs} file (unless they're
+smart enough to move it to another name).
+
address@hidden can be invoked interactively as well:
address@hidden enable-flow-control @key{RET}}.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+For further discussion of this issue, read the file @file{etc/PROBLEMS}
+(in the Emacs source directory when you unpack the Emacs distribution).
+
address@hidden Binding C-s and C-q, Backspace invokes help, Handling C-s and
C-q with flow control, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I bind @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} (or any key) if these keys
are filtered out?
address@hidden Binding @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}
address@hidden @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, binding
+
+To bind @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, use either @code{enable-flow-control}
+or @code{enable-flow-control-on}. @xref{Handling C-s and C-q with flow
+control}, for usage and implementation details.
+
+To bind other keys, use @code{keyboard-translate}. @xref{Swapping
+keys}, for usage details. To do this for an entire site, you should
+swap the keys in @file{site-lisp/site-start.el}. @xref{Handling C-s
+and C-q with flow control}, for an explanation of why
address@hidden/default.el} should not be used.
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
+the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs
+actually behaves.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Backspace invokes help, stty and Backspace key, Binding C-s and
C-q, Key bindings
address@hidden Why does the @key{Backspace} key invoke help?
address@hidden Backspace key invokes help
address@hidden Help invoked by Backspace
address@hidden DEL key does not delete
+
+The @key{Backspace} key (on most keyboards) generates @acronym{ASCII} code 8.
address@hidden sends the same code. In Emacs by default @kbd{C-h} invokes
+help-command. This is intended to be easy to remember since the first
+letter of @samp{help} is @samp{h}. The easiest solution to this problem
+is to use @kbd{C-h} (and @key{Backspace}) for help and @key{DEL} (the
address@hidden key) for deleting the previous character.
+
+For many people this solution may be problematic:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+They normally use @key{Backspace} outside of Emacs for deleting the
+previous character. This can be solved by making @key{DEL} the command
+for deleting the previous character outside of Emacs. On many Unix
+systems, this command will remap @key{DEL}:
+
address@hidden
+stty erase `^?'
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+The user may prefer the @key{Backspace} key for deleting the
+previous character because it is more conveniently located on their
+keyboard or because they don't even have a separate @key{Delete} key.
+In this case, the @key{Backspace} key should be made to behave like
address@hidden There are several methods.
+
address@hidden @minus
address@hidden
+Some terminals (e.g., VT3## terminals) and terminal emulators (e.g.,
+TeraTerm) allow the character generated by the @key{Backspace} key to be
+changed from a setup menu.
+
address@hidden
+You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable, or a
+terminal emulator that supports remapping of any key to any other key.
+
address@hidden
+With Emacs 21.1 and later, you can control the effect of the
address@hidden and @key{Delete} keys, on both dumb terminals and a
+windowed displays, by customizing the option
address@hidden, or by invoking @kbd{M-x
+normal-erase-is-backspace}. See the documentation of these symbols
+(@pxref{Emacs Lisp documentation}) for more info.
+
address@hidden
+It is possible to swap the @key{Backspace} and @key{DEL} keys inside
+Emacs:
+
address@hidden
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+This is the recommended method of forcing @key{Backspace} to act as
address@hidden, because it works even in modes which bind @key{DEL} to
+something other than @code{delete-backward-char}.
+
+Similarly, you could remap @key{DEL} to act as @kbd{C-d}, which by
+default deletes forward:
+
address@hidden
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-d)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden keys}, for further details about @code{keyboard-translate}.
+
address@hidden
+Another approach is to switch key bindings and put help on @kbd{C-x h}
+instead:
+
address@hidden
+(global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
+
+;; overrides mark-whole-buffer
+(global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+This method is not recommended, though: it only solves the problem for
+those modes which bind @key{DEL} to @code{delete-backward-char}. Modes
+which bind @key{DEL} to something else, such as @code{view-mode}, will
+not work as you expect when you press the @key{Backspace} key. For this
+reason, we recommend the @code{keyboard-translate} method, shown
+above.
+
+Other popular key bindings for help are @kbd{M-?} and @kbd{C-x ?}.
address@hidden itemize
+
+Don't try to bind @key{DEL} to @code{help-command}, because there are
+many modes that have local bindings of @key{DEL} that will interfere.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+When Emacs 21 or later runs on a windowed display, it binds the
address@hidden key to a command which deletes the character at point, to
+make Emacs more consistent with keyboard operation on these systems.
+
+For more information about troubleshooting this problem, see @ref{DEL
+Does Not Delete, , If @key{DEL} Fails to Delete, emacs, The GNU Emacs
+Manual}.
+
address@hidden stty and Backspace key, Swapping keys, Backspace invokes help,
Key bindings
address@hidden Why doesn't Emacs look at the @file{stty} settings for
@key{Backspace} vs. @key{Delete}?
address@hidden @file{stty} and Emacs
address@hidden Backspace and @file{stty}
address@hidden Delete and @file{stty}
+
+Good question!
+
address@hidden FIXME: RMS explained the reasons for this on emacs-hackers. It's
address@hidden probably worth putting that explanation here.
+
address@hidden Swapping keys, Producing C-XXX with the keyboard, stty and
Backspace key, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I swap two keys?
address@hidden Swapping keys
address@hidden Keys, swapping
address@hidden @code{keyboard-translate}
+
+You can swap two keys (or key sequences) by using the
address@hidden function. For example, to turn @kbd{C-h}
+into @key{DEL} and @key{DEL} to @kbd{C-h}, use
+
address@hidden
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?) ; translate `C-h' to DEL
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h) ; translate DEL to `C-h'.
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+The first key sequence of the pair after the function identifies what is
+produced by the keyboard; the second, what is matched for in the
+keymaps.
+
+However, in the specific case of @kbd{C-h} and @key{DEL}, you should
+toggle @code{normal-erase-is-backspace-mode} instead of calling
address@hidden @inforef{DEL Does Not Delete, DEL Does Not Delete,
+emacs}.
+
+Keyboard translations are not the same as key bindings in keymaps.
+Emacs contains numerous keymaps that apply in different situations, but
+there is only one set of keyboard translations, and it applies to every
+character that Emacs reads from the terminal. Keyboard translations
+take place at the lowest level of input processing; the keys that are
+looked up in keymaps contain the characters that result from keyboard
+translation.
+
address@hidden Producing C-XXX with the keyboard, No Meta key, Swapping keys,
Key bindings
address@hidden How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
address@hidden Producing control characters
address@hidden Generating control characters
address@hidden Control characters, generating
+
+On terminals (but not under X), some common ``aliases'' are:
+
address@hidden @asis
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-2} or @address@hidden
address@hidden@@}
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-6}
address@hidden
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-7} or @kbd{C-S--}
address@hidden
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-4}
address@hidden
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-5}
address@hidden
+
address@hidden @kbd{C-/}
address@hidden
+
address@hidden table
+
+Often other aliases exist; use the @kbd{C-h c} command and try
address@hidden with all of the digits on your keyboard to see what gets
+generated. You can also try the @kbd{C-h w} command if you know the
+name of the command.
+
address@hidden No Meta key, No Escape key, Producing C-XXX with the keyboard,
Key bindings
address@hidden What if I don't have a @key{Meta} key?
address@hidden No @key{Meta} key
address@hidden @key{Meta} key, what to do if you lack it
+
+On many keyboards, the @key{Alt} key acts as @key{Meta}, so try it.
+
+Instead of typing @kbd{M-a}, you can type @address@hidden a}. In fact,
+Emacs converts @kbd{M-a} internally into @address@hidden a} anyway
+(depending on the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Note that you
+press @key{Meta} and @key{a} together, but with @key{ESC}, you press
address@hidden, release it, and then press @key{a}.
+
address@hidden No Escape key, Compose Character, No Meta key, Key bindings
address@hidden What if I don't have an @key{Escape} key?
address@hidden No Escape key
address@hidden Lacking an Escape key
address@hidden Escape key, lacking
+
+Type @kbd{C-[} instead. This should send @acronym{ASCII} code 27 just like an
+Escape key would. @kbd{C-3} may also work on some terminal (but not
+under X). For many terminals (notably DEC terminals) @key{F11}
+generates @key{ESC}. If not, the following form can be used to bind it:
+
address@hidden
+;; F11 is the documented ESC replacement on DEC terminals.
+(define-key function-key-map [f11] [?\e])
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Compose Character, Binding combinations of modifiers and
function keys, No Escape key, Key bindings
address@hidden Can I make my @key{Compose Character} key behave like a
@key{Meta} key?
address@hidden @key{Compose Character} key, using as @key{Meta}
address@hidden @key{Meta}, using @key{Compose Character} for
+
+On a dumb terminal such as a VT220, no. It is rumored that certain
+VT220 clones could have their @key{Compose} key configured this way. If
+you're using X, you might be able to do this with the @code{xmodmap}
+command.
+
address@hidden Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys, Meta key
does not work in xterm, Compose Character, Key bindings
address@hidden How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
address@hidden Modifiers and function keys
address@hidden Function keys and modifiers
address@hidden Binding modifiers and function keys
+
+With Emacs 19 and later, you can represent modified function keys in
+vector format by adding prefixes to the function key symbol. For
+example (from the on-line documentation):
+
address@hidden
+(global-set-key [?\C-x right] 'forward-page)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+where @samp{?\C-x} is the Lisp character constant for the character @kbd{C-x}.
+
+You can use the modifier keys @key{Control}, @key{Meta}, @key{Hyper},
address@hidden, @key{Alt}, and @key{Shift} with function keys. To
+represent these modifiers, prepend the strings @samp{C-}, @samp{M-},
address@hidden, @samp{s-}, @samp{A-}, and @samp{S-} to the symbol name. Here
+is how to make @kbd{H-M-RIGHT} move forward a word:
+
address@hidden
+(global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+Not all modifiers are permitted in all situations. @key{Hyper},
address@hidden, and @key{Alt} are not available on Unix character
+terminals. address@hidden keys and mouse events (e.g. @kbd{C-=} and
address@hidden) also fall under this category.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden keys to commands}, for general key binding instructions.
+
address@hidden Meta key does not work in xterm, ExtendChar key does not work as
Meta, Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys, Key bindings
address@hidden Why doesn't my @key{Meta} key work in an @code{xterm} window?
address@hidden @key{Meta} key and @code{xterm}
address@hidden Xterm and @key{Meta} key
+
address@hidden Mode, Single-Byte Character Set Support, emacs}.
+
+If the advice in the Emacs manual fails, try all of these methods before
+asking for further help:
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+You may have big problems using @code{mwm} as your window manager.
+(Does anyone know a good generic solution to allow the use of the
address@hidden key in Emacs with @file{mwm}?)
+
address@hidden
+For X11: Make sure it really is a @key{Meta} key. Use @code{xev} to
+find out what keysym your @key{Meta} key generates. It should be either
address@hidden or @code{Meta_R}. If it isn't, use @file{xmodmap} to fix
+the situation. If @key{Meta} does generate @code{Meta_L} or
address@hidden, but @kbd{M-x} produces a address@hidden character, put this in
+your @file{~/.Xdefaults} file:
+
address@hidden
+ XTerm*eightBitInput: false
+ XTerm*eightBitOutput: true
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Make sure the @code{pty} the @code{xterm} is using is passing 8 bit
+characters. @samp{stty -a} (or @samp{stty everything}) should show
address@hidden somewhere. If it shows @samp{cs7} instead, use @samp{stty
+cs8 -istrip} (or @samp{stty pass8}) to fix it.
+
address@hidden
+If there is an @code{rlogin} connection between @code{xterm} and Emacs, the
address@hidden argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8
bits
+of every character.
+
address@hidden
+If Emacs is running on Ultrix, it is reported that evaluating
address@hidden(set-input-mode t nil)} helps.
+
address@hidden
+If all else fails, you can make @code{xterm} generate @address@hidden W} when
+you type @kbd{M-W}, which is the same conversion Emacs would make if it
+got the @kbd{M-W} anyway. In X11R4, the following resource
+specification will do this:
+
address@hidden
+XTerm.VT100.EightBitInput: false
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+(This changes the behavior of the @code{insert-eight-bit} action.)
+
+With older @code{xterm}s, you can specify this behavior with a translation:
+
address@hidden
+XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
+ Meta<KeyPress>: string(0x1b) insert()
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+You might have to replace @samp{Meta} with @samp{Alt}.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden ExtendChar key does not work as Meta, SPC no longer completes
file names, Meta key does not work in xterm, Key bindings
address@hidden Why doesn't my @key{ExtendChar} key work as a @key{Meta} key
under HP-UX 8.0 and 9.x?
address@hidden @key{ExtendChar} key as @key{Meta}
address@hidden @key{Meta}, using @key{ExtendChar} for
address@hidden HP-UX, the @key{ExtendChar} key
+
+This is a result of an internationalization extension in X11R4 and the
+fact that HP is now using this extension. Emacs assumes that the
address@hidden function returns the same result regardless of the
address@hidden key state which is no longer necessarily true. Until Emacs
+is fixed, the temporary kludge is to run this command after each time
+the X server is started but preferably before any xterm clients are:
+
address@hidden
+xmodmap -e 'remove mod1 = Mode_switch'
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden FIXME: Emacs 21 supports I18N in X11; does that mean that this
bug is
address@hidden solved?
+
+This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which may be
+undesirable if you actually intend to use them.
+
address@hidden SPC no longer completes file names, , ExtendChar key does not
work as Meta, Key bindings
address@hidden Why doesn't SPC complete file names anymore?
address@hidden @kbd{SPC} file name completion
+
+Starting with Emacs 22.1, @kbd{SPC} no longer completes file names in
+the minibuffer, so that file names with embedded spaces could be typed
+without the need to quote the spaces.
+
+You can get the old behavior by binding @kbd{SPC} to
address@hidden in the minibuffer, as follows:
+
address@hidden
+(define-key minibuffer-local-filename-completion-map (kbd "SPC")
+ 'minibuffer-complete-word)
+
+(define-key minibuffer-local-must-match-filename-map (kbd "SPC")
+ 'minibuffer-complete-word)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Alternate character sets, Mail and news, Key bindings, Top
address@hidden Alternate character sets
address@hidden Alternate character sets
+
address@hidden
+* Emacs does not display 8-bit characters::
+* Inputting eight-bit characters::
+* Kanji and Chinese characters::
+* Right-to-left alphabets::
+* How to add fonts::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Emacs does not display 8-bit characters, Inputting eight-bit
characters, Alternate character sets, Alternate character sets
address@hidden How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
address@hidden Displaying eight-bit characters
address@hidden Eight-bit characters, displaying
+
address@hidden Mode, Single-byte Character Set
+Support, emacs}. On a Unix, when Emacs runs on a text-only terminal
+display or is invoked with @samp{emacs -nw}, you typically need to use
address@hidden to tell Emacs what the terminal can
+display, even after setting the language environment; otherwise
address@hidden characters will display as @samp{?}. On other operating
+systems, such as MS-DOS and MS-Windows, Emacs queries the OS about the
+character set supported by the display, and sets up the required
+terminal coding system automatically.
+
address@hidden Inputting eight-bit characters, Kanji and Chinese characters,
Emacs does not display 8-bit characters, Alternate character sets
address@hidden How do I input eight-bit characters?
address@hidden Entering eight-bit characters
address@hidden Eight-bit characters, entering
address@hidden Input, 8-bit characters
+
+Various methods are available for input of eight-bit characters. See
address@hidden Mode, Single-byte Character Set
+Support, emacs}. For more sophisticated methods, @inforef{Input
+Methods, Input Methods, emacs}.
+
address@hidden Kanji and Chinese characters, Right-to-left alphabets, Inputting
eight-bit characters, Alternate character sets
address@hidden Where can I get an Emacs that handles kanji, Chinese, or other
Far-Eastern character sets?
address@hidden Kanji, handling with Emacs
address@hidden Chinese, handling with Emacs
address@hidden Japanese, handling with Emacs
address@hidden Korean, handling with Emacs
+
+Emacs 20 and later includes many of the features of MULE, the MULtilingual
+Enhancement to Emacs. @xref{Installing Emacs}, for information on where
+to find and download the latest version of Emacs.
+
address@hidden Right-to-left alphabets, How to add fonts, Kanji and Chinese
characters, Alternate character sets
address@hidden Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left)
alphabets?
address@hidden Right-to-left alphabets
address@hidden Hebrew, handling with Emacs
address@hidden Semitic alphabets
address@hidden Arabic alphabets
+
+Emacs 20 and later supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8), but does not
+yet support right-to-left character entry and display.
+
address@hidden@@exc.com, Joel M. Hoffman} has written a Lisp package called
address@hidden that allows right-to-left editing of Hebrew. It
+reportedly works out of the box with Emacs 19, but requires patches for
+Emacs 18. Write to Joel if you want the patches or package.
+
address@hidden FIXME: Should we mention Ehud Karni's package?
+
address@hidden requires a Hebrew screen font, but no other hardware support.
+Joel has a screen font for PCs running MS-DOS or GNU/Linux.
+
+You might also try querying @code{archie} for files named with
address@hidden; several ftp sites in Israel may also have the necessary
+files.
+
address@hidden How to add fonts, , Right-to-left alphabets, Alternate
character sets
address@hidden How do I add fonts for use with Emacs?
address@hidden add fonts for use with Emacs
address@hidden intlfonts
+
+First, download and install the BDF font files and any auxiliary
+packages they need. The GNU Intlfonts distribution can be found on
address@hidden://directory.fsf.org/localization/intlfonts.html, the GNU
+Software Directory Web site}.
+
+Next, if you are on X Window system, issue the following two commands
+from the shell's prompt:
+
address@hidden
+ xset +fp /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts
+ xset fp rehash
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+(Modify the first command if you installed the fonts in a directory
+that is not @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/fonts}.) You also need to
+arrange for these two commands to run whenever you log in, e.g., by
+adding them to your window-system startup file, such as
address@hidden/.xsessionrc} or @file{~/.gnomerc}.
+
+Now, add the following line to your @file{~/.emacs} init file:
+
address@hidden
+ (add-to-list 'bdf-directory-list "/usr/share/emacs/fonts/bdf")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+(Again, modify the file name if you installed the fonts elsewhere.)
+
+Finally, if you wish to use the installed fonts with @code{ps-print},
+add the following line to your @file{~/.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+ (setq ps-multibyte-buffer 'bdf-font-except-latin)
address@hidden lisp
+
+A few additional steps are necessary for MS-Windows; they are listed
+below.
+
+First, make sure @emph{all} the directories with BDF font files are
+mentioned in @code{bdf-directory-list}. On Unix and GNU/Linux
+systems, one normally runs @kbd{make install} to install the BDF fonts
+in the same directory. By contrast, Windows users typically don't run
+the Intlfonts installation command, but unpack the distribution in
+some directory, which leaves the BDF fonts in its subdirectories. For
+example, assume that you unpacked Intlfonts in @file{C:/Intlfonts};
+then you should set @code{bdf-directory-list} as follows:
+
address@hidden
+ (setq bdf-directory-list
+ '("C:/Intlfonts/Asian"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese" "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese.X"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/Chinese.BIG" "C:/Intlfonts/Ethiopic"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/European" "C:/Intlfonts/European.BIG"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese" "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese.X"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/Japanese.BIG" "C:/Intlfonts/Korean.X"
+ "C:/Intlfonts/Misc"))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist}
address@hidden @code{w32-find-bdf-fonts}
+Next, you need to set up the variable @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist} to
+an alist of the BDF fonts and their corresponding file names.
+Assuming you have set @code{bdf-directory-list} to name all the
+directories with the BDF font files, the following Lisp snippet will
+set up @code{w32-bdf-filename-alist}:
+
address@hidden
+ (setq w32-bdf-filename-alist
+ (w32-find-bdf-fonts bdf-directory-list))
address@hidden lisp
+
+Now, create fontsets for the BDF fonts:
+
address@hidden
+ (create-fontset-from-fontset-spec
+ "-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-fontset-bdf,
+ japanese-jisx0208:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208.1983-*,
+ katakana-jisx0201:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0201*-*,
+ latin-jisx0201:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0201*-*,
+ japanese-jisx0208-1978:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208.1978-*,
+ thai-tis620:-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-tis620.2529-1,
+ lao:-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-MuleLao-1,
+
tibetan-1-column:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-MuleTibetan-1,
+
ethiopic:-Admas-Ethiomx16f-Medium-R-Normal--16-150-100-100-M-160-Ethiopic-Unicode,
+ tibetan:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-160-MuleTibetan-0")
address@hidden lisp
+
+Many of the international bdf fonts from Intlfonts are type 0, and
+therefore need to be added to font-encoding-alist:
+
address@hidden
+ (setq font-encoding-alist
+ (append '(("MuleTibetan-0" (tibetan . 0))
+ ("GB2312" (chinese-gb2312 . 0))
+ ("JISX0208" (japanese-jisx0208 . 0))
+ ("JISX0212" (japanese-jisx0212 . 0))
+ ("VISCII" (vietnamese-viscii-lower . 0))
+ ("KSC5601" (korean-ksc5601 . 0))
+ ("MuleArabic-0" (arabic-digit . 0))
+ ("MuleArabic-1" (arabic-1-column . 0))
+ ("MuleArabic-2" (arabic-2-column . 0)))
+ font-encoding-alist))
address@hidden lisp
+
+You can now use the Emacs font menu to select the @samp{bdf: 16-dot medium}
+fontset, or you can select it by setting the default font in your
address@hidden/.emacs}:
+
address@hidden
+ (set-default-font "fontset-bdf")
address@hidden lisp
+
+
address@hidden ------------------------------------------------------------
address@hidden Mail and news, Concept index, Alternate character sets, Top
address@hidden Mail and news
address@hidden Mail and news
+
address@hidden
+* Changing the included text prefix::
+* Saving a copy of outgoing mail::
+* Expanding aliases when sending mail::
+* Rmail thinks all messages are one big one::
+* Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder::
+* Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail::
+* Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them::
+* Replying to the sender of a message::
+* MIME with Emacs mail packages::
+* Automatically starting a mail or news reader::
+* Reading news with Emacs::
+* Gnus does not work with NNTP::
+* Viewing articles with embedded underlining::
+* Saving a multi-part Gnus posting::
+* Starting Gnus faster::
+* Catching up in all newsgroups::
+* Killing based on nonstandard headers::
+* Removing flashing messages::
+* Catch-up is slow in Gnus::
+* Gnus hangs for a long time::
+* Learning more about Gnus::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Changing the included text prefix, Saving a copy of outgoing
mail, Mail and news, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
address@hidden Prefix in mail/news followups, changing
address@hidden Included text prefix, changing
address@hidden Setting the included text character
address@hidden Quoting in mail messages
+
+If you read mail with Rmail or news with Gnus, set the variable
address@hidden For VM, set @code{vm-included-text-prefix}.
+For mh-e, set @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix}.
+
+For fancier control of citations, use Supercite. @xref{Supercite}.
+
+To prevent Emacs from including various headers of the replied-to
+message, set the value of @code{mail-yank-ignored-headers} to an
+appropriate regexp.
+
address@hidden Saving a copy of outgoing mail, Expanding aliases when sending
mail, Changing the included text prefix, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
address@hidden Saving a copy of outgoing mail
address@hidden Copying outgoing mail to a file
address@hidden Filing outgoing mail
address@hidden Automatic filing of outgoing mail
address@hidden Mail, saving outgoing automatically
+
+You can either mail yourself a copy by including a @samp{BCC} header in the
+mail message, or store a copy of the message directly to a file by
+including an @samp{FCC} header.
+
+If you use standard mail, you can automatically create a @samp{BCC} to
+yourself by putting
+
address@hidden
+(setq mail-self-blind t)
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden
+in your @file{.emacs} file. You can automatically include an @samp{FCC}
+field by putting something like the following in your @file{.emacs}
+file:
+
address@hidden
+(setq mail-archive-file-name (expand-file-name "~/outgoing"))
address@hidden lisp
+
+The output file will be in Unix mail format, which can be read directly
+by VM, but not always by Rmail. @xref{Learning how to do something}.
+
+If you use @code{mh-e}, add an @samp{FCC} or @samp{BCC} field to your
+components file.
+
+It does not work to put @samp{set record filename} in the @file{.mailrc}
+file.
+
address@hidden Expanding aliases when sending mail, Rmail thinks all messages
are one big one, Saving a copy of outgoing mail, Mail and news
address@hidden Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
address@hidden Expanding aliases when sending mail
address@hidden Mail alias expansion
address@hidden Sending mail with aliases
+
address@hidden @bullet
+
address@hidden
+You must separate multiple addresses in the headers of the mail buffer
+with commas. This is because Emacs supports RFC822 standard addresses
+like this one:
+
address@hidden
+To: Willy Smith <wks@@xpnsv.lwyrs.com>
address@hidden example
+
+However, you do not need to---and probably should not, unless your
+system's version of @file{/usr/ucb/mail} (a.k.a.@: @code{mailx})
+supports RFC822---separate addresses with commas in your
address@hidden/.mailrc} file.
+
address@hidden
+Emacs normally only reads the @file{.mailrc} file once per session,
+when you start to compose your first mail message. If you edit
address@hidden, you can type @kbd{M-x rebuild-mail-abbrevs @key{RET}} to
+make Emacs reread @file{~/.mailrc}.
+
address@hidden
+If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you
+type them in. To enable this feature, execute the following:
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'mail-mode-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Note that the aliases are expanded automatically only after you type
address@hidden or a punctuation character (e.g. @kbd{,}). You can force their
+expansion by moving point to the end of the alias and typing @kbd{C-x a e}
+(@kbd{M-x expand-abbrev}).
address@hidden itemize
+
address@hidden Rmail thinks all messages are one big one, Sorting the messages
in an Rmail folder, Expanding aliases when sending mail, Mail and news
address@hidden Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?
address@hidden Rmail thinks all messages are one large message
+
+A file created through the @samp{FCC} field in a message is in Unix mail
+format, not the format that Rmail uses (BABYL format). Rmail will try
+to convert a Unix mail file into BABYL format on input, but sometimes it
+makes errors. For guaranteed safety, you can make the
address@hidden file be an inbox for your Rmail file by using the
+function @code{set-rmail-inbox-list}.
+
address@hidden Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder, Rmail writes to
/usr/spool/mail, Rmail thinks all messages are one big one, Mail and news
address@hidden How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?
address@hidden Rmail, sorting messages in
address@hidden Folder, sorting messages in an Rmail
address@hidden Sorting messages in an Rmail folder
+
+In Rmail, type @kbd{C-c C-s C-h} to get a list of sorting functions
+and their key bindings.
+
address@hidden Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail, Recovering mail files when
Rmail munges them, Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder, Mail and news
address@hidden Why does Rmail need to write to @file{/usr/spool/mail}?
address@hidden Rmail and @file{/usr/spool/mail}
address@hidden @file{/usr/spool/mail} and Rmail
+
+This is the behavior of the @code{movemail} program which Rmail uses.
+This indicates that @code{movemail} is configured to use lock files.
+
+RMS writes:
+
address@hidden
+Certain systems require lock files to interlock access to mail files.
+On these systems, @code{movemail} must write lock files, or you risk losing
+mail. You simply must arrange to let @code{movemail} write them.
+
+Other systems use the @code{flock} system call to interlock access. On
+these systems, you should configure @code{movemail} to use @code{flock}.
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them, Replying to the
sender of a message, Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?
address@hidden Recovering munged mail files
address@hidden Rmail munged my files
address@hidden Mail files, recovering those munged by Rmail
+
+If you have just done @kbd{M-x rmail-input} on a file and you don't want
+to save it in Rmail's format (called BABYL), just kill the buffer (with
address@hidden k}).
+
address@hidden Exporting messages as Unix mail files
+If you typed @kbd{M-x rmail} and it read some messages out of your inbox
+and you want to put them in a Unix mail file, use @kbd{C-o} on each
+message.
+
address@hidden Converting from BABYL to Unix mail format
address@hidden @code{unrmail} command
+If you want to convert an existing file from BABYL format to Unix mail
+format, use the command @kbd{M-x unrmail}: it will prompt you for the
+input and output file names.
+
address@hidden b2m
+Alternatively, you could use the @code{b2m} program supplied with
+Emacs. @code{b2m} is a filter, and is used like this:
+
address@hidden
+ b2m < @var{babyl-file} > @var{mbox-file}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+where @var{babyl-file} is the name of the BABYL file, and
address@hidden is the name of the file where the converted mail will
+be written.
+
address@hidden Replying to the sender of a message, MIME with Emacs mail
packages, Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them, Mail and news
address@hidden How can I force Rmail to reply to the sender of a message, but
not the other recipients?
address@hidden Replying only to the sender of a message
address@hidden Sender, replying only to
address@hidden Rmail, replying to the sender of a message in
+
address@hidden@@seas.upenn.edu, Ron Isaacson} says: When you hit
address@hidden to reply in Rmail, by default it CCs all of the original
+recipients (everyone on the original @samp{To} and @samp{CC}
+lists). With a prefix argument (i.e., typing @kbd{C-u} before @key{r}),
+it replies only to the sender. However, going through the whole
address@hidden business every time you want to reply is a pain. This is the
+best fix I've been able to come up with:
+
address@hidden
+(defun rmail-reply-t ()
+ "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See rmail-reply.)"
+ (interactive)
+ (rmail-reply t))
+
+(add-hook 'rmail-mode-hook
+ (lambda ()
+ (define-key rmail-mode-map "r" 'rmail-reply-t)
+ (define-key rmail-mode-map "R" 'rmail-reply)))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden MIME with Emacs mail packages, Automatically starting a mail or
news reader, Replying to the sender of a message, Mail and news
address@hidden How can I get my favorite Emacs mail package to support MIME?
address@hidden MIME and Emacs mail packages
address@hidden Mail packages and MIME
address@hidden FAQ for MIME and Emacs
+
+Version 6.x of VM supports MIME. @xref{VM}. Gnus supports MIME in mail
+and news messages as of version 5.8.1 (Pterodactyl). Rmail has limited
+support for single-part MIME messages beginning with Emacs 20.3.
+
address@hidden Automatically starting a mail or news reader, Reading news with
Emacs, MIME with Emacs mail packages, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
address@hidden Mail reader, starting automatically
address@hidden News reader, starting automatically
address@hidden Starting mail/news reader automatically
+
+To start Emacs in Gnus:
+
address@hidden
+emacs -f gnus
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+in Rmail:
+
address@hidden
+emacs -f rmail
address@hidden example
+
+A more convenient way to start with Gnus:
+
address@hidden
+alias gnus 'emacs -f gnus'
+gnus
address@hidden example
+
+It is probably unwise to automatically start your mail or news reader
+from your @file{.emacs} file. This would cause problems if you needed to run
+two copies of Emacs at the same time. Also, this would make it difficult for
+you to start Emacs quickly when you needed to.
+
address@hidden Reading news with Emacs, Gnus does not work with NNTP,
Automatically starting a mail or news reader, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I read news under Emacs?
address@hidden Reading news under Emacs
address@hidden Usenet reader in Emacs
address@hidden Gnus newsreader
+
+Use @kbd{M-x gnus}. It is documented in Info (@pxref{Learning how to do
+something}).
+
address@hidden Gnus does not work with NNTP, Viewing articles with embedded
underlining, Reading news with Emacs, Mail and news
address@hidden Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?
address@hidden Gnus and NNTP
address@hidden NNTP, Gnus fails to work with
+
+There is a bug in NNTP version 1.5.10, such that when multiple requests
+are sent to the NNTP server, the server only handles the first one
+before blocking waiting for more input which never comes. NNTP version
+1.5.11 claims to fix this.
+
+You can work around the bug inside Emacs like this:
+
address@hidden
+(setq nntp-maximum-request 1)
address@hidden lisp
+
+You can find out what version of NNTP your news server is running by
+telnetting to the NNTP port (usually 119) on the news server machine
+(i.e., @kbd{telnet server-machine 119}). The server should give its
+version number in the welcome message. Type @kbd{quit} to get out.
+
address@hidden entry into isearch-mode}, for some additional ideas.
+
address@hidden Viewing articles with embedded underlining, Saving a multi-part
Gnus posting, Gnus does not work with NNTP, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I view news articles with embedded underlining (e.g.,
ClariNews)?
address@hidden Underlining, embedded in news articles
address@hidden News articles with embedded underlining
address@hidden Embedded underlining in news articles
+
+Underlining appears like this:
+
address@hidden
+_^Hu_^Hn_^Hd_^He_^Hr_^Hl_^Hi_^Hn_^Hi_^Hn_^Hg
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden@@dina.kvl.dk, Per Abrahamsen} suggests using the following
+code, which uses the underline face to turn such text into true
+underlining, inconjunction with Gnus:
+
address@hidden
+(defun gnus-article-prepare-overstrike ()
+ ;; Prepare article for overstrike commands.
+ (save-excursion
+ (set-buffer gnus-article-buffer)
+ (let ((buffer-read-only nil))
+ (goto-char (point-min))
+ (while (search-forward "\b" nil t)
+ (let ((next (following-char))
+ (previous (char-after (- (point) 2))))
+ (cond ((eq next previous)
+ (delete-region (- (point) 2) (point))
+ (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point))
+ 'face 'bold))
+ ((eq next ?_)
+ (delete-region (1- (point)) (1+ (point)))
+ (put-text-property (1- (point)) (point)
+ 'face 'underline))
+ ((eq previous ?_)
+ (delete-region (- (point) 2) (point))
+ (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point))
+ 'face 'underline))))))))
+
+(add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-overstrike)
address@hidden lisp
+
+Latest versions of Gnus do such a conversion automatically.
+
+If you prefer to do away with underlining altogether, you can
+destructively remove it with @kbd{M-x ununderline-region}; do this
+automatically via
+
address@hidden
+(add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook
+ (lambda () (ununderline-region (point-min) (point-max))))
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Saving a multi-part Gnus posting, Starting Gnus faster, Viewing
articles with embedded underlining, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?
address@hidden Multi-part postings in Gnus, saving
address@hidden Saving multi-part postings in Gnus
address@hidden Gnus, saving multi-part postings in
+
+Use @code{gnus-uu}. Type @kbd{C-c C-v C-h} in the Gnus summary buffer
+to see a list of available commands.
+
address@hidden Starting Gnus faster, Catching up in all newsgroups, Saving a
multi-part Gnus posting, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I make Gnus start up faster?
address@hidden Faster, starting Gnus
address@hidden Starting Gnus faster
address@hidden Gnus, starting faster
+
+From the Gnus FAQ (@pxref{Learning more about Gnus}):
+
address@hidden
address@hidden@@eos.ncsu.edu, Pranav Kumar Tiwari} writes: I posted
+the same query recently and I got an answer to it. I am going to
+repeat the answer. What you need is a newer version of gnus, version
+5.0.4+. I am using 5.0.12 and it works fine with me with the
+following settings:
+
address@hidden
+(setq gnus-check-new-newsgroups nil
+ gnus-read-active-file 'some
+ gnus-nov-is-evil nil
+ gnus-select-method '(nntp gnus-nntp-server))
address@hidden lisp
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden Catching up in all newsgroups, Killing based on nonstandard
headers, Starting Gnus faster, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?
address@hidden Catching up all newsgroups in Gnus
address@hidden Gnus, Catching up all newsgroups in
+
+In the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer, type @kbd{M-< C-x ( c y C-x ) M-0 C-x e}
+
+Leave off the initial @kbd{M-<} if you only want to catch up from point
+to the end of the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer.
+
address@hidden Killing based on nonstandard headers, Removing flashing
messages, Catching up in all newsgroups, Mail and news
address@hidden Why can't I kill in Gnus based on the
Newsgroups/Keywords/Control headers?
address@hidden Killing articles based on nonstandard headers
address@hidden Newsgroups header, killing articles based on
address@hidden Keywords header, killing articles based on
address@hidden Control header, killing articles based on
+
+Gnus will complain that the @samp{Newsgroups}, @samp{Keywords}, and
address@hidden headers are ``Unknown header'' fields.
+
+For the @samp{Newsgroups} header, there is an easy workaround: kill on the
address@hidden header instead, which will be present on any cross-posted article
+(as long as your site carries the cross-post group).
+
+If you really want to kill on one of these headers, you can do it like
+this:
+
address@hidden
+(gnus-kill nil "^Newsgroups: .*\\(bad\\.group\\|worse\\.group\\)")
address@hidden lisp
+
address@hidden Removing flashing messages, Catch-up is slow in Gnus, Killing
based on nonstandard headers, Mail and news
address@hidden How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow
connections?
address@hidden Flashing Gnus messages, removing
address@hidden Removing flashing Gnus messages
address@hidden Slow connections causing flashing messages in Gnus
address@hidden Gnus, flashing messages in
+
+Set @code{nntp-debug-read} to @code{nil}.
+
address@hidden Catch-up is slow in Gnus, Gnus hangs for a long time, Removing
flashing messages, Mail and news
address@hidden Why is catch up slow in Gnus?
address@hidden Slow catch up in Gnus
address@hidden Gnus is slow when catching up
address@hidden Crosspostings make Gnus catching up slow
+
+Because Gnus is marking crosspostings read. You can control this with
+the variable @code{gnus-use-cross-reference}.
+
address@hidden Gnus hangs for a long time, Learning more about Gnus, Catch-up
is slow in Gnus, Mail and news
address@hidden Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?
address@hidden Hangs in Gnus
address@hidden Gnus hangs while posting
address@hidden Posting, Gnus hangs wile
+
address@hidden@@uunet.uu.net, David Lawrence} explains:
+
address@hidden
+The problem is almost always interaction between NNTP and C News. NNTP
+POST asks C News's @code{inews} to not background itself but rather hang
+around and give its exit status so it knows whether the post was successful.
+(That wait will on some systems not return the exit status of the
+waited for job is a different sort of problem.) It ends up taking a
+long time because @code{inews} is calling @code{relaynews}, which often
+waits for another @code{relaynews} to free the lock on the news system
+so it can file the article.
+
+My preferred solution is to change @code{inews} to not call
address@hidden, but rather use @code{newsspool}. This loses some
+error-catching functionality, but is for the most part safe as
address@hidden will detect a lot of the errors on its own. The C News
+folks have sped up @code{inews}, too, so speed should look better to
+most folks as that update propagates around.
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden Learning more about Gnus, , Gnus hangs for a long time, Mail
and news
address@hidden Where can I find out more about Gnus?
address@hidden FAQ for Gnus
address@hidden Gnus FAQ
address@hidden Learning more about Gnus
+
+For more information on Gnus, consult the Gnus manual and FAQ, which are
+part of the Gnus distribution.
+
address@hidden Concept index, , Mail and news, Top
address@hidden Concept Index
address@hidden cp
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+ arch-tag: fee0d62d-06cf-43d8-ac21-123408eaf10f
address@hidden ignore