bug#16019: Undocumented interaction with descendants of process created by Emacs (very annoying)

[Teika Kazura]

Hi, Emacs developers. Emacs interacts with the forks of a process created by 
Emacs, but in ways **not documented**, leading to unexpected, very annoying 
results. Both synchronous and async cases apply, but in different ways.

* Environment:
Gentoo Linux, Emacs 24.3, (at least since 24.1).

* Description:
(I only know, and can test Linux.)
First, synchorous cases. Assume you create a process P with `call-process'. 
Then Emacs basically waits for the termination of all descendants, not only P. 
More precisely, it's until all descendants' stdout and stderr, attached to 
Emacs, get closed. (So probably Emacs waits for the closing of the pipes it 
opened for P.)

Here, P's output BUFFER doesn't matter. Let's review the grammar:
  (call-process PROGRAM &optional INFILE BUFFER DISPLAY &rest ARGS)
I mean, BUFFER (and INFILE) doesn't matter. Emacs waits even if they are nil.

Test codes. First, "sync.sh":
------------------------------------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash

(
    # This is inside of a fork
    sleep 2 ; exec 1>/dev/null
    sleep 1 ; exec 2>/dev/null
    sleep 4
    exit
) &

sleep 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Run it with the following:

(let ((now (cadr (current-time))))
  (call-process "/path/to/sync.sh" nil nil nil)
  (message "elapesd %s secs" (- (cadr (current-time)) now))
)

P itself dies in 1 sec, but the "let" ends after 4 secs.


Now, the asynchronous case. When an asynchronous process P, created by 
`start-process', terminates, all its descendants (perhaps all processes in the 
process group?) receive SIGHUP from Emacs. It is the default behavior, but if 
you set `process-connection-type' to nil, then P's subprocesses are not 
affected.

For asynchronous cases, detaching stdout and stderr has no effect.

Suggestions:
* At least these should be documented, but you may like to modify the 
implementation. I don't know much about process and inter-process 
communication, and I can't say anything about it.
* If my description applies to all platforms, then I can contribute a draft of 
info file and C-src docstrings. (My draft probably will need a review by 
experts, as I indicated above.) Or, I can help you by formatting your 
technically correct plain text doc to info.
* (Not related the bug report itself) The names `call-process' and 
`start-process' are confusing, although you can remember them. I propose to 
change them to `start-sync-process' and `start-async-process'. (Ineviably their 
grammars differ, namely in INFILE and NAME. But it's also confusing that the 
argument positions of the path to the program differ. It's better to fix them 
too.)

Thank you for reading, and developing Emacs.
Best regards,
Teika (Teika kazura)